deconfined quantum critical points t. senthil, mit a. vishwanath, ucb s. sachdev, yale m.p.a....
TRANSCRIPT
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Deconfined Quantum Critical Points
T. Senthil, MITA. Vishwanath, UCB
S. Sachdev, YaleM.P.A. Fisher, UCSB
Leon Balents
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Outline
• Introduction: what is a DQCP
• “Disordered” and VBS ground states and gauge theory
• Gauge theory defects and magnetic defects
• Topological transition
• Easy-plane AF and Bosons
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What is a DQCP?
• Exotic QCP between two conventional phases• Natural variables are emergent, fractionalized degrees of freedom – instead of order parameter(s)
• “Resurrection” of failed U(1) spin liquid state as a QCP
• Violates Landau rules for continuous CPs• Will describe particular examples but applications are much more general
- c.f. Subir’s talk
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Deconfined QCP in 2d s=1/2 AF
T Quantum-critical
ggc
ordeconfined
“spinons”
small confinement scale since 4-monopole fugacity is “dangerously irrelevant “
AF
VBS
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Pictures of Critical Phenomena
• Wilson: RG • Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson:
scale invariant field theory with 1 relevant operator
expansion of free energy (action) around disordered state in terms of order parameter
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Systems w/o trivial ground states
=
=
• Nothing to perform Landau expansion around!
easy-planeanisotropy
• s=1/2 antiferromagnet • bosons with non-integer filling, e.g. f=1/2
Subir’s talk: f=p/q
• Any replacement for Landau theory must avoid unphysical “disordered” states
singlet
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Spin Liquids• Non-trivial spin liquid states proposed
-U(1) spin liquid (uRVB)
Anderson…
Kivelson, Rokhsar, Sethna, FradkinKotliar, Baskaran, Sachdev, ReadWen, Lee…
+ + …
• Problem: described by compact U(1) gauge theory (= dimer model)
i j
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Polyakov Argument
“confinement” (Polyakov): monopole events imply strong flux fluctuations
• Compact U(1):-E=integer-A $ A+2
• For uÀ K, clearly Eij must order: VBS state• For KÀ u: Eij still ordered due to “monopoles”
x
flux changing event
Dual E field becomes concentrated in lines [Ei,Ai]=i
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Monopoles and VBS
• Single flux carries discrete translational/rotational quantum numbers: “monopole Berry phases”
- only four-fold flux creation events allowed by square lattice symmetry- single flux creation operator y serves as the VBS order parameter » VBS
Haldane, Read-Sachdev, Fradkin
• Unique for s=1/2 system:
Read-Sachdev
• For pure U(1) gauge theory, quadrupling of monopoles is purely quantitative, and the Polyakov argument is unaffected:
- U(1) spin liquid is generically unstable to VBS state due to monopole proliferation
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Neel-VBS Transition
or
Neel order Spontaneous valence bond order
J1 J2
g » J2/J1 ¼ 0.5
• Question: Can this be a continuous transition, and if so, how?- Wrong question: Is it continuous for particular model?
Gelfand et alKotov et alHarada et al…
J1-J2 model
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VBS(,0)
(,)
Models w/ VBS OrderJ JX
J?
Oleg Starykh and L.B. cond-mat/0402055
A. W. Sandvik, S. Daul, R. R. P. Singh, and D. J. Scalapino, B. Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 247201 (2002)
AF VBS
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Spin+Dimer Model=U(1) Gauge Theory
Neel VBS
i j i j
creates spinon
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CP1 U(1) gauge theory• Some manipulations give:
• Phases are completely conventional:-s<0: spinons condense: Neel state -s>0: spinons gapped: U(1) spin liquid unstable to VBS state-s=0: QCP?
+ quadrupled monopoles
spinon
• What about monopoles? “Flux quantization”-In Neel state, flux § 2 is bound to skyrmion-Monopole is bound to “hedgehog”
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Skyrmions• Time-independent topological solitons – bound to flux
Integer “index”
conserved for smooth configurations
observed in QH Ferromagnets
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Hedgehogs•Monopole is bound to a “hedgehog”
- singular at one space-time point but allowed on lattice
action » s L in AF
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Hedgehogs=Skyrmion Creation Events
Q=+1
• note “singularity” at origin
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Hedgehogs=Skyrmion Creation Events
skyrmion
hedgehog
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Fugacity Expansion• Idea: expand partition function in number of hedgehog events:
= quadrupled hedgehog fugacity-Z0 describes “hedgehog-free O(3) model”
• Kosterlitz-Thouless analogy:- “irrelevant” in AF phase- “relevant” in PM phase-Numerous compelling arguments suggest is irrelevant at QCP (quadrupling is crucial!)
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Topological O(3) Transition• Studied previously in classical O(3) model with hedgehogs forbidden by hand (Kamal+Murthy. Motrunich+Vishwanath)
- Critical point has modified exponents (M-V)
O(3) ¼ .03 TO(3) ¼ .6-.7
• RG Picture:
very broad spectral fnctns1/T1 » T
- Same critical behavior as monopole-free CP1 model
g
0AF U(1) SL
VBS
DQCP
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Easy-Plane Anisotropy
• Add term
• Effect on Neel state-Ordered moment lies in X-Y plane-Skyrmions break up into merons
two “flavors” of vortices with “up” or “down” cores
- vortex/antivortex in z1/z2
e.g. lattice bosons
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Vortex Condensation
• Ordinary XY transition: proliferation of vortex loops- Loop gas provides useful numerical representation
T!Tc
• Topological XY transition: proliferation of two distinct types of vortex loops
Stable if “up” merondoes not tunnel into“down” meron
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Up-Down Meron Tunneling= Hedgehog
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Up/Down Meron Pair = Skyrmion
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VBS Picture Levin, Senthil
• Discrete Z4 vortex defects carry spin ½
-Unbind as AF-VBS transition is approached
• Spinon fields z* create these defects
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Implications of DQCP
• Continuous Neel-VBS transition exists!• Broad spectral functions » 0.6
– Neutron structure factor
– NMR 1/T1 » T
• Easy-plane anisotropy– application: Boson superfluid-Mott transition?– self-duality
• reflection symmetry of T>0 critical lines• Same scaling of VBS and SF orders
– Numerical check: anomalously low VBS stiffness
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Conclusions
• Neel-VBS transition is the first example embodying two remarkable phenomena– Violation of Landau rules (confluence of two
order parameters)– Deconfinement of fractional particles
• Deconfinement at QCPs has much broader applications - e.g. Mott transitions
Thanks: Barb Balents + Alias