decolonization review. similarities failure of nationalist movements to build mass support role of...
TRANSCRIPT
DecolonizationReview
Similarities Failure of nationalist movements to build mass
support Role of political concessions Role of government massacre
Colonizers’ use of soldiers & resources during WWI & WWII foster independence movements
WWI & WWII: aid growth of industry
French colonies – tended to be more violent
India Amritsar Massacre Gandhi during interwar years
Added religious component Pioneered civil disobedience
Nationalism amidst diversity sparked counter Muslim League
Partition Secular, democratic India w/ uneven growth
Nehru – attempted to balance democracy & socialist economic policies
Muslim Pakistan w/ lingering issues
Ghana Later nationalism
Often led by veterans
Racial dynamic
Kwame Nkrumah Personalist, populist leader Industrialization & development undermined by
volatility of export markets
Algeria
Complicated by white settlers
Guerilla campaign & violent French response
Settlers leave
Vietnam
Very similar to China Nationalist party fought French unsuccessfully
during interwar years, which led to interest in communism
Communists & Ho Chi Minh defeated France after WWII, which prompted U.S. involvement
Northern Communists eventually victorious, which unifies Vietnam under communism
South Africa
Gained independence in 1910, but with minority, white/settler rule
Boers/Afrikaners (Dutch settlers) gradually impose racist voting restrictions until 1948, when full apartheid legislation passed Extreme segregation – “homelands” ANC & Mandela – peaceful & guerilla resistance
Sharpesville Massacre, Soweto riots International pressure results in apartheid
ending in 1994. Mandela elected.
Latin America Neo-Colonialism
Economic growth at close of 19th c, but based on raw materials & cash crops -> foreign dependence
Follows global trends Mexico
Revolution toppled Diaz. Peasant reforms & one-party democracy (PRI) result
Interwar Years = extreme ideas Early Cold War: Communism
Guatemala Cuba – economic problems, social gains
Late Cold War: Military rule -> democracy