dee berlinghoff, ph.d. mount saint mary college [email protected] sections adapted from: dr....

Dee Berlinghoff, Ph.D. Mount Saint Mary College [email protected] Sections Adapted from: Dr. Charles Hughes SPLED 412 The Pennsylvania State University AND A Regional Conversation about Specially Designed Instruction and Visioning the Continuum Specially Designed Instruction: Professional Development for RSE-TASC Network Explicit Instruction: An Overview

Continuum of Services for Students with Disabilities (SWD) The continuum has changed over time DCT is the first service delivered in General Ed Used as a way to give students access to the general curriculum As the continuum evolves practice to evolve with it.

Review of Background Knowledge Tell a partner what you think each of these means: specially designed instruction explicit instruction corrective feedback Be ready to share your answer on your whiteboard

Specially Designed Instruction NYS Regulation: Section 200.1(vv) Adapting, as appropriate to the needs of an eligible student, the content, methodology, or delivery of instruction to address the unique needs that result from the students disability; and to ensure access of the student to the general curriculum, so that he or she can meet the education standards that apply to all students. Adapting, as appropriate to the needs of an eligible student, the content, methodology, or delivery of instruction to address the unique needs that result from the students disability; and to ensure access of the student to the general curriculum, so that he or she can meet the education standards that apply to all students. What are the CRITICAL terms? 4

Lets Review: Specially Designed Instruction Operational Definitions : Adapting: making changes matched to student need or condition Content: knowledge and skills that comprise curriculum to be mastered instruction Methodology: actions by the teacher intended to produce or facilitate learning which includes the art and science of instruction (ex: teaching strategies including pacing, promoting active student engagement, positive classroom management best practice and explicitly taught although not necessarily specially designed instruction) Delivery of instruction: teaching that results in access to, participation in, and progress in the curriculum for students with disabilities (ex: explicit instruction of learning strategies, task analysis, pre-teaching essential vocabulary, re-teaching specific skills or concepts, etc.) 5

Lets Remember: Special education teachers are not content specialists: Special education teachers deliver instruction on skills and strategies that allow students to access the general curriculum and participation in the LRE. Remember: Special education is a service, not a place; effective instruction must occur no matter where the student receives his/her education. 6

Special Education Teachers Should Deliver: Specially designed instruction can encompass different combinations of a variety of provisions for students with disabilities in order to meet their individual needs: Accommodations Modifications Specialized equipment Adaptive technology 7 Strategy Instruction explicitly planned and delivered Instruction based on student need Task Analysis Scaffolding Corrective Feedback Development of metacognitive strategies for independent learning and performance

What does SDI look like? For students with disabilities, SDI will always be explicit instruction. What does effective explicit instruction look like?

(c) Frey & Fisher, 2008 In some classrooms TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY Independent You do it alone

(c) Frey & Fisher, 2008 In some classrooms TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY Focus Lesson I do it Independent You do it alone

(c) Frey & Fisher, 2008 TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY Focus Lesson Guided Instruction I do it We do it Independent You do it alone A Structure for Instruction that Works

(c) Frey & Fisher, 2008 TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY Focus Lesson Guided Instruction I do it We do it You do it together Collaborative Independent You do it alone A Structure for Instruction that Works

13 16 Elements of Explicit Instruction (Archer & Hughes, Chapter 1) 1. Focus on critical content. Teach only what is critical, not everything 2. Sequence skills logically/hierarchically. Put easier skills before harder skills Do a task analysis 3. Break down complex skills and strategies. Smaller parts are easier to learn Once the smaller parts are learned, put them together into a whole 4.Design focused and organized lessons.

14 16 Elements of Explicit Instruction 5. Begin lessons with clear goals and expectations. Tell students what they are going to learn and why. 6. Review prior skills and knowledge before teaching new content. Verify that students know what they need to know in order to learn what you will be teaching. 7. Provide step-by-step demonstrations. Model what you are teaching using think alouds.

15 16 Elements of Explicit Instruction 8. Use clear and concise language. Use words that are in the students receptive vocabulary. 9. Provide an adequate range of examples and non-examples. Show students when and when not to use a skill or how/how not a concept or rule is used. 10. Provide guided and supported practice. YOU need to guide initial practice so students are successful. As students demonstrate success, you can increase task difficulty. 11.Require frequent responses. Need a high level of teacher-student interactions through questioning.

16 16 Elements of Explicit Instruction 12. Monitor student performance closely. Pay careful attention to student responses so you can verify mastery or make adjustments in instruction. 13. Provide immediate corrective feedback. Feedback needs to be delivered immediately after a response. Immediate feedback ensures higher rates of success. 14. Deliver the lesson at a brisk pace. Slower pace = less learning. 15. Help students organize knowledge. Provide structure for knowledge-this relates back to #4. 16. Provide distributed practice (across time) Frequent practice = success

Why use Explicit Instruction The research over the past 40+ years says its the only method that consistently works for students with disabilities.

Research Findings Explicit instruction (ES = 1.68) Mnemonic strategies (ES = 1.47) Learning Strategies (ES = 1.11) Study Aids (ES = 0.94) Spatial or Graphic Organizers (ES = 0.93) 18

Response to Concerns about EI Students need to discover for themselves. Explicit guidance is needed for novice learners; if students do not have adequate background knowledge, they cant discover. Most recent research indicates that students with disabilities can be taught using guided inquiry. 19

Response to Concerns about EI Explicit Instruction is teacher- centered; students need to be in control of the learning. Well-delivered explicit instruction involves many interactions between teachers and students; it is NOT lecture. Constructivism has no research base, particularly for students with disabilities. 20

21 Remember: Teaching method used should be based on student need (for instructional support and guidance) rather than on personal philosophies of how students should learn. EI provides guidance/support/scaffolds that allow many students to learn skills and strategies that they cannot learn from less guided instruction (e.g., discovery, incidental).

Lets Practice Handout: Effective Methods for Teaching Students with Disabilities With a partner: Read each scenario Decide if the teacher is using methods shown by research to be effective for SWD Next to each box, write the numbers from the 16 elements that are illustrated in that scenario.

So What Does this Mean? How does SDI fit into EI?

Explicit instruction Definition: a research-based method for delivering of how instruction is delivered: Specially Designed Instruction - subset of explicit instruction Sets a learning objective Follows an instructional sequence Results in independent student mastery

Required Components for Specially Designed Instruction: All SWD Must be Explicitly Instructed in this way: Required Components for Specially Designed Instruction: All SWD Must be Explicitly Instructed in this way: Set the stage: activate background knowledge Discuss it: introduce the strategy and describe the steps Model it: show how to do it Support it: collaborative practice (large group) Support it: guided practice (small group) Support it: independent practice to promote generalization with continual feedback 11

26 T ELLING IS NOT THE SAME AS TEACHING AND BEING TOLD IS NOT THE SAME AS BEING TAUGHT E XPLICIT I NSTRUCTION V IDEO ANITA ARCHER PRIMARY HTTP :// EXPLICITINSTRUCTION. ORG /? PAGE _ ID =92

So, Where Do SDI and EI fit into the Continuum of Services? Lets review the Part 200.6 regulations and the continuum of services.

Commissioners Regulations: Part 200.6 (1) Students with disabilities shall be provided special education in the least restrictive environment, as defined in section 200.1(cc) of this Part. To enable students with disabilities to be educated with nondisabled students to the maximum extent appropriate, specially designed instruction and supplementary services may be provided in the regular class, including, as appropriate, providing related services, resource room programs and special class programs within the general education classroom.

The Challenge Providing quality instruction with positive outcomes in the LRE. Teachers are accountable for student performance. Students need to meet expectations of the Common Core.

Based on our discussions of SDI, explicit instruction, and the Continuum of Services: What should a special education teacher be doing across the Continuum? Carousel Activity

Carousel ~ Directions Posters are around the room with ICT, CT, RR and SC on them. You will: Count off by fours to identify the groups you will travel in. 1s start at Integrated Co-Teaching 2s start at Consultant Teacher 3s start at Resource Room 4s start at Special Class We will rotate clockwise when prompted by the phrase rotate

Your task At each station: 1.) As a classroom teacher, identify the behaviors/activities you should be doing with students with disabilities. 2.) If you have not seen these behaviors in classrooms where you have observed, identify what isnt working/what are the barriers to success?

The IEP: Centerpiece for Planning MUST use the IEP as the basis for planning: Identify students unique cognitive needs that affect his/her learning-leads to identification of learning targets Identify pre-requisites (memory, generalization, executive functioning) Identify gaps in student skill levels (ex: self- regulation, processing, meta-cognition, rate of learning, generalization of knowledge and skills learned)

Identify Learning Targets When planning SDI, no delivery can occur unless learning targets are identified first. Instruction cant begin unless a specific target is set. The Common Core can be a guide and that is how we identify gaps.

Types of Learning Targets We have to know what we are going to teach before we start teaching. It is important to specifically pinpoint what is to be taught.

Types of Learning Targets Adapted from: Mastropieri, M.A., & Scruggs, T.E. (2002). Effective Instruction for Special Education (3 rd Ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.

Target Type #1: Discrimination Learning Learning that one stimulus is different from another stimulus or set of stimuli. (p. 32) In the early stages of learning, it is important to pay attention to discrimination learning. Discrimination plays a role in other types of learning that follow.

Target Type #1: Discrimination Learning Examples: fork vs. spoon p vs. q (as written letters) /k/ vs. /s/ (as sounds) bread vs. broad vs. breed (as written words) mitosis vs. meiosis whether a 3 means 30 vs. 300 vs. 3000 in a specific number

Target Type #1: Discrimination Learning Use concrete examples and nonexamples; Use a full range of examples and nonexamples; Should focus on critical attribute(s) Go from gross distractors to fine distractors Example: Teaching target: Discriminating b Match to sample: b 5 4 b 2 b c b 0 e b t h f b b b d h p b d p b q

Target Type #2: Factual Learning Items of information to be remembered; may be single items, paired associates, or lists. Efficient factual learning is critical to school success. (p.34) Memorizing information is a critical first step to learning, it is not the final step.

Target Type #2: Factual Learning Examples: vocabulary words and their definitions famous people and what theyre known for dates of historical events addition facts sight words days of the week

Target Type #2: Teaching Facts Use examples only. Focus on knowing the fact by heart. Examples: 3 x 5 = 15. 3 x 5 is always 15; I know it by heart. 3 x 5 = 15. the. t-h-e.the. Sometimes the T is capital and sometimes the t is lower case, but t-h-e is always spelled the. The capital of New York is Albany.

Target Type #3: Teaching Rules A rule describes the relationship between a general principle or set of conditions and specific outcomes or behaviors. (Archer & Hughes, p. 92). Rules: Start with an observable verb OR If or When

Target Type #3:Teaching Rules Archer & Hughes, p. 92: Science: When heat is added, solids, liquids, and gases all expand. Social studies: If the quantity produced increases, then usually the price is reduced. Math: If the last digit is even, then the number is divisible by 2. Reading (decoding): When the letter c is followed by e, I, or y, the letter c has the sound (phoneme) /s/.

Target Type #3Teaching Rules Archer & Hughes, p. 92: Writing (spelling): When a noun ends in ch, s, sh, x, or z, and you want to make it plural, add es. Writing (punctuation): If a sentence asks a question, then the end punctuation is a question mark. Writing (grammar): If the subject is singular, then the verb must be singular. If the subject is plural, then the verb must be plural.

Target Type #3:Teaching Rules Use examples and nonexamples. When the rule applies When the rule does not apply. Should focus on critical attribute(s).

Target Type #3:Teaching Rules Example: When there are three or more words in a series, then separate the words with a comma. Critical attributes: Words in a series Three or more YES: Cameron, Cece, and Carmello ran for the bus. NO: The bus was late because of the snow, and sleet.

Target Type #4: Conceptual Learning Abstract ideas of things or groups of things; most concepts have specific examples of the ideas they belong to. Conceptual learning has occurred when a student can provide a correct response to a novel instance of the concept. (p. 36) Concepts sometimes have to be taught using features of discrimination learning.

Target Type #4: Conceptual Learning Examples: triangle freedom red ocean addition place value (in math)

Target Type #4: Teaching Concepts Use concrete examples and nonexamples; Use a full range of examples and nonexamples; Should focus on critical attribute(s)

Target Type #4: Teaching Concepts Example: Perpendicular lines: Two lines that intersect to form a right angle. Critical features: Two lines Intersect Form a right angle

Target Type #4: Teaching Concepts Perpendicular lines: Two lines that intersect to form a right angle. These lines are perpendicular. There are 2 lines that intersect and form a right angle. These lines are perpendicular. There are 2 lines that intersect and form a right angle. These lines are not perpendicular. The lines do intersect but they do not form a right angle. These lines are not perpendicular. The lines do not intersect.

Target Type #5: Procedural Learning: Skills Step-based procedures needed to complete specific tasks that, once mastered, require very limited or no conscious thought; skills become automatic and fluent. Determine the steps in the procedure. Be sure the steps are in sequential order. These are steps that should be automatic once the student learns the task.

Target Type #5: Procedural Learning: Skills Examples: adding multiple-digit numbers with and without regrouping writing your name drawing a line of a specific length brushing your teeth making change for a $12.83 purchase given $20.00

Target Type #5: Procedural Skills Opening a locker 1. Spin the dial at least three times to the right (clockwise), all the way around. This "clears" the lock of any previous numbers. 2. Turn the dial to the right and stop at your first number. 3. Turn the dial to the left, going past zero and your first number. Then go to your second number. 4. Turn the dial to the right and go directly to the last number. 5. Pull the lock open and out of the hole, or pull the latch or handle, if there is one. Otherwise, tug on the knob to open the locker. Retrieved 1/22/11: http://www.wikihow.com/Open-Your-Lockerhttp://www.wikihow.com/Open-Your-Locker

Target Type #6: Procedural Learning: Strategies Step-based procedures needed to complete specific tasks that, once mastered, still require you to pay conscious attention and to do a lot of thinking. Determine the steps in the procedure. Be sure the steps are in sequential order.

Target Type #6: Procedural Learning: Strategies Examples: understanding something ones reading using mnemonics to remember something writing a paragraph doing a math word problem conducting an experiment

Target Type #6: Learning Strategies SCROL Notetaking Strategy 1. Survey the material to be read. Look at the section headings. 2. Connect the ideas. Write keywords to show how sections are connected. 3. Read the material. Read information under each heading. Pay attention to words in bold or italics.

Target Type #6: Learning Strategies SCROL Notetaking Strategy 4. Outline the notes. Write down main ideas and supporting details. At least two details under each main idea. 5. Look back. Make sure your outline has all of the information. Add missing information.

Target Type #7: Problem Solving and Thinking Skills Finding a solution to a problem when no specific strategy is known; using critical thinking to derive novel ideas or concepts. Refers more to constructing proofs in geometry (Pythagorean theorem) than to strategy-based mathematical problem solving. Solving a magic square problem All sides add to 15 (next slide).

Target Type #7: Problem Solving and Thinking Skills

Can also be used for less formal tasks, such as finding the simplest solution to: 375 + 375 + 375 + 375 + 375 5 Above from Mastropieri & Scruggs, p. 37.

Lets Practice learning to fix a breakfast of toast, cold cereal, and orange juice learning that red, blue, and yellow are primary colors learning what the word osmosis means

Lets Practice Handout

Identifying Prerequisites Once we identify learning targets, we have to be sure students have the prerequisite skills to accomplish those targets.

66 Planning for Instruction: Verifying Prerequisites From: Dr. Charles Hughes SPLED 412 notes Know what they are! New SkillPrerequisite Skill Paraphrasing a mainIdentify a main idea Idea 2-digit + w/ regroup.2-digit w/out regroup.

67 Verifying Prerequisites Verifying Prerequisites is NOT: 1.Reteaching (unless necessary) 2.Asking do you remember how? 3.Asking a few students to perform the skill Verifying Prerequisites IS: Making sure ALL students can perform the skill.

Using Types of Learning to Determine Prerequisites and Decide What to Teach Goal: The student will write compare- contrast essays. Identify tool skills for compare contrast essays: Knowing definitions of compare & contrast Identifying the difference between different types of essays Comparing and contrasting different items/ideas Writing sentences, paragraphs, essays Completing a graphic organizer

Using Types of Learning to Decide What to Teach Goal: The student will write compare- contrast essays. Identify students strengths and weaknesses, then at what level to teach: discrimination given a variety of essays (e.g., descriptive, sequential, cause and effect, and compare and contrast), picking out which are compare and contrast essays

Using Types of Learning to Decide What to Teach fact remembering the following: Compare means saying how things are the same. Contrast means saying how things are different. You can compare and contrast any two things. rule writing essays that apply the following rules: If you are to compare OR contrast, write 3 paragraphs one introductory, one detail, and one concluding. If you are to compare AND contrast, write 4 paragraphs one introductory, one for similarities, one for differences, and one concluding.

Using Types of Learning to Decide What to Teach concept comparing and contrasting more and more seemingly unrelated pairs until they can compare any two things assigned for this purpose. An example of this type of progression would be comparing whales and dolphins whales and elephants whales and snakes whales and tangerines

Using Types of Learning to Decide What to Teach skill copying into a daily planner a homework assignment to write a compare and contrast essay on topic X for the following Tuesday strategy completing a Venn diagram on an assigned topic (e.g., the Sahara desert and the Australian outback) and then writing a draft of a compare and contrast essay

Lets Practice Calculating area of a circle discrimination fact rule concept skill strategy

What to look for in Observations: Students with disabilities have access to the curriculum: Students with disabilities are working on content aligned with the content of the work of their grade level peers.

What to look for: Introduction of Lesson Introduction of a Lesson Teacher explicitly references content of previous lesson. Lets review. activating prior knowledge active involvement of students takes less than 5 minutes (2-3 ideal)

What to look for: Introduction of Lesson Introduction of Lesson Video: Review of Multisyllabic Words-6 th grade Pay attention to the rapid pace; all review is previously known information. How long did it take: discuss with table partner? This is how review should generally be-quick- time needs to be spent teaching the new material, not reviewing the old material.

Identifying Prerequisites You are working in a classroom where the teacher is teaching students to write paragraphs, but the students arent learning how to write paragraphs. You have been able to get the teacher to recognize that the students need to develop skills that come writing a paragraph. With your table partner, identify at least 3 prerequisites for writing a paragraph.

Introduction of Lesson The objective of the lesson is written on the board and referenced by teacher. Teacher provides purpose for content being taught, including what and why. Teacher provides purpose for strategies being taught, including what, why, how and when.

Introduction of Lesson The teacher checks that students with disabilities understand objective accurately. Students with disabilities demonstrate understanding of directions by accurately restating directions and/or completing directions as given by teacher.

What to Look for: Active Teaching Active Teaching Teacher uses verbal explanation and visual prompts to explain content or strategy.

What to Look for: Active Teaching Active Teaching If teaching a strategy/skill, teacher models the strategy in sequential steps. If teaching a concept/rule/fact/discrimination, teacher models using examples and nonexamples.

Examples/Non Examples: Concepts/Vocabulary Use concrete examples and nonexamples Use a full range Nonexamples focus on critical attributes Nonexamples: Keep noncritical attributes consistent

Teaching GREEN ExamplesNonExamples 2 green square 2 blue square 4 green circle 4 purple circle 1 green triangle1 red triangle

Designing Examples and Non-examples. Step 1: Examine the definition and determine the critical attributes or parts of the definition. Glossary Entry foreshadowing. Foreshadowing is the authors use of clues to hint at what might happen later in the story. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers expectations and to create suspense. Critical Attributes foreshadowing Authors procedure Use of clues Hints at what might happen later in the story 84

Designing Examples and Non-examples. Your Turn Glossary/Dictionary Entry Obtuse angle: An angle that measures greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees. Critical Attributes Perpendicular lines: 85

Designing Examples and Non-examples. Step 2. Design examples in which all attributes are present. foreshadowing Authors procedure Use of clues Hints at what might happen later in the story Early in the story about Blue Cloud, the author indicated that Dakota babies are taught not to cry. Later in the story, the baby who was lost in the grass did not cry, making it impossible to locate the baby. Teacher: This is an example of foreshadowing. The author gave us hints about what might happen later in the story. 86

Designing Examples and Non-examples. Your Turn Step 2. Design examples in which all attributes are present. Dont forget about wide-range! obtuse angle angle greater than 90 less than 180 87

Designing Examples and Non-examples. Step 3. Design non-examples in which some, but not all, critical attributes are missing. foreshadowing Authors procedure Use of clues Hints at what might happen later in the story Early in the story about Blue Cloud, the author told about the Dakota tribe moving to a new location. Teacher: This is NOT an example of foreshadowing. The author is telling what is happening, but is not giving hints about what will happen later in the story. 88

Designing Examples and Non-examples. Your Turn Step 3. Design non-examples in which some, but not all, critical attributes are missing. Again, wide-range! obtuse angle: angle greater than 90 less than 180 89

Your Turn: Generate Ex. & Nonex Equilateral Triangle Ex:Nonex:

91 Examples and NonExamples for Rules (Hughes, C.A., SPLED 412) First, a word about which rules to teach: They should be: Important: To content currently being learned and used in the future. Useful: Does the rule actually work??? (Not too many exceptions when 2 vowels go walking) Difficult: For students to remember/understand.

92 Examples and NonExamples: Rules Examples and nonexamples are used to teach when the rule applies and when it does not. Thus, focus of rule lesson is twofold: - How to use the rule (procedural) - When to use the rule (conditional)

93 Rules: Examples and Nonexamples Make sure rule is worded accurately. NO : Separate items in a series with commas. YES: When there are 3 or more items in a series, separate them with commas. NO: When a word ends in y and you want to make it plural, change the y to i and add es. YES: When a word ends in consonant-y and you want to make it plural, change the y to i and add es.

94 Rules: Examples and Nonexamples Determine the Critical Attribute(s) of the Rule. Critical Attribute = The condition(s) under which the outcome or behavior occurs. That is, WHEN the rule should be used. Suggestion: Identify the behavior first, and then ask yourself under what conditions does the behavior occur?

95 Rules: Examples and Nonexamples Determine Critical Attributes Model: When a noun ends in ch, s, sh, x, or z, and you want to make it plural, add es. churches, waltzes, boxes, wishes sandwichs, witchs, Prompt: When a word ends in vowel-consonant + e and you want to add an ending that begins with a vowel, drop the e. bake + ing = bakingspite + ful = spiteful shine + ing = shiningshoe + ing = shoeing time + ed = timed

96 Rules: Examples and Nonexamples - Determine Critical Attributes Check: When there are 3 or more items in a series, separate them with a comma.

What to Look For: Active Teaching Teachers instruction ensures multiple opportunities for participation by students with disabilities, e.g., choral responding, thumbs-up, white board response. (see next two slides) Teacher presents the content in chunks/segments.

Multiple Opportunities to Respond: Oral Responses: Choral Responses need some kind of signal examples: p. 137 Partner Responses need guidelines you select partners assign #s (1, 2) use sentence starters start your sentence with. Pause Procedure teach/lecture for12-18 minutes, then pause two minutes for partners to compare notes.

Multiple Opportunities to Respond Written Responses Response cards & response slates Action Responses Touching/Pointing works well for primary students Acting out/Responding with gestures helpful for vocabulary Hand Signals when choices are possible, use fingers (e.g, 1, 2, or 3)

require frequent responses Alternative Reading Procedures Echo Reading Choral Reading Cloze Reading Whisper Read Partner Read

What to Look for: Active Teaching Example: Teacher explicitly teaches required vocabulary. We will refer to the attached handout.

Example, then Practice Extend students understanding: Introduce or have students generate synonyms for the new words (with the use of reference materials). Allow students to work in partners. Vocabulary Instruction 2 nd grade With your table partner: Ones: Teach the word disgusting Twos: Teach the word relieved

Analysis of An Active Participation Lesson Handout: Compound Word Meanings With your partner Ones: describe one way the teacher could have engaged students during the Input phase of the lesson. Twos: Tell your partner one way you will know you see this during a visit.

Active Teaching: We Do Active Teaching (This is moving in to We Do-at this point just repeating is necessary) Students with disabilities engage in structured activities designed to allow to processing; e.g., I-time, think-pair-share, numbered heads, elbow partners, think-jot. Students with disabilities correctly answer questions regarding content/strategy.

Active Teaching: We Do Active Teaching (This is moving in to We Do-at this point just repeating is necessary) Students with disabilities are responding to high- order questions; e.g., problem-solving, generalization, evaluative, inferential, application. The teacher uses wait time to enable student with disabilities to process responses to questions/directions. Teacher re-teaches if students responses are inaccurate. (we are going to discuss this more in a minute)

Guided Practice Also called We Do (its where the learning occurs in a lesson) This is where the teacher should be spending the bulk of instructional time Teacher leads student with disabilities through step-by- step practice. Teacher initially uses high level of prompting/cues with students with disabilities. (e.g.,Tell, Guide) Teacher gradually decreases level of prompting/cuing to student with disabilities based on accurate responding. (Ask, Remind, Check)

Corrective Feedback Sequence A- B---> C CF

4 Essential delivery skills Require frequent responses. Monitor student performance carefully. Provide immediate affirmative and corrective feedback. Deliver the lesson at a brisk pace.

require frequent responses YES: Input Question Response. Input Question Response. NO: Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Input Here is your homework.

require frequent responses Oral Responses: Choral Responses need some kind of signal examples: p. 137 Partner Responses need guidelines you select partners assign #s (1, 2) use sentence starters start your sentence with. Pause Procedure lecture 12-18 minutes, then pause two minutes for partners to compare notes.

require frequent responses Written Responses Response cards & response slates Action Responses Touching/Pointing works well for primary students Acting out/Responding with gestures helpful for vocabulary Hand Signals when choices are possible, use fingers (e.g, 1, 2, or 3)

require frequent responses Alternative Reading Procedures Echo Reading Choral Reading Cloze Reading Whisper Read Partner Read Video examples teaching students to participate; model of participation

monitor student performance carefully Must ask yourself: Is the response correct or incorrect? If the response is incorrect, what type of correction procedure should be used?

114 Provide Immediate and Corrective Feedback STUDENTS SHOULD ALWAYS PRACTICE CORRECT RESPONSE. Incorrect response when fact requested. 1. Model the correct answer.(I do it.) 2. Check understanding. (You do it.) 3. Check again. (Student says /cot/ when you requested /cat/.) This sound is /a/. The word is /cat/ What word? /cat/ Yes,/cat/ Incorrect response when strategy or rule used. 1. Guide student(s) to the correct answer by asking questions on the steps of the strategy or rule. (We do it.) 2. Check understanding. (You do it.) 3. Check again. (Student spells siting for sitting.) Hint: This ends with a ______ CF: Repeat Hint.. and so we double the final consonant. sitting. Show me.

Corrective Feedback Rules Provide Corrections: Your job is to provide feedback for errorless learning; All new learning will result in errors; Corrections do not result in lowered self-esteem. Provide Immediate Corrections: Do not allow for repetition of error patterns Provide Specific, Informative Feedback Planned, specific feedback increases learning The word family is ack, pronounced /ack/, so the word is tack. Say it, tack. Yes, tack.

Corrective Feedback Rules Focus on the Correct Answer Rather than the Incorrect Answer You want your students to remember the correct answer, not the incorrect answer. For example, if a student spells baking bakeing, you would not say, You left the e in the word before adding ing. Thats not how we do it. You should say, Remember, we drop the e before adding ing. Its b- a-k-i-n-g. Show me. Yes, b-a-k-i-n-g. You dropped the e before adding ing.

Corrective Feedback Rules Utilize Appropriate Tone when Correcting Errors End Every Correction by Having Students Give the Correct Response Students need the repetition, so you need to make them say/do the correct response. Also need to return to that student later with a similar item so the student has a chance to respond again.

monitor student performance carefully Must ask yourself: If the response is correct, what type of affirmation/praise would be appropriate?

119 Provide Immediate and Corrective Feedback Correct and quick response Acknowledge and move on. Correct Yes, thats right. [Then specifically name correct fact/ concept.] You knew 3 x 5 = 15. Correct but hesitant response Acknowledge and add brief firm-up explanation. Correct. Since this is a telling sentence, we would end the sentence with a period.

Provide immediate and corrective feedback Practice: Page 176 Directions: There are two examples in each box (2,3,4). One person is the teacher for the first example in each box, the other person is the teacher for the second example in each box.

provide immediate and corrective feedback What adaptations, if any, should be made in the current lesson? should the lesson go forward? should confusing facts, concepts, skills, or strategies be retaught immediately? should additional practice be provided within the lesson?

122 Prompted Practice Two phases: We do Guided practice Purposes of prompted/guided practice Promote high level of success Build confidence Variety of Prompts Verbal Visual Physical

123 Prompted Practice Some additional considerations : Keep wording consistent with the model. Use direct verbal prompts/statements. Use regrouping in this problem. Use a question mark at the end of an asking sentence. Sometimes you may ask questions to prompt: Why did you change signs before solving the problem?

124 Prompted Practice Some additional considerations : In general Dont go fishing (i.e., keep asking for an answer) Be businesslike and non-threatening Positive Neutral Negative

125 Prompted Practice A Brief Demonstration: Two digit subtraction problems requiring regrouping 26 42 60 85 -17 -13 -49 - 37

126 Unprompted Practice(You do it) Practice with no prompts (thats the goal) Close Monitoring Do one then stop Need success with one before being given more to do. You will have to prompt immediately if an error is made.

INDIVIDUAL ORAL RESPONSES When? To verify individual understanding Following group responses If the desired response is lengthy or there are different correct wordings

128 PROCEDURE FOR ASKING A QUESTION OF AN INDIVIDUAL STUDENT 1. Ask a question. 2. Give thinking time. 3. Call on a student to share his/her answer. 4. Guide student(s) in discussing the answer. 5. Option: Have students share the answer with a partner give each other feedback. Then call on a student

129 ELICITING INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES Less desirable practices #1. Calling on volunteers. Guidelines: Call on volunteers when the answer is a product of personal experience. Dont call on volunteers when the answer is a product of instruction or reading. Instead expect that all students could answer your question. #2. Calling on inattentive students.

INDIVIDUAL ORAL RESPONSES, CONT. Volunteers or Non-volunteers? Advantages to non-volunteers Volunteers typically a small subset of the class Teacher likely to get distorted view of student mastery Situations in which volunteers are appropriate Answer based on personal experience Not all would be expected to have the answer Bottom Line: Non-volunteers are preferred as often as possible.

TURNS FOR NON-VOLUNTEER INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES Random or ordered? Ordered turns All students respond Reduces student anxiety Saves time BUT may reduce overall student alertness and teacher attentiveness to other students Best practice : vary amount of responding

TURNS FOR NON-VOLUNTEER INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES Random turns Advantages All students alert BEST PRACTICE Ask question Raise hand, look around, give think time Call on student Disadvantages May not call on all students BEST PRACTICE : Have a plan

MONITOR RESPONSES AND ADJUST INSTRUCTION WHY? Close monitoring allows teacher to adjust instruction Close monitoring allows teacher to provide corrective feedback Especially important given relatively higher rates of errors for students with learning problems.

134 MONITOR STUDENTS RESPONSES Walk around. Look around. Talk around.

3 TYPES OF ERRORS Error Type Careless/ Inattentive Lack of factual knowledge Lack of procedural knowledge Correction Procedure Repeat question, student repeats correct response Say answer, student makes correct response Prompt through step, student makes correct response

FRIENDLY CORRECTIONS: MAKING THE CLASSROOM SAFE Group corrections Praise correct response Neutral, non-threatening manner Errors are a part of learning. Admit your own errors Establish peer response

137 PRAISING/ACKNOWLEDGING CORRECT RESPONSES Praise is usually effective if: Contingent (IF THEN) Specific when possible Varied Provided for noteworthy performance Focused on achievement and effort rather than personality attributes Comparing students to themselves rather than to other Positive, credible, genuine Does not disrupt flow You know your students

MAINTAIN ATTENTION Why? Attention challenges A teacher makes a big difference Best practices Elicit more responses Move closer (proximity control) Increase pace Eye contact Model alertness

ENSURE ALL STUDENTS AN EQUAL CHANCE TO LEARN Typical practices to avoid Call on higher achieving students Result Lower achieving students make fewer responses More eye contact for higher students Result Lower students less attentive More think time for higher students Result Maintain perception of higher and lower performing

EQUAL CHANCE BEST PRACTICES ALL students should have an equal number of opportunities to respond ALL students should receive eye contact and smiles ALL students should get sufficient think time

CRITICAL PRESENTATION/DELIVERY SKILLS--SUMMARY Elicit frequent responses Monitor student responses and adjust instruction Maintain an appropriate pace Maintain student attention Ensure all students an equal chance to learn

Verbal Retell 1.) Verbal Retell Video-1 st grade 2.) Summary Paragraph Frame Video-1 st grade During the video, pay attention to the following: 1.) What cues does Anita give when she Tells? 2.) What cues does Anita give when she Asks? 3.) What cues does Anita give when she Reminds?

Guided Practice Concepts/Vocabulary/Rules: Guide them->Check understanding Concepts/Vocabulary: Guide Them asks students to state the definition. presents sentences in which students have to fill in the blank OR asks relevant yes/no questions Rules: Guide Them asks students to state the rule. prompts with, Should we ? AND Does_____ make sense?

Guided Practice Concepts/Vocabulary/Rules: Guide them->Check understanding Concepts/Vocabulary/Rules: Check Understanding uses a system for all students to name definitions/rule. uses a system for all students to give and get feedback on their responses. Generally will use partner responses in this phase.

Lets Practice Handout: Compound Words With your partner: Ones: Review the teachers use of questioning during We Do. Is it effective? Twos: Tell your partner one way the teacher could have elicited responses during the questioning/response phase. Ones: Tell your partner one way secondary teachers can facilitate responding in the classroom and describe what it looks like. Twos: Tell your partner one way elementary teachers can facilitate responding in the classroom and describe what it looks like.

Guided Practice-Corrective Feedback Teacher gives immediate feedback with error correction to students with disabilities. [aka corrective feedback] Teacher re-teaches if students responses are inaccurate. [reteaching should occur through the natural course of CF]

Guided Practice-Corrective Feedback Students with disabilities work in groups of varying sizes; e.g., individual, pairs, small group, whole group. Students with disabilities are monitoring and self-correcting work. [how to do this MUST be explicitly taught]

Error Correction: Recognizing the 3 TYPES OF ERRORS Error Type Careless/ Inattentive Lack of factual knowledge Lack of procedural knowledge Correction Procedure Repeat question, student repeats correct response Say answer, student makes correct response Prompt through step, student makes correct response

During Corrective Feedback: Teacher must circulate. While the ultimate goal is for students to respond without prompts, students who still need assistance get prompting from the teacher. You should NOT hear: How many times have we done this? Why cant you remember this? You should know this by now. Just think about it.

Lets Practice Spelling & Dictation Video While you are watching: Look for following procedures that were used to set students up for success on the sentence dictation. Dictation of sentences The teacher said the entire sentence and had students repeat the sentence. The teacher then dictated the first part of the sentence and gave students time to write the first part. As the students wrote, the teacher moved around the classroom and monitored student work.

Lets Practice Feedback The teacher gave feedback on each word. Students were awarded points for correct spelling, capitalization, and punctuation. The points were designed to make the students more interested in the task and more careful. Notice other important instructional procedures. Monitoring - The teacher constantly moved around the room monitoring students work.

Practice Handout: Compound Words With your partner: Ones: Review the teachers corrective feedback during We Do. Was it effective? Twos: Tell your partner one way the teacher could have given effective corrective feedback during this lesson. Ones: Tell your partner what corrective feedback looks like in an elementary classroom. Twos: Tell your partner what corrective feedback looks like in a secondary classroom.

Independent Practice (You Do) Work relates to objective on board. Students with disabilities are able to accurately complete tasks without prompts. Teacher moves through classroom and checks in with every student with disabilities. Teacher gives timely feedback to students with disabilities. Teacher gives specific feedback to students with disabilities.

Independent Practice (You Do) Teacher elicits alternatives from students with disabilities when responses are incorrect.(this only comes after modeling of how to think). When students with disabilities responses are inaccurate, staff re-teaches the concept/strategy individually or in small groups. Students with disabilities are monitoring and self-correcting work. [must be explicitly taught.] Students with disabilities complete work. [must be reinforced]

Independent Practice (You Do) The same principles of corrective feedback still apply. Teacher must circulate. While the ultimate goal is for students to respond without prompts, students who still need assistance get prompting from the teacher. You should NOT hear: How many times have we done this? Why cant you remember this? You should know this by now. Just think about it.

Independent Practice (You Do) Specific comments about: Teacher elicits alternatives from students with disabilities when responses are incorrect.(this only comes after modeling of how to think). Students need corrective feedback so they only hear the correct answers. Fishing for responses leads to incorrect understandings

Independent Practice (You Do) When students with disabilities responses are inaccurate, staff re-teaches the concept/strategy individually or in small groups. re-teaching means continued prompting with corrective feedback. If that doesnt work, teacher needs to go back and do some more We Do practices with student(s).

Closure The objective of the work is restated by teacher either verbally or visually. Teacher conducts a short formative assessment of students with disabilities level of understanding; e.g. exit cards, collects independent work, self-check or peer check of work. Teacher explicitly connects prior and upcoming lessons.

dee berlinghoff, ph.d. mount saint mary college [email protected] sections adapted from: dr....

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