defense 2

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SPATIAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC

FACTORS:

Mutual Implications in Informal

Areas

By

Abdelbaseer A. Mohamed

Supervised By

Prof. Mohamed A. Salheen A. Prof. Marwa A. Khalifa

Prof. Johannes Hamhaber Prof. Christine Kohlert

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Introduction

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PROBLEM DEFINITION

Although located in strategic

and key economic locations,

many informal areas show signs

of social pathologies and slum

like conditions. The people

living in these informal areashave poor socio-economic

conditions and did not get a

significant benefit from their

vital locations on the long run.

Cairo’s Deprivation index (according to

UNDP, 2008).

This indicator was built as follows (UNDP Egypt, 2005;

2008; UNDP, 2010):

DI = [1/5 (P13 + P23 + P33 + P43 + P53) ]1/3

Where:

P1 = Probability at birth of no surviving to age 60

P2 = Adults lacking functional literacy skills

P3 = Rate of long-term unemployment

P4 = Population below income poverty lineP5 = Gap in living standards

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Questions

One key question that has no simple answer is examined:

• What is the relationship between the socio-economic segregation of a settlement and

its overall spatial Configuration?

And sub questions are:

•What are the forces that influenced the spatial development of Cairo through history?And to what extent such forces contribute to Cairo’s spatial division?

• To what extent are deprived areas spatially integrated at a neighborhood as well as city

level?

• Is the distribution and rates of commercial activities within informal settlements

mainly driven by the spatial composition of the area itself? Or is it more related to the

overall structure of the city?

• To what extent do the locals assimilate into their neighborhood and the city as a

whole?

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The Approach

One day, Churchill said: “First we shape our

buildings; thereafter they shape us.”

Spatialconfiguration

State

Profession

Society

- Informal approaches

and strategies

- Urban approaches

and architectural

movements

- Development

strategies

- Politics

- Housing policies

- Building regulations

- Social structure

- Economy

- Religion

- Ethnicity

Behavioral and

Social

Interaction

Patterns

- Urban form

- Land use

- Density- Legibility

- Directions of urban

growth

- Compactness

- Urban quality

- Social solidarity

- Safety

- Social network

- Pedestrian

movement

- Activities

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The First Muslim Settlements Fatimid Cairo

Ayubbids Mamluk Khedivial Cairo

Major Planning

Transformations

Historical Background of PlanningPractices in Cairo

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1999-2013 (according to NASA Landsat)On desert land

On Agricultural land

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Ain Shams UniversityA Mohamed, A.

1517 1744Angular global Integration of Cairo

Mini: 0.3558

Maxi: 1.1964

Mean: 0.7341

Mini: 0.3352

Maxi: 1.0679

Mean: 0.6945

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1809 1888Angular global Integration of Cairo

Mini: 0.2505

Maxi: 0.9144Mean: 0.5414

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Old city 1900-1920

Khedivial Cairo

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1920 Angular global Integration of Cairo

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1958

Angular global Integration of Cairo

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Morphological Analyses

Angular global Integration of Cairo 2012

• The model highlights

the significance of the

west-east corridor.

• The green and blue

patches of segregated

settlements correspond

with the location of

informal and deteriorated

areas.

• These patches show

large fragmentations of

the city.

Manshiet Nasser

The Formal City versus Informal Settlements

Nasr City

Mohandseen

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12

3

4

56

1 Mohamed Ali St.

2 El-Sikka El-Gedida St.

3 Al-Muiz St.

4 Oraby St.

5 Abdel-Khaliq Tharwat St.

6 Sherif Pasha St.

Mini: 0.2875

Maxi: 1.2602

Mean: 0.7975

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1

Cemeteries

2

3

4

5

6

1 Ramsis St.

2 Shubra

3 Zamalek

4 Garden City

5 Rawdah

6 Heliopolis

Mini: 0.3887

Maxi: 1.4303

Mean: 0.8786

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1

Mini: 0.4035

Maxi: 1.6773

Mean: 1.0023

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1

2

3

4

5

1 Ramsis

2 Ahmed Helmy St.

3 26th of July

4 Al-Tahrir

5 Abdin

Mohandseen

Cemeteries

Mini: 0.3185

Maxi: 1.4212

Mean: 0.8616

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Angular global Integration of Cairo

2012

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Integration R1200 Integration R800

• Informal areas have dense internal spatial structure, which tends to form a

polarized pattern that stands alone in isolation from the surrounding areas.

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Integration at radius 400 meters

Mini: 2.0645

Maxi: 2304

Mean: 126.821

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Angular choice Rn

1744

Mini: 0.0

Maxi: 1.5649

Mean: 0.5186

Mini: 0.0

Maxi: 1.6066

Mean: 0.5313

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Angular choice Rn

1809 1888

Mini: 0.0

Maxi: 1.5621

Mean: 0.8441Mini: 0.0

Maxi: 1.5731

Mean: 0.4304

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Angular choice Rn

Mini: 0.0Maxi: 1.5816

Mean: 0.8472

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Mini: 0.0

Maxi: 1.6446

Mean: 0.8958

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Angular choice Rn

Mini: 0.0

Maxi: 1.6018

Mean: 0.8752

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Mini: 0.0

Maxi: 1.5576

Mean: 0.6384

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• No morphological

difference can be

detected between formal

and informal settlements

• Many informal areas

are located along one or

more definable edges,

which tend to be

highways.

The Formal City versus Informal Settlements

Angular global Choice Rn (Log(Ch+2))

Ring roadAl-Nasr St.

Cairo-Suez Rd.

Cairo-Ismailia Rd.

Ring road

Cairo-Ismailia Agricultural Rd.

Ezbet Bekhit

Ezbet Al-Nasr

Abu Qatada

Shubra

Al-Kheima

Al-Marg

Ezbet

Al-Haggana

Boulaq

Al-Dakrour

Al-Omrania

Al-Bsateen

Manshiet

Nasser

Imbaba

Mini: 0.3010

Maxi: 10.3561

Mean: 4.4513

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Angular Choice R1200m

Mini: 0.3010

Maxi: 6.7229

Mean: 2.9232

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Mini: 0.3010

Maxi: 6.2942

Mean: 2.6806

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Angular integration R1200

Mini: 4.9762

Maxi: 2461.41

Mean: 530.432

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Mini: 4.4308

Maxi: 1364.91

Mean: 310.234

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Mini: 2.0645

Maxi: 2304

Mean: 126.821

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Top 10% shortest paths in Cairo metropolitan area overlapped

with the location of informal and deteriorated areas (black

zones).

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Mini: 0.3010

Maxi: 6.2942

Mean: 2.680

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Morphological AnalysesThe Most Integrated Areas

1517 1744 1809

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1888 1920

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1958

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Angular Segment Analysis

showing the 10% most

integrated lines of the

study area.

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Deprivation Index (DI) per

neighbourhood Angular Global Integration Rn per

neighbourhood

The relationship of socio-economic and

spatial variables

This indicator was built as follows (UNDP Egypt, 2005; 2008; UNDP, 2010):

DI = [1/5 (P13 + P23 + P33 + P43 + P53) ]1/3

Where:

P1 = Probability at birth of no surviving to age 60

P2 = Adults lacking functional literacy skills

P3 = Rate of long-term unemployment

P4 = Population below income poverty line

P5 = Gap in living standards

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Correlating social and spatial factors

R = -0.3356 p<.0001**

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R = -0.4822 p<.0001**

Excluding neighbourhoods comprising districts of Boulaq (blue),

Maadi (green) and Al-Nozha (red)

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MovementConfiguration

Activity

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Pedestrian movement observed on a weekday overlapped with angular integration

Rn

Movement Observation

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Movement Pattern Analyses

Space-People Analysis – Ezbet Bekhit

Movement pattern Movement pattern

R R2 p-value R R2 p-value

Integration

Rn

0.7984** 0.6375 0.0056 Choice Rn 0.6618* 0.4379 0.0371

IntegrationR2000m

0.7952

**

0.6324 0.0060 ChoiceR2000m

0.7513

*

0.5645 0.0122

Integration

R1200m

0.8389** 0.7037 0.0024 Choice

R1200m

0.6508* 0.4233 0.0416

Integration

R800m

0.8044** 0.6470 0.0050 Choice R800m 0.5551 0.3082 0.0957

Integration

R400m

0.6944* 0.4822 0.0259 Choice R400m 0.5551 0.3082 0.0957

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

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Pedestrian movement observed on a weekday overlapped with angular integration R800 m.

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Space-People Analysis – Ezbet Al-Nasr



To-Movement Movement pattern Through-

Movement

Movement pattern


IntegrationRn 0.2457 0.0604 0.4938 Choice Rn 0.4790 0.2294 0.1613

Integration

R2000m

0.4739 0.2246 0.1664 Choice R2000m 0.6063 0.3676 0.0631

Integration

R1200m

0.5698 0.3247 0.0855 Choice R1200m 0.6421* 0.4122 0.0453

Integration

R800m

0.6514* 0.4243 0.0413 Choice R800m 0.6679* 0.4461 0.0348

Integration

R400m

0.6743* 0.4547 0.0325 Choice R400m 0.6679* .4461 0.0348

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Pedestrian movement observed on a weekday overlapped with angular integration Rn

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Space-People Analysis – Abu Qatada



Movement pattern Movement pattern


IntegrationRn 0.6454* 0.4165 0.0439 Choice Rn 0.5219 0.2724 0.1218

Integration

R2000m

0.7009* 0.4912 0.0240 Choice R2000m 0.5135 0.2637 0.1290

Integration

R1200m

0.6646* 0.4417 0.0360 Choice R1200m 0.4766 0.2271 0.1638

Integration

R800m

0.2570 0.0660 0.4736 Choice R800m 0.4364 0.1905 0.2073

Integration

R400m

0.1583 0.0251 0.6623 Choice R400m 0.4364 0.1905 0.2073

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The Correlation Between Commercial Rate and Spatial Parameters

Angular Choice R2000 m

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The Correlation Between

Commercial Rate and

Spatial Parameters


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The relationship between the true commercial ratios and the local

and global choices in the case study areas


True commercial ratio

R Square Correlation P-value

Ezbet Al-Nasr

Choice Rn 0.2385 0.4884* 0.0397

Choice R2000 0.2453 0.4953* 0.0366

Choice R1200 0.3050 0.5523* 0.0175

Choice R800 0.2348 0.4846* 0.0415

Abu Qatada

Choice Rn 0.5251 0.7246** 0.0002

Choice R2000 0.5329 0.7300** 0.0002

Choice R1200 0.3847 0.6202** 0.0027

Choice R800 0.2964 0.5444* 0.0107

Ezbet Bekhit

Choice Rn 0.0069 0.08311 0.7872

Choice R2000 0.007995 0.089413 0.7714

Choice R1200 0.00067 -0.02588 0.9331

Choice R800 0.000675 -0.02599 0.9328

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Ezbet Bekhit Ezbet Al-Nasr Abu Qatada

Top 10% (Choi ce 2000m)

Com.

31.768 13.6824 15.1515


Com.

56.630 38.5135 37.1901


Com.

73.204 56.0811 61.5702

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% o

f c o m m e r c i a l b u i l d i n g s

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% of lowest accessibility buildings

Overlay Plot

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% o


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% of lowest accessibili ty buildings

Overlay Plot

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

% o


0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% of lowest accessibility buildings

Overlay Plot

The Lorenz curve of commercial activity distribution amongst all the plots in Ezbet Bekhit (left), Ezbet Al-Nasr

(middle) and Abu Qatada (right) based on the rank of spatial accessibility rank

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Survey Form

Basic information /socio-economic characteristics

( gender, age, origin, marital status, education, occupation, workplace,length of residence)

House Data ( tenure, no. of rooms, unit size)

External social network (friends outside the area, distance, frequency

of visit)

Sense of Communi ty

• Social connections (acquaintances within the neighborhood and

within urban block, frequency of visit)

• Mutual Concerns (caring about the neighborhood, the nature of the

relationship between neighbors, co-dependence, degree of support)

Reasons of Clustering

Problems and advantages of living in informal areas.

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Socio-economic Profile Ezbet Bekhit

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Socio-economic Profile Ezbet Al-Nasr

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Socio-economic Profile Abu Qatada

The greatest proportion of respondents is immigrants from

Upper Egypt and Delta governorates. However, most of

them were born in Cairo.

Illiteracy and unemployment rate s are relatively high.

The majority of inhabitants are self-employed in informal

sector of economy.

Their workplaces either in the ground floors of their

dwellings or at a walkable distance from there.

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Social Ties and sense of community

When asked about the social class of their external close friends, the majority of

respondents indicated that they belong to the same social class. On the other

hand, new residents and educated people showed less assimilation with the

hosting communities and stated that they have more external relations than

internal.

The spatially segregated disadvantaged areas were also socially excluded in

terms of social network and socio-economic profile.

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Social Ties and sense of community

• Variables of gender, origin, length of residency and ownership are noticed to

influence number of acquaintances, feeling of safety and sense of community.

• Males are more likely to know more people and to have higher feeling of safety

than females.

• Owners and long duration residents have stronger internal social ties and more

numbers of acquaintances than new law tenants and new dwellers.

• Education correlated positively with the inhabitants'' wish to leave. This means

that there will be a lack in more skilled people upon the time.

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Forces of Change:Poverty, migration,rapid urbanisation

Spatial Conditions:physical segregation,

insufficient movementnetwork, degradation,

densification

Socio-economicconditions: social

exclusion,deprivation

The Vicious circle of urban decline

Forces of Change:regeneration,intervention,investment

Spatial Conditions:

integration,development

Socio-economicconditions:

consolidation,improvement,viability

The Hypothetic virtuous circle of

urban regeneration

07.1 Review of Principal Findings

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Review of Principal Findings

• Random urban development has disrupted the overall continuity of the urban form. It

has absorbed core villages and suburbs and treated different parts of the city asisolated objects.

• Pushing poor people to the periphery has brought about a mushrooming of vacant

and underused lands in the urban core.

• Analyzing the spatial accessibility of Cairo shows that many informal areas are wholly

divorced from their wider urban context.

• Physical segregation denies people their basic right to the city, but it also starves the

city of its lifeblood and tears apart its social fabric.

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Review of Principal Findings

• Urban areas, as they grow, develop two types of structure: an internal – or

local – structure, which facilitates the local functioning of the area; and an

external – or global ‐ structure, which enables them to interact productively

and efficiently with the rest of the city (Hillier, 1996, pp. 343–4).

• The findings of this thesis contribute to support the theory of the naturalmovement economic process.

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Realms of Contribution

Methodological Aspects

The building of an approach to study the relationship between space and socio-

economic processes in informal areas in Cairo is important contribution. At city scale,

it unifies various insights and methodologies from sociological, economic, geographic

and urban planning theories and approach into a holistic approach for better

understanding of mutual relations between space and society.

At a settlement scale, the research endeavored to link insights from urban and

economic perspectives.

Normalizing the commercial rate in the settlements, through using banding method, as

well as employing the ‘Gini Coefficientʼ provide reliable tools for investigating the

relationship between spatial parameters and land use distribution.

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Realms of Contribution

Policy Aspects

• Location of informal settlements should be connected to movement thoroughfares.

• Sub-centers of informal areas should be linked with each other within the wider urban

context in order to not only transport income from formal areas but also to restore

urban livability of the metropolitan.

• Urban land use should generally be planned on the basis of spatial accessibility that

minimizes time consuming travels and maximizes economic gain and socialinteractions.

• Identifying physical barriers and gaps should be seen as a first step in the process of

urban restructuring. Those not local to an area will surely be encouraged to use it more

were these barriers to be removed. Improving connectivity in this way is likely to

generate new movement patterns that will draw in new economies, stimulate

investment and so stimulate the “virtuous cycle” of regeneration.

• Integrating configurative approach and, social and economic thinking into master

planning and design decisions will facilitate creating the right balance between

physical and social systems and this in turn will enhance a better wellbeing and

quality of life.

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THANK YOU

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Normalised angular Integration Rn

Mini: 0.3720

Maxi: 0.9225

Mean: 1.3666

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