decarbonized power, energy for the future: clean coal, co 2 sequestration,
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Decarbonized Power, Energy for the Future: Clean Coal, CO 2 Sequestration, and the EOR Prize in the Gulf Coast and Permian Basin. William A. Ambrose April 24, 2007. Bureau of Economic Geology John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Decarbonized Power, Energy for the Future:
Clean Coal, CO2 Sequestration,
and the EOR Prize in theGulf Coast and Permian Basin
Decarbonized Power, Energy for the Future:
Clean Coal, CO2 Sequestration,
and the EOR Prize in theGulf Coast and Permian Basin
Bureau of Economic GeologyJohn A. and Katherine G.
Jackson School of Geosciences
The University of Texas at Austin
Bureau of Economic GeologyJohn A. and Katherine G.
Jackson School of Geosciences
The University of Texas at Austin
William A. AmbroseApril 24, 2007
William A. AmbroseApril 24, 2007
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
Gulf Coast Carbon CenterGulf Coast Carbon Center
Publication was authorized by the Director, Bureau of Economic Geology,The University of Texas at Austin
Publication was authorized by the Director, Bureau of Economic Geology,The University of Texas at Austin
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments
• Mark H. Holtz• Mark H. Holtz
• Vanessa Núñez-López• Vanessa Núñez-López
• Susan D. Hovorka• Susan D. Hovorka
• Ian J. Duncan• Ian J. Duncan
OutlineOutline
● CO2 Sources and Sinks ● CO2 Sources and Sinks
● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy● CO2 Stacked Storage ● CO2 Stacked Storage
● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin ● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin
● Coal Resources, Economy, and Impact● Coal Resources, Economy, and Impact
Recent increases in Global CO2Recent increases in Global CO2
Mauna Loa, Hawaii
Source: Dave Keeling and Tim Whorf (Scripps Institute)Source: Dave Keeling and Tim Whorf (Scripps Institute)
CO
2 C
on
cen
trati
on
(p
pm
)C
O2 C
on
cen
trati
on
(p
pm
)
Anthropogenic CO2
The Gulf Coast “Wedge”Anthropogenic CO2
The Gulf Coast “Wedge”
Data from CDIAC and EIA websitesData from CDIAC and EIA websites
00
22
44
66
88
1010
1212
14 GT14 GT
1980
1980
1983
1983
1986
1986
1989
1989
1992
1992
1995
1995
1998
1998
2001
2001
2004
2004
2007
2007
2010
2010
2013
2013
2016
2016
2019
2019
2022
2022
2025
2025
2028
2028
2031
2031
2034
2034
2037
2037
2040
2040
2043
2043
2046
2046
2049
2049
2052
2052
An
nu
al Em
issio
ns
An
nu
al Em
issio
ns
Other U.S. statesOther U.S. states
Gulf Coast (TX, LA, MS) Gulf Coast (TX, LA, MS)
HistoricalHistorical ForecastForecast
CO2 Atmospheric Stabilization
at ≤ 2x Pre-Industrial Level
CO2 Atmospheric Stabilization
at ≤ 2x Pre-Industrial Level
500 ppm trajectory: Avoid 175 Gt of Carbon emissions500 ppm trajectory: Avoid 175 Gt of Carbon emissions
Modified fromSocolow et al.(2004)
1954 2004 2054 2104 2154 2204
Gigatons CarbonEmitted per year
21
14
7
500 ppm trajectory
850 ppm trajectory
Busines
s as
usu
al
Stabilization Triangle
Flat=act nowFlat=act now
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Gigatons CarbonEmitted per year
19541954 20042004 20542054
Flat path
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Gigatons CarbonEmitted per year
19541954 20042004 20542054
Wedge #1:Energy Efficiency
2 billion cars with fuel economy of 60 mpg
American RoadsterTMAmerican RoadsterTM
Natural gas70 mpgNatural gas70 mpg
1
Flat path
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Gigatons CarbonEmitted per year
19541954 20042004 20542054
Wedge #2:Fuel Shift
1400, 1-GW coal plants replaced by gas plants
2
New York Power AuthorityNew York Power Authority
Flat path
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Gigatons CarbonEmitted per year
19541954 20042004 20542054
Wedge #3:CCS
CO2 Capture/StorageAt 800 1-GW coal plants
3
Wabash River IGCC Power PlantWabash River IGCC Power Plant
Flat path
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Gigatons CarbonEmitted per year
19541954 20042004 20542054
Wedge #4:Nuclear Fission
700 1-GW plants (2x current)
4
Nuclear Energy InstituteNuclear Energy Institute
Flat path
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Gigatons CarbonEmitted per year
19541954 20042004 20542054
Wedge #5:Renewable Power
2,000,000 1-MW-peak windmills (50x current)
5
Danish Wind Energy AssociationDanish Wind Energy Association
Flat path
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Gigatons CarbonEmitted per year
19541954 20042004 20542054
Wedge #6:Forests and Soils
Zero deforestation by 2054Instead of 0.5GtC/yr;
4,000,000 ha (40,000 km2) new trees (temperate zone)
6
SUNY StonybrookSUNY Stonybrook
Flat path
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Stabilization Triangle and “Wedges”
Gigatons CarbonEmitted per year
19541954 20042004 20542054
Wedge #7:Biomass Fuel
150x Brazil or USethanol program;
150 million ha cropland(1,500,000 km2)
7
Union of Concerned ScientistsUnion of Concerned Scientists
Flat path
Brine Aquifers >1000mCoal (USGS)Oil and Gas (USGS)
U.S. CO2 Sources and SinksU.S. CO2 Sources and Sinks
Data Compilation: BEG Gulf Coast Carbon CenterData Compilation: BEG Gulf Coast Carbon Center
US CO2 Sources and SinksUS CO2 Sources and Sinks
Power PlantsPure CO2 sourcesOil and Gas (USGS)Coal (USGS)Brine Aquifer> 1000m
Sources: Gulf Coast Carbon CenterDooley (2005)
Sources: Gulf Coast Carbon CenterDooley (2005)
OutlineOutline
● CO2 Sources and Sinks ● CO2 Sources and Sinks
● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy● CO2 Stacked Storage ● CO2 Stacked Storage
● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin ● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin
● Coal Resources and Economic Impact● Coal Resources and Economic Impact
Billion
barr
els
oil e
qu
ivale
nt
yr-
1
Natural Gas
Coal
Alternatives
Oil
Estimates of 21st centuryWorld energy suppliesBillion barrels oil equivalent
19001900
20002000
21002100
World Energy Fuel DistributionWorld Energy Fuel DistributionQ
uad
rillio
n (
10
15)
Btu
Qu
ad
rillio
n (
10
15)
Btu
USDOEUSDOE
U. S. Energy Fuel Distribution
U. S. Energy Fuel Distribution
Courtesy NRG Courtesy NRG
CoalCoalOilOilNat. GasNat. Gas
NuclearNuclearHydroHydroRenewable/OtherRenewable/Other
2002 Generation(million MWh)2002 Generation(million MWh)
15.515.53131
3.13.1
CEEDCEED
Modified from EIA (2004)Modified from EIA (2004)
U. S. Coal Resources (Billion Tons)U. S. Coal Resources (Billion Tons)
Recoverable at Active Mines Recoverable at Active Mines 19.4
275.1
507.7
Estimated RecoverableEstimated Recoverable
Measured and IndicatedMeasured and Indicated
1,730.9
Identified (Measured, Indicated, Inferred)
Identified (Measured, Indicated, Inferred)
3,968.3
Total (Identified,
Undiscovered)
Total (Identified,
Undiscovered)
Coal Production in 2005~1.1 Billion Tons
US Coal-Fired Capacity Additions
US Coal-Fired Capacity Additions
MW
OperationalOperational
ProposedProposed
159 Plants96 GW
$141 Billion
OutlineOutline
● CO2 Sources and Sinks ● CO2 Sources and Sinks
● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy● CO2 Stacked Storage ● CO2 Stacked Storage
● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin ● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin
● Coal Resources and Economic Impact● Coal Resources and Economic Impact
Traditional Pulverized CoalPower Generation
Traditional Pulverized CoalPower Generation
http://healthandenergy.com
● Nitrogen oxides (NOx): 10,200 tons ● Nitrogen oxides (NOx): 10,200 tons
Pollutants (500 MW Plant Yr-1) Pollutants (500 MW Plant Yr-1)
● Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): 10,000 tons ● Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): 10,000 tons ● Mercury (Hg): 170 pounds ● Mercury (Hg): 170 pounds
● Carbon Dioxide (CO2): 3,700,000 tons ● Carbon Dioxide (CO2): 3,700,000 tons
● Carbon Monoxide (CO): 720 tons ● Carbon Monoxide (CO): 720 tons
● Arsenic (As): 225 pounds ● Arsenic (As): 225 pounds ● Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd): 114 pounds, 4 pounds
● Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd): 114 pounds, 4 pounds
Union of Concerned Scientists (2007)
Decline in EmissionsUS Coal-Fired PlantsDecline in EmissionsUS Coal-Fired Plants
% C
han
ge s
ince 1
970
% C
han
ge s
ince 1
970
EIA (2003), EPA (2004)EIA (2003), EPA (2004)
Electricity from coal
NOx
SO2
Particulates
Clean CoalPower Generation
Clean CoalPower Generation
Tampa IGCC Power PlantTampa IGCC Power Plant
Texaco Gasifier
● Gasification: Injection of heat, air or O2 into a gasifier under high pressure ● Gasification: Injection of heat, air or O2 into a gasifier under high pressure
● Syngas product (mainly CO, H2) ● Syngas product (mainly CO, H2)
● Syngas processed to remove contaminants ● Syngas processed to remove contaminants
O2O2
CoalCoal
SteamSteam
SyngasSyngasSlagSlag
H2OH2O
● 385 gasifiers worldwide in 2004 ● 385 gasifiers worldwide in 2004
● 49% use coal; 36% use petroleum residuals ● 49% use coal; 36% use petroleum residuals
Coal
Petroleum Coke
Refinery Co-products
Gasifier
Electricity
Steam
Syngas
Combustion Turbine
SteamTurbine
Sulfur
HCO2
Sulfur Removal
Oxygen
Particulate Removal
Slag/Soot
Solids Co-products
SteamShift
Reactor H
CO2
Modified from Eastman ChemicalModified from Eastman Chemical
FutureGenDecarbonized
Coal Gasification
FutureGenDecarbonized
Coal Gasification
CO2 Separation: Solvent Absorption
Solid AdsorptionMembranes
FutureGenFutureGen
● Flexible fuel source ● Flexible fuel source
● CO2 , H2 pipelines ● CO2 , H2 pipelines
Electric transmission lines FutureGen
Gasifier
CO2 usedfor enhancedoil recovery
CO2 usedfor enhancedoil recovery
Plume from CO2injected into
saline aquifer
Plume from CO2injected into
saline aquifer
Powerblock
BEG (2006)BEG (2006)
● Stacked storage-EOR-Deep brine-bearing
fm.
● Stacked storage-EOR-Deep brine-bearing
fm.
● 275-MW, near-zero-emission gasifier ● 275-MW, near-zero-emission gasifier
● Produces electricity, H2,>1MMT CO2 per year
● Produces electricity, H2,>1MMT CO2 per year
● Sequester ≥90% CO2 ● Sequester ≥90% CO2 ● Protocols for CO2 measuring, monitoring, and verification
● Protocols for CO2 measuring, monitoring, and verification
Environment: Benefits of capturing and storing CO2, a major greenhouse gas.
Energy: CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), hydrogen.
Economy: Wellhead value, taxes, infrastructure development, jobs.
Environment: Benefits of capturing and storing CO2, a major greenhouse gas.
Energy: CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), hydrogen.
Economy: Wellhead value, taxes, infrastructure development, jobs.
Decarbonized Coal Benefits
Decarbonized Coal Benefits
Decarbonized Coal:CO2 Yield and
Costs
Decarbonized Coal:CO2 Yield and
Costs
1 Ton of coal = 3 Tons of CO2 1 Ton of coal = 3 Tons of CO2 http://cbll.net/articles/coal-question
Capture, Transport, Storage: $20 to $25 per metric ton
Additional 1-2¢ per kWh(baseline = 4¢ per kWh)
Capture, Transport, Storage: $20 to $25 per metric ton
Additional 1-2¢ per kWh(baseline = 4¢ per kWh) Stephens (2005)Stephens (2005)
Wabash River IGCC Power PlantWabash River IGCC Power Plant
Fruitland Formation, ColoradoFruitland Formation, Colorado
OutlineOutline
● CO2 Sources and Sinks ● CO2 Sources and Sinks
● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy● CO2 Stacked Storage ● CO2 Stacked Storage
● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin ● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin
● Coal Resources and Economic Impact● Coal Resources and Economic Impact
Emissions and StorageEmissions and Storage
Texas emits ~700 million metric tons annually.Texas emits ~700 million metric tons annually.
The U. S. emits ~5,700 million metric tons annually.The U. S. emits ~5,700 million metric tons annually.
~700 million metric tons of minimum CO2 storageexists in the Texas Gulf Coast from EOR.
~700 million metric tons of minimum CO2 storageexists in the Texas Gulf Coast from EOR.
~220 billion metric tons of CO2 could be storedby filling 1% of the brine volume in sandstonesfrom Alabama to the Mexico border
(37,000 km3, 4000-12,000 ft depth).
~220 billion metric tons of CO2 could be storedby filling 1% of the brine volume in sandstonesfrom Alabama to the Mexico border
(37,000 km3, 4000-12,000 ft depth).
SE US Potential For Stacked Storage
SE US Potential For Stacked Storage
Galloway and others, 1982
Galloway and others, 1982
Potential Frio Injection Zone
Potential Frio Injection Zone
Carbonate dominated units
Worldwide CO2 Storage PotentialWorldwide CO2 Storage Potential
Bradshaw and Dance, 2004Parson and Keith, 1998
Bradshaw and Dance, 2004Parson and Keith, 1998
ProspectivityHigh
Moderate
None2000 mi
Deep Brine Aquifers: 2,200-10,000 GtDepleted Oil and Gas Fields: 740-1,850 Gt
Deep Brine Aquifers: 2,200-10,000 GtDepleted Oil and Gas Fields: 740-1,850 Gt
CO2 Storage Capacity vs. EffectivenessCO2 Storage Capacity vs. Effectiveness
HeterogeneousMiddle Frio Fm.Stratton field
HeterogeneousMiddle Frio Fm.Stratton field
HomogeneousWave-dominateddelta
HomogeneousWave-dominateddelta
Galloway and Hobday (1983)
Ambrose (2000)Ambrose (2000)
OutlineOutline
● CO2 Sources and Sinks ● CO2 Sources and Sinks
● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy● Clean Coal and Decarbonized Energy● CO2 Stacked Storage ● CO2 Stacked Storage
● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin ● CO2 EOR: Gulf Coast and Permian Basin
● Coal Resources and Economic Impact● Coal Resources and Economic Impact
United States CO2 EORUnited States CO2 EOR
• 2 Bcf/day (~35 MMTY of CO2 currently injected
for EOR, largely in the Permian Basin.
• 2 Bcf/day (~35 MMTY of CO2 currently injected
for EOR, largely in the Permian Basin.
• Annual US oil consumption is ~7 BSTB andannual oil production is ~3.2 BSTB.
• Annual US oil consumption is ~7 BSTB andannual oil production is ~3.2 BSTB.
• Current US CO2 EOR production is ~206 MBOPD,
7.5 MMBOPY: 4% of US production66 active projects, 50 in the Permian
Basin.
• Current US CO2 EOR production is ~206 MBOPD,
7.5 MMBOPY: 4% of US production66 active projects, 50 in the Permian
Basin.
Miscible CO2-EOR Potential: 4.7 BBbl in Gulf CoastMiscible CO2-EOR Potential: 4.7 BBbl in Gulf Coast
Holtz and others (2005)Holtz and others (2005)
LigniteLigniteBituminousBituminous
USGS (2007)USGS (2007)
Miscible CO2 EOR Resource Potential in the Gulf Coast Miscible CO2 EOR Resource Potential in the Gulf Coast
Oil E
OR
Pote
nti
al (M
Mb
bl)
AL MS LA TX GOM
Total
98 89
1,500
3,027
4,714
Holtz and others (2005)Holtz and others (2005)
DOE Southwest Partnership
Phase 2 Pilot Sites
DOE Southwest Partnership
Phase 2 Pilot Sites
ObjectivesObjectives
SACROC● Long-term CO2 injectionSACROC● Long-term CO2 injection
Claytonville Field● Baseline CO2 monitoring● Reservoir Characterization● 3-D Seismic Data, VSP● Groundwater Analysis
Claytonville Field● Baseline CO2 monitoring● Reservoir Characterization● 3-D Seismic Data, VSP● Groundwater Analysis
SACROC* and Claytonville Field
SACROC* and Claytonville Field
Modified from Galloway and others (1983)Modified from Galloway and others (1983)
SACROC CO2 Injection and ProductionSACROC CO2 Injection and Production
● 13 million tons of CO2 injected in 51 wells● 13 million tons of CO2 injected in 51 wells
CO2 Injection wellsCO2 Injection wells
1 mi 1 mi
CO2 Production wellsCO2 Production wells
● 6 million tons of CO2 produced in 119 wells● 6 million tons of CO2 produced in 119 wells
● EUR 57% of 2.16 Bbbl OOIP (Kelly-Snyder Field)● EUR 57% of 2.16 Bbbl OOIP (Kelly-Snyder Field)
Pressure TemperaturePorosityPorosity
Spatial distribution of Reservoir Propertiesand CO2
Spatial distribution of Reservoir Propertiesand CO2
PermeabilityPermeability
CO2 1980CO2 1980 CO2 2020CO2 2020
SummarySummaryTotal US coal resource: 3,968 Billion TonsTotal US coal resource: 3,968 Billion Tons
Wide variety of miscible CO2-EOR plays in Gulf Coast and Permian Basin
Wide variety of miscible CO2-EOR plays in Gulf Coast and Permian Basin
Clean coal benefits: Hydrogen, Reduced CO2, EOR Clean coal benefits: Hydrogen, Reduced CO2, EOR
Electric transmission lines FutureGen
Gasifier
CO2 usedfor enhancedoil recovery
CO2 usedfor enhancedoil recovery
Plume from CO2injected into
saline aquifer
Plume from CO2injected into
saline aquifer
Powerblock
BEG (2006)BEG (2006)
Holtz and others (2005)Holtz and others (2005)