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ADP010583TITLE: Maritime Environmental Protection Strategy

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TITLE: Approaches to the Implementation ofEnvironment Pollution Prevention Technologies atMilitary Bases [Approches de l'application destechniques de prevention de la pollution sur les

bases militaires]

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ADP010583 thru ADPO10608

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SWG/12 Maritime Environmental Protection Strategy

by

Mr. Larry Koss, Chairman Emeritus, NATO Special Working Group 12and Mr. Craig S. Aligt, Vice-Chairman, NATO Special Working Group 12

t Department Head, Environmental QualityCarderock Division, Code 63, Naval Surface Warfare Center9500 MacArthur Blvd, West Bethesda MD 20817-5000, USA

Introduction: NATO naval ships operating in the 21st century will be expected to meetincreasingly stringent environmental regulations. Special Working Group 12 (SWG/12) has acomprehensive shipboard pollution abatement program under way that will enable ships of the21st century to be environmentally sound. The goal is for ships to operate worldwide with minimalpotential for regulatory constraints, no inappropriate dependence on shore facilities, and nounreasonable costs imposed by environmental regulations. The basic strategy is to: design andoperate ships to minimize air emissions, waste generation, and optimize waste management, and,where required, develop shipboard systems that will destroy or appropriately treat the wastesgenerated on board. If wastes are unavoidable and cannot be destroyed or sufficiently treated sothat overboard discharges are not considered environmentally significant, they must be retained onboard for recycling or treatment ashore.

Although the ultimate solution for on-board destruction has not been achieved for anyshipboard wastestream, the members of SWG/12 have made considerable progress towarddeveloping on-board capabilities for managing, treating, or processing solid wastes, oily wastes,hazardous materials, and medical wastes. They are still seeking satisfactory interim or long-termsolutions for treating blackwater and graywater, but they have identified technologies withpotential to treat these wastes, and development programs are in hand. International cooperativeefforts to achieve environmentally sound ships are under way among NATO navies to shareinformation and technologies, and to save time and money.

Description of the problem and proposed approaches: During the last 15 years, severalinternational regulations have been adopted that significantly affect NATO navies. TheInternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL 73/78) containsseveral annexes of which some are in effect and some have yet to enter into force. Annexes ineffect include Annex I which essentially eliminates all oily waste discharges at sea and Annex Vwhich prohibits the discharge of plastics anywhere and the discharge of solid wastes (except foodwaste) into special ocean areas. Annexes yet to come into force include Annex IV which proposesto prohibit the discharge of untreated sewage (blackwater) within specific distances from specialareas' shores and Annex VI which proposes to limit air emissions from ships. Proposedregulations include restrictions on the use of certain underwater hull coatings for protection fromfouling marine growth and a protocol for managing ballast water to prevent introduction of non-indigenous species of marine life. The other significant international treaty of concern to militaryships is the Montreal Protocol which eliminates production of certain ozone depleting substances(ODS) including chloro-flouro-carbons (CFCs) and Halons.

Sovereign nations have the right to determine which international regulations they willratify regarding environmental requirements. Nations then determine the applicability of specificinternational regulations to their military ships through domestic legislation. The decision by anation to apply the requirements of the MARPOL 73/78 and/or the Montreal Protocol to theirmilitary ships demands the development of new technologies, management procedures, and the

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installation of equipment into densely packed ships. Complying with these regulations affects shipoperations, endurance, manning, maintenance, and the quality of life on ships. Additional impactson planning, programming, and budgeting are also incurred from the costs of compliance at seaand the costs of installation and use of shore-reception facilities.

In addition to international regulations, increasingly complex and stringent nationalenvironmental regulations are being legislated in many NATO nations as well as other nationsaround the world. The national regulations are concerned with controlling ship-waste effluents interritorial waters and affect the off-loading of all ships' waste in port. Military ships havesovereign immunity, however, when adopted by authorities as conditions of port entry, theseregulations could challenge the ability of NATO navies to enter ports they previously visitedwithout restrictions. Any mistake has the potential for financial, legal, and political repercussionsas well as damage to the public image of visiting navy ships.

NATO navies need to take action to prevent pollution or control pollution. NATO naviesneed to identify, properly manage, and process all wastes generated on ships, all hazardousmaterials used on ships, and all discharges from ships. For each potential environmental pollutantor problem, one or more of the following three actions is essential: reduce the use ofenvironmentally harmful chemicals; reduce the amount of waste generated on board; and increasethe treatment, processing, or destruction of wastes on board. The first two actions generally areconsidered pollution prevention and the third, pollution control.

Eliminating the use of environmentally harmful 'chemicals, such as ozone-depletingsubstances, toxic antifoulant hull coatings, and other hazardous materials, may be the bestapproach for some potential problems. Reducing the amount of waste generated on board may bethe preferred approach, in some cases, over on-board waste treatment. As examples, reducing theamount of plastics or unnecessary packaging and packing material taken aboard may beworthwhile to simplify shipboard solid and plastics waste management. Similarly, reducing thevolume of liquid wastes generated on board (such as bilgewater) may simplify on-board treatment.For the wastes and hazardous materials that cannot be eliminated through pollution-preventionmeasures, NATO navies need to develop management practices, pollution-control strategies andtechnologies that are suitable for shipboard use and applicable to the wastestreams generated onships. Incorporating these measures early in the ship-design process will optimize the effectivenessof pollution-prevention and pollution-control techniques and reduce consequent life cycle costsand manning impacts.

Conclusions: NATO ships operating in the 21st century will need to be designed from the keelup to be environmentally sound. Nations should cooperate to share technology and save timeand money. Information exchange within NATO's Partnership for Peace program will greatlyassist our pollution prevention efforts.

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