By: Ashoka HOUSE

There two ways to convey a message of a person, or the words spoken by a person to other person.

1. Direct speech2.Indirect speech

Suppose your friend whose name is John tells you in school, “I will give you a pen”. You come to home and you want to tell your brother what your friend told you. There are two ways to tell him.

Direct speech: John said, “I will give you a pen”.Indirect Speech: John said that he would give me a pen.

In direct speech the original words of person are narrated (no change is made) and are enclosed in quotation mark. While in indirect speech some changes are made in original words of the person because these words have been uttered in past so the tense will change accordingly and pronoun may also be changed accordingly. In indirect speech the statement of the person is not enclosed in quotation marks, the word “that” may be used before the statement to show that it is indirect speech. Indirect speech is also called reported speech because reported speech refers to the second part of indirect speech in which something has been told by a person.

The sentence is traditionally (and inadequately) defined as a word or group of words that expresses a complete idea and that includes a subject and a verb.

Examples:Preetham did not attend English class.Why didn’t Prajwal go to Party?Abhimanyu ordered Pareekshit to bring him some water.I just won the Prize!May God bless you!

Etc.,

When people form sentences, they do many things, they ask questions, make requests, make statements, or they exclaim a powerful feeling or emotion. Because sentences convey statements, requests, strong emotion, and questions they can be categorized into five different types of sentences;

•Declarative sentences, •Interrogative sentences, •Imperative sentences, •Exclamatory sentences and•Optative

Note: Sometimes Optative Sentences are considered as Exclamatory sentences

The declarative sentence is the most common kind of sentence in language, in most situations, and in a way can be considered the default function of a sentence. What this means essentially is that when a language modifies a sentence in order to form a question or give a command, the base form will always be the declarative. Declarative sentences always have a subject and a predicate. The subject can be simple with a noun phrase or it can be a compound subject. Compound subjects are made of more than one simple subject combined with a conjunction such as and, or, and but.

1. Manthan is the captain of our cricket team. 2. Ganesh is the best student in our class. 3. Sameer says (that) he wants to go4. Chandan likes playing5. There are five million people at risk.6. London is the capital of England.7. Hima asked Lubna whether she liked her dress.8. I hope you can come tomorrow 9. Shubam said (that) he had seen a famous TV

presenter there the day before. 10.Sachin is the best cricket player in the world.

Darshan said to Aditi, "My school is better than yours." (Direct statement)Darshan told Aditi that his school was better than hers. (Indirect statement)When we change a declarative sentence from direct to indirect speech, the speech is introduced by ‘that'. The reporting verb is usually changed from ‘said' to ‘told'. This change is made only when the listener is mentioned, for 'tell', unlike 'say', requires that the object immediately follow it.

When turning declarative sentences into indirect speech, we need

to pay attention to the following points.

Changing the pronouns

Example:

He said: I saw a famous TV presenter.

He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter.

changing the information about time and place.

Example:

He said, “I saw a famous TV presenter here yesterday.”

He said (that) he had seen a famous TV presenter there the day

before.

Changing the tense

Example:

He said, “She was eating an ice-cream at the table where you are

sitting.”

He said (that) she had been eating an ice-cream at the table

where I was sitting.

When introductory verbs are in the present or in the future tense, the tenses of the verbs remains unchanged

Examples:

1. He says, “I am hungry”He says that he is hungry.

2. He will say, “I am hungry”He will say that he is hungry.

1. John said, ‘I am very busy now.’2. He said, ‘The horse has been fed.’3. ‘I know her name and address,’ said John.4. ‘German is easy to learn,’ she said.5. He said, ‘I am writing letters.’

1. John said that he was very busy then.2. He said that the horse had been fed.3. John said that he knew/knows her name and address. (Note that the tenses may not change if the statement is still relevant or if it is a universal truth.)4. She said that German is/was easy to learn.5. He said that he was writing letters.

6. ‘It is too late to go out,’ Aneesh said.7. He said to me, ‘I don’t believe you.’8. He says, ‘I am glad to be here this evening.’9. John said, “ I’ll carry you after I get my breath”10. Manish said, “ I’m glad you find him”

6. Aneesh said that it was too late to go out.7. He told me that he didn’t believe me. OR He said he didn’t

believe me.8. He says that he is glad to be here this evening. (When the

reporting verb is in the present tense, adverbs of time and place do not normally change in indirect speech.)

9. John said that he would carry him after he got his breath.10. He said that he was glad he found him.

LubnaVarunRamkumarSpoorthiAgneya

ArunimaKathiresanMohamed HashamSai SahithiSrihariSyed Md. Zaheer