decorah envirothon - invasive species
TRANSCRIPT
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Weeds to Hate Weeds to Hate
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Iowa’s fertile grasslands make good homes for lots of nasty weeds to grow.
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Bull Thistles can be a big prickly problem
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Bull Thistles can grow six feet tall and flower abundantly in late August
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Bull Thistles have pretty purple flowers
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Butterflies, such as these Great Spangled Fritillaries, like Bull Thistle flower nectar.
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Humans can use Bull Thistles for food too, especially those tender first-year basal rosettes.
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Peel the center stalk and eat like celery
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Bull Thistle roots can also be foraged for food.
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Skin off the outer rind and treat like carrots.
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Bull Thistle seeds can blow for many miles
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Musk Thistles look a lot like Bull Thistles, growing just as tall.
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Musk Thistles have purple flowers that bloom in mid-July. Note the spiny collar at the base of that blossom.
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Canada Thistles are the smallest thistle plants around here, but they present the biggest control challenge.
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Canada Thistles normally grow about knee high. Unlike other thistles that grow from seed, Canada Thistles spread from their roots.
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Canada Thistles can create huge colonies that produce enormous amounts of seeds in late July.
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Wild Parsnip is another big problem plant in Iowa. Growing head high, yellow flower umbels form in late June.
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Wild Parsnip plants are abundant in area ditches and old fields, and can hurt people a lot worse than thistles.
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If your skin touches a Wild Parsnip plant when the sun’s shining, you’re almost certain to get a chemical burn.
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Wild Parsnip blisters look and hurt a lot like Poison Ivy and last just as long, about a month.
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Even small first year plants can burn you, but you can also eat them.
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Dig up the fleshy first-year roots and prepare like garden parsnips.
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Queen-Anne’s Lace looks similar to Wild Parsnip, but the flower umbels are white. This plant will not hurt you.
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Queen-Anne’s Lace flowers resemble little white doilies.
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Queen-Anne’s Lace flowers are real common in road ditches and grassy areas in August.
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Queen-Anne’s Lace flowers can be turned into jelly.
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Queen-Anne’s Lace is also called the wild carrot, and is the ancestor of our garden variety.
Dig the fleshy first-year roots and prepare like a regular carrot, but they taste quite bitter.
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Queen-Anne’s Lace roots make an olive dye too – a double dip on the right.
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White Sweet Clover has white flowers and is common in road ditches too.
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White Sweet Clover has sweet-smelling pea-like flowers that honeybees love.
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Unfortunately, White Sweet Clover seeds germinate and crowd out our native plants growing in rare prairies.
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Yellow Sweet Clover doesn’t spread quite as fast as it’s white cousin but watch it anyway.
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Crown Vetch is another invasive legume plant common in grassy areas
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Crown Vetch leaves are somewhat pea-like.
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Crown Vetch flowers are actually quite attractive and were widely planted as a roadside landscape plant years ago.
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Crown Vetch populations exploded into surrounding areas after colonization.
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Reed Canary Grass is another problem plant in grassy areas. This is a tall grass, growing up to seven feet.
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Reed Canary Grass spreads by rhizomes and forms very large dense colonies, killing off the competition.
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Reed Canary Grass blooms in early July.
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Most wildlife avoids the difficult mats of Reed Canary Grass, but this hungry spider found a home on one plant.
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Monocultures, like this Reed Canary Grass stand, are never a good thing in nature as they suppress diversity.
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Our woodlands are equally attacked by invasive plant species
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Garlic Mustard may be the nastiest alien in our woods today
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Garlic Mustard plants in year one have scalloped round leaves in a basal rosette.
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Second-year Garlic Mustard plants bolt and form white flowers in late May.
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Garlic Mustard was brought to this country as a garden vegetable, but it escaped to take over the woods. Enjoy!
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Garlic Mustard leaves ready to be used in recipes.
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Garlic Mustard leaves make salads spicier.
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Make Garlic Mustard pesto too.
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Multiflora Rose was brought to this country on purpose too, planted as a pretty living barbed-wire fence.
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Multiflora Rose leaves look like any regular rose.
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Multiflora Roses are snow white, blooming in June.
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Multiflora Rose hips are scarlet red and decorate the plants by late summer.
Hungry songbirds freely spread their seeds.
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Multiflora Rose makes an impenetrable tangle in infested timbers
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Japanese Barberry is another thorny woodland invader.
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Japanese Barberry has small roundish clasping leaves and forms oblong fruits.
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Japanese Barberry berries turn red as Rudolph’s nose in autumn.
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A Japanese Barberry jungle.
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Japanese Bamboo is incredibly invasive and almost impossible to eradicate.
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Japanese Bamboo was brought here as a novel hedge plant, but it quickly grew out of control.
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Japanese Bamboo has distinctive red stems. The plant spreads by underground roots or even detached plant parts.
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Japanese Bamboo flowers in midsummer
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Take advantage and eat some Japanese Bamboo shoots in the spring as they emerge from the soil, and are still nice and tender.
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Japanese Bamboo shoots can be lightly steamed and taste similar to rhubarb.
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Stinging Nettle, otherwise known as Burning Weed, can form extensive patches in open woodlands.
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Stinging Nettle leaves contain calcium oxalate crystals that burn when they penetrate our skin surface
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Believe it or not but you can actually eat Burning Weed leaves
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Pick the tender new growth at the plant tips and boil them for about five minutes. They taste a lot like garden peas.
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Tartarian Honeysuckle is a real aggressive shrub all across the Midwest.
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Like a broken record, Honeysuckle was brought here on purpose, planted for it’s pretty fragrant flowers, blooming in May.
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By midsummer, red or orange translucent fruits are forming. These berries are too insipid for people, but birds eat them.
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Spread by birds, Honeysuckle shrubs sprout almost anywhere and shade out surrounding plants.
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This woodland understory is totally overgrown with Honeysuckle, showing up as the green growth in spring.
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Honeysuckle can cause problems out in open areas too, taking over fencelines and even fallow grasslands
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Spring wildflowers like Bloodroot will be smothered out by these screening Honeysuckle shrubs
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Honeysuckle sprouts multiple stems, making control difficult
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This area has just been cleared of Honeysuckle bushes
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European Buckthorn can grow as either a shrub or small tree out in the woods.
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Buckthorn was brought from Europe as a yard hedge and landscape plant, but took off in our timbers.
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Identify European Buckthorn by scraping back the bark, exposing the orange interior.
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European Buckthorn is not called a “thorn” for nothing. Stems end in a sharp spine.
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European Buckthorn leaves often look glossy. They leaf out before native trees in spring and stay green late into fall.
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European Buckthorns produce purple berries in autumn. Birds eat them, get sick and expel them into new areas.
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Ridding our woods and fields of non-native weeds is time-consuming and expensive
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Tordon is a cheap reliable tree killer.
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Coat the living tissue of a cut stump with Tordon RTU
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A simple girdle, followed by squirting Tordon into the cut, will also kill Buckthorn or other weed trees.
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Girdles can also be done with a few simple hatchet chops.
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A hatchet-girdled tree trunk waiting for the Tordon spray
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A tree loppers can be used to top smaller trees and honeysuckle shrubs
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Honeysuckles can be a bear to cut
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Be sure to give all lopper-cut stems the Tordon treatment.
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A backpack sprayer works great for many noxious weeds
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Hit Honeysuckle or other weeds in the summertime with Crossbow. Spray the vegetation until leaves are wet
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Reed Canarygrass can be controlled with Select, which will kill any grass but won’t hurt sedges or forbs (flowers).
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Backpack sprayers can get to hard-to-reach locations
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Mowing can suppress weeds and keep them from going to seed. This may eventually control biennial species.
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Fire may be another non-chemical control agent for weeds, but is better at battling a woody shrub or tree invasion
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A late fall or early spring woodland burn can kill seedling Buckthorn, Honeysuckle and other ilk.
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A natural native habitat is a healthy habitat