Deeper EncodingDeeper Encoding

And the Working Memory And the Working Memory ModelModel

Enriching EncodingEnriching Encoding

►An application of Craik & Lockhart An application of Craik & Lockhart (1972)’s Levels of Processing Theory(1972)’s Levels of Processing Theory

►Elaboration: Linking stimulus to other Elaboration: Linking stimulus to other information you already knowinformation you already know You remember “tea” because it is your You remember “tea” because it is your

favorite drinkfavorite drink

►Visual Imagery: Create a mental Visual Imagery: Create a mental picture to represent the wordspicture to represent the words ““One Sun” peg and link systemOne Sun” peg and link system

““One Sun” Peg and Link One Sun” Peg and Link SystemSystem

►First, you memorize the rhyming “Peg” First, you memorize the rhyming “Peg” words:words:

►1=Sun1=Sun 2=Shoe2=Shoe 3=Tree3=Tree4=War4=War 5=Hive5=Hive 6=Sticks6=Sticks7=Heaven7=Heaven 8=Gate8=Gate 9=Vine9=Vine10=Hen10=Hen 0=Hero0=Hero

““One Sun” Peg and Link One Sun” Peg and Link SystemSystem

►Then, you “link” each word you want Then, you “link” each word you want to remember to the appropriate peg to remember to the appropriate peg by creating a vivid mental imageby creating a vivid mental image Example: if your first word is “bread”, you Example: if your first word is “bread”, you

can imagine bread being burnt to a crisp can imagine bread being burnt to a crisp by a giant, hot, yellow sunby a giant, hot, yellow sun

Weird, exaggerated images are more Weird, exaggerated images are more memorablememorable

►Do the same for every item on the listDo the same for every item on the list

““One Sun” Peg and Link One Sun” Peg and Link SystemSystem

►Try it! To remind you, the peg words Try it! To remind you, the peg words are:are:

►1=Sun1=Sun 2=Shoe2=Shoe 3=Tree3=Tree4=War4=War 5=Hive5=Hive 6=Sticks6=Sticks7=Heaven7=Heaven 8=Gate8=Gate 9=Vine9=Vine10=Hen10=Hen 0=Hero0=Hero

►The stimulus words you should try to The stimulus words you should try to remember are:remember are:

►Sled, yellow, run, happy, boat, junior, Sled, yellow, run, happy, boat, junior, idea, clumsy, short, moonidea, clumsy, short, moon

““One Sun” Peg and Link One Sun” Peg and Link SystemSystem

►How many of the 10 words can you How many of the 10 words can you remember?remember?

►According to Paivio (1986), this works According to Paivio (1986), this works because imagery provides a second because imagery provides a second kind of memory code, and 2 codes are kind of memory code, and 2 codes are better than onebetter than one

►We can encode information visually We can encode information visually (by images), acoustically (by sounds), (by images), acoustically (by sounds), and semantically (by meaning)and semantically (by meaning)

Working Memory ModelWorking Memory Model

►Baddeley & Hitch (1974) believed that Baddeley & Hitch (1974) believed that Short Term Memory was too vague and Short Term Memory was too vague and inaccurateinaccurate

►Their Working Memory Model replaces Their Working Memory Model replaces STM with “working memory”STM with “working memory”

►Combines the idea of STM with the Combines the idea of STM with the mental processes that control the use of mental processes that control the use of informationinformation

►4 main components: Central Executive, 4 main components: Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuo-Spatial Phonological Loop, Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad, Episodic BufferSketchpad, Episodic Buffer

Central ExecutiveCentral Executive

►Makes decisions about what is Makes decisions about what is importantimportant

►Guides your attentionGuides your attention►Can pull information from LTMCan pull information from LTM►Supervises perception, thought, and Supervises perception, thought, and

actionaction►See Rubenstein study in multitasking See Rubenstein study in multitasking

articlearticle

Phonological LoopPhonological Loop

►Replays an audio copy of information Replays an audio copy of information in your mindin your mind

►Can only hold a limited amount of Can only hold a limited amount of information for a limited timeinformation for a limited time

►Similar to a tape recorderSimilar to a tape recorder ““It’s like my IPod’s stuck on replay It’s like my IPod’s stuck on replay

(replay)”(replay)”

Visuo-Spatial SketchpadVisuo-Spatial Sketchpad

►Similar to the phonological loop, but for Similar to the phonological loop, but for visual informationvisual information

►Temporary stores images and allows you Temporary stores images and allows you to visualize moving/changing imagesto visualize moving/changing images Example: a flip book is a series of still Example: a flip book is a series of still

images that stay in your visuo-spatial images that stay in your visuo-spatial sketchpad and allow you to see them sketchpad and allow you to see them together as one moving imagetogether as one moving image

Evidence: Sperling (1960)/PsychSim Iconic Evidence: Sperling (1960)/PsychSim Iconic MemoryMemory

Episodic BufferEpisodic Buffer

►Combines elements from the other 3 Combines elements from the other 3 componentscomponents

►Allows you to put information together Allows you to put information together into recognizable events or patternsinto recognizable events or patterns

Case studies: Clive Wearing and Case studies: Clive Wearing and HMHM

►What specific parts of their memories What specific parts of their memories work properly?work properly?

►What specific parts of their memories What specific parts of their memories are faulty?are faulty?