declining economy chart 1 the economy: two years of negative growth, following a four-year...
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Declining Economy chart 1
The Economy: two years of negative growth, following a four-year stagnation, ended an earlier promising era.
42 42
44 44
46
4950 50 51 51
53
51
50
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
GDP per capita, NIS thousands,
(1995 prices)
Declining Economy chart 2
Unemployment: after declining, despite mass immigration, unemployment is once again rising.
% unemployed
4
6
8
10
12
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Declining Economy chart 3
Unemployment by Region: periphery towns suffer more unemployment than the center.
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Jerusalem North Haifa Central Tel-Aviv South
% unemployed
Declining Economy chart 4
Standard of Living - Public Opinion: Has your standard of living changed in the last 2-3 years? The majority feel a decline in their standard of living.
Improved17%
No change37%
Worsened46%
Declining Economy chart 5
Income Needs - Public Opinion: Does your income meet your basic needs? One third feel barely able to meet their needs.
20 %
46 %
34%
No difficulty Reasonably well Hardly
The Positive Side chart 6
Gross Domestic Product: while lagging behind more developed countries as measured in per capita terms, Israeli ranking rises when examined per employee.
3040506070
PortugalGreeceJapanUKSwedenSpainSwitzerlandIsraelNetherlandsGermanyIrelandUS
US$, thousands
Per capita Per employed person
10 15 20 25 30 35
Greece
Portugal
Spain
Israel
UK
Sweden
Germany
Japan
Ireland
Netherlands
Switzerland
US
The Positive Side chart 7
Exports: the past 20 years have seen a major shift from conventional industries to electronics.
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Diamonds
Agriculture
Textiles
Chemical products
Electronics
1980
2002
% of total exports
The Positive Side chart 8
Information Technology: Israel has a high proportion of ICT in its business sector. Employment share is lower but still relatively high.
3 6 9 12 15 18
MexicoBelgiumPortugal
JapanFrance
UKHungary
USSwedenS.KoreaFinland
IsraelIreland
% in Employment
0246810
MexicoPortugalS.KoreaUSHungaryBelgiumIsraelJapanUKIrelandSwedenFranceFinland
% in Value-Added
The Positive Side chart 9
Occupational Structure: reflects reliance on academic and professional employment.
Unskilled workers
8%Sales and service workers
18%
Skilled workers
21%
Clerical workers
17%
Academic, professionals, technicians
and managers36%
Income Distribution chart 10
Income Distribution: those in the lowest decile earn as little as 1/5 of those in the highest decile.
Index, upper decile of income = 100
010203040
50607080
90100
Upper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Lower
Deciles of income per standard person
Income Distribution chart 11
Durable Goods Ownership: the lowest decile lags behind in access to computer technology and transportation.
0102030405060708090
100
Microwave VCR Internet CellularPhone
Car
Upper 7 4 Lower
% of total in each decile
Income Distribution chart 12
Families in Poverty: families living below the poverty line have leveled off at the high level of 16-17% .
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
% of families below poverty line
Income Distribution chart 13
Real Wages: a trend of rising real average wages has abruptly reversed.
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Index 1994=100
Social Tensions chart 14
Security - Public Opinion: Does the security situation influence your daily life? Over 50% feel a great impact .
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
very much
somewhat
a little
not at all
% of respondents
Social Tensions chart 15
Violent Crime: the rate of violent crime doubled in the 90s; a major part, attributable to domestic violence.
per 1000 population
2
3
4
5
6
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Social Tensions chart 16
Road Accidents: Israel has almost the highest number of road accident victims of all Western countries.
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
Den
mar
k
Fin
land
Tu
rkey
Pola
nd
Sw
eden
Hung
ary
Norw
ay
Fra
nce
Gre
ece
Irel
and
Spai
n
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Ital
y
UK
Ger
man
y
Aust
ria
Port
ug
al
Bel
giu
m
Can
ada
Isra
el
US
per 100,000 population
Social Tensions chart 17
very much11%
somewhat24%
not at all or hardly65%
Tolerance - Public Opinion: Is Israeli society tolerant of national, ethnic, or religious groups? The public perceives Israeli society as largely intolerant.
Social Tensions chart 18
Foreign Workers: since the mid-90s, Palestinian laborers have been largely replaced by foreign workers.
0
2
4
6
8
10
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Foreign workers Palestinian workers
% of civilian labor force
Social Tensions chart 19
Foreign Workers - Public Opinion: How should the government relate to foreign workers? Almost half think they should be prevented from entering and deported.
46%
36%
18%
ban entry and deport
ban entry, allow those here to stay
improve conditions
Restrained Budget chart 20
Government Outlays: social services are the largest component of the government budget.
Debt servicing
29%
Defense15%
Other15%
Social services
41%
Total budget – US$ 60 billion
Restrained Budget chart 21
Government Expenditure: stability following decline of government outlays from almost 60% of GDP to near 40%.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
social services
other
defense
Total budget, excl. debt servicing
Restrained Budget chart 22
In-Kind Social Services: after a short spurt in the early 90s, a moderate downward trend may be observed in education, health and welfare expenditures.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
% of GDP
Restrained Budget chart 23
Unemployment Benefits: rising unemployment has led to a rapid increase in the number of people receiving unemployment and income support benefits.
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
Unemployment Income Support
thousands
Restrained Budget chart 24
Budget Cuts - Public Opinion: To what extent do budget cuts hurt social services? Most people say it has had a harmful effect.
67%
24%
9%
very much somewhat very little
Restrained Budget chart 25
Social Gaps - Public Opinion: How does the budget affect socio-economic disparities? The public feels
government policy has widened social gaps .
71%
16%
13%
narrowsdisparities
has no influence
widens disparities
Service development chart 26
University Enrollment: since reaching parity in 1985, more women now enroll in university than men.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1965 1975 1985 1996 2001
Men Women
Enrolled as % of age group (20-29)
Service development chart 27
Higher Education: over 40% of Israeli adults (age 25-64) have a post-secondary education.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Tur
key
Por
tuga
l
Hun
gary
Ital
y
Pol
and
Aus
tria
Gre
ece
Spa
in
Fra
nce
Sw
itze
rlan
d
UK
Net
herl
ands
Den
mar
k
Aus
tral
ia
Nor
way
Ger
man
y
Sw
eden
Fin
land
Japa
n
New
Zea
land
US
Isra
el
Can
ada
Service development chart 28
Education and Disparities - Public Opinion: Does the education system narrow social disparities? Only a minority
see the education system as reducing disparities .
39%
35%
26%
20 24 28 32 36 40
narrowsdisparities
no influence
widensdisparities
Service development chart 29
National Health Expenditure: per capita expenditure is lower than in most Western countries .
US$
500
1,500
2,500
3,500
4,500U
SSw
itze
rlan
dG
erm
any
Lux
embo
urg
Can
ada
Den
mar
kFr
ance
Bel
gium
Nor
way
Net
herl
ands
Aus
tral
iaA
ustr
iaIt
aly
Japa
nIr
elan
dU
KSw
eden
Isra
elFi
nlan
dSp
ain
Port
ugal
Gre
ece
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Sout
h K
orea
Hun
gary
Service development chart 30
Government Health Expenditure: expenditures failed to keep pace with population growth; per capita rates have
declined to the level of the early 90s .
Index: 1980=100
80
85
90
95
100
105
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
Service development chart 31
Health Care - Public Opinion: Do all enjoy the same level of health care? 80% feel that everyone does not receive equal treatment.
18%
26%
56%
equal care
smalldifferences
largedifferences
Service development chart 32
Long-Term Care: The number receiving long-term care benefits increased dramatically.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1990 1995 2001
% of population aged 65+