definition of energy efficiency v3r1

What does it mean to be more energy efficient?The flaw of intensity-based saving reports

Prof LJ Grobler (CEM, CMVP)

Energy Cybernetics (Pty) LtdEmail: [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

© Energy Cybernetics – all rights reserved

Facts or Fiction?

• Every industry is different – therefore each one should have its own definition of energy efficiency

• Benchmarks can be used to determine energy savings

• Energy intensities can be used as Baselines for example kWh/tonne, GJ/tonne of steam, etc.

• Energy efficiency improvement is the improvement in energy intensity

• Energy efficiency improvement is the reduction in total energy use

We will get back to this .....??


Practical Example

2008 Figures

• Production per month = 1280 tonnes/month

• Total energy use = 6784 MWh/month

• Specific Energy Use = 5.3 MWh/tonne

2009 Figures

• Production per month = 858 tonnes/month

• Total energy use = 5748.6 MWh/month

• Specific Energy Use = 6.7 MWh/tonne

Savings??

• Production = 422 tonnes/month lower

• Total energy use = 1035.4 MWh/month lower

• Specific Energy Use = 1.4 MWh/tonne increase

3-Mar-09 3

?


Baseline Example

In open pit mining the energy/fuel use of a haulage truck depends on the following:

• Horizontal distance travelled loaded

• Horizontal distance travelled unloaded

• Route planning

• Vertical lift

• Vertical up and down

• Tonnes hauled

• Driver operation

• Type of truck

3-Mar-09 4

Multi-dimensional relations

Fuel use = F(X1, X2, X3 ... Xn)


Definitions

Energy Conversion Efficiency : η =

Energy Intensity: Specific Energy Use =

Coefficient of performance (COP) =

Work out (kW)

Energy in (kW)

Energy units (litres)

Production (tonne)

Cooling (kW)

Power in (kW)


Definitions

Luminous Efficacy =

System Efficiency =

A system is more energy efficient if it uses less energy to provide the same level of service “Wikipedia”

Luminous flux (lux)

Power in (Watt)

Useful Work out (kW)

Power in (kW)

Does this mean we need to use Energy Intensities?

How do systems and processes perform?


Poor Furnaces Performance

-

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

- 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Production (tonnes saleable/day)

En

erg

y c

on

su

mp

tio

n (

MW

h/d

ay)

Furnace 6


Daily Electricity Consumption vs. Daily Total Production

-

100.00

200.00

300.00

400.00

500.00

600.00

- 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00 120.00 140.00 160.00 180.00 200.00

Total Production [Tonnes/day]

Ele

ctr

icit

y c

on

su

mp

tio

n [

MW

h/d

ay

]

Overall Period

Good Furnace Performance

6 MWh/tonne

2.7 MWh/tonne


Furnace Specific Energy Use

Specific Energy Consumption

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Tonnes Saleable/Day

MW

h/T

on

Best operationLow Production

Higher Production


System and Process Behaviour

• Process Pumping • Mine Pumping

Pre-Implementation: 1 Jan 2004 to 7 Apr 2004 (Baseline period)

y = 0.0149x

R2 = 0.8994

0.0

100.0

200.0

300.0

400.0

500.0

600.0

700.0

0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000

m^3/day

MW

h/d

ay

Daily electricity consumption vs. daily water sales

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

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90,000

100,000

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 140,000 160,000 180,000

Daily Liter Water

Da

ily

Ele

ctr

icit

y C

on

su

mp

tio

n


Pumping Efficiency Improvement

Pre- and Post-Intervention KPIs

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Production

KP

I

Pre-Intervention Post-Intervention Linear (Post-Intervention) Linear (Pre-Intervention)

Saving

Before

After

Energ

y U

se

Production


Case Study – Paper Mill Specific Energy Use

A-13

Specific Energy Use

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 3000.0

ADt/day

GJ/A

dt/

day

2003 2005

2003: 1750 2005: 1945

7.2

13.3

M&V of Energy Efficiency Savings Procedure

3-Mar-0914


M&V of Energy Efficiency Savings

3-Mar-09 15

Production/period

Production/period

Energ

y U

se /

peri

od

Specific

Energ

y U

se /

period

E1

E2

SEU1

SEU2



3-Mar-09 16

Production/period

Production/period

Energ

y U

se /

peri

od

Specific

Energ

y U

se /

period

E3

E4

SEU3

SEU4



3-Mar-09 17

Production/period

Production/period

Energ

y U

se /

peri

od

Specific

Energ

y U

se /

period

E1

E2

E3

E4

SEU3

SEU4

SEU1

SEU2



3-Mar-09 19

Production/period

Production/period

Energ

y U

se /

peri

od

Specific

Energ

y U

se /

period

E1

E2

E3

SEU2

SEU3

SEU1

Production

Energy Eff.

Energy Eff.

Production


Facts or Fiction?

• Every industry is different – therefore each one should have its own definition of energy efficiency

• Benchmarks can be used to determine energy savings

• Energy intensities can be used as Baselines for example kWh/tonne, GJ/tonne of steam, etc.

• Energy efficiency improvement is the improvement in energy intensity

• Energy efficiency improvement is the reduction in total energy use

All are fiction !!!


What are Energy Efficiency Savings?

Energy Efficiency Savings are therefore the difference between the actual

energy use under current conditions for the considered period compared to what

it would have been under these conditions if the energy efficiency measures were not implemented

“LJ Grobler”

3-Mar-09 21

Example – Mining Operation

3-Mar-0922


Plant Electricity Consumption & Production History(Monthly data: Jan’04 to Sep’07)

Requested Baseline period: 2004 Calendar year

0

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100 000

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0

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10 000 000Ja

n '0

4

Feb

'04

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r '0

4

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'04

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'04

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04

Au

g '0

4

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v '0

4

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c '0

4

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r '0

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05

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g '0

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v '0

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c '0

5

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r '0

6

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g '0

6

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v '0

6

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c '0

6

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Ap

r '0

7

May

'07

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'07

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07

Au

g '0

7

Sep

'07

Mo

nth

ly p

rod

uct

ion

[To

n/m

on

th]

Mo

nth

ly e

lect

rici

ty c

on

sum

pti

on

[kW

h/m

on

th]

Month

Plant Monthly Electricity Consumption & Production(Jan 2004 - Jul 2008)

Plant Production per month [Ton/month] Plant Electricity Consumption per month [kWh/month]

2004 PCP PeriodOctober 2006 - September 2007Performance assessment period


Plant Electricity Consumption & Production History(2004 to performance assessment period)

Requested Baseline period: 2004 Calendar year

0

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0

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Jan

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r '0

4

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'04

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'04

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04

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g '0

4

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c '0

4

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r '0

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r '0

6

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g '0

6

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v '0

6

De

c '0

6

Jan

'07

Feb

'07

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'07

Ap

r '0

7

May

'07

Jun

'07

Jul '

07

Au

g '0

7

Sep

'07

Mo

nth

ly p

rod

uct

ion

[To

n/m

on

th]

Mo

nth

ly e

lect

rici

ty c

on

sum

pti

on

[kW

h/m

on

th]

Month

Plant Monthly Electricity Consumption & Production(Jan 2004 - Jul 2008)

Plant Production per month [Ton/month] Plant Electricity Consumption per month [kWh/month]

Average Monthly Plant Electricity Consumption [kWh/month] Average Monthly Plant Production per month [Ton/month]

2004 PCP PeriodOctober 2006 - September 2007Performance assessment period


Actual Energy Use

2004 Figures: (Baseline Period)

• Average monthly electricity consumption: 8,362,162 kWh/month

• Average monthly production: 210,396 ton/month

• Electricity intensity: 42 kWh/ton

2007 Figures: (Performance Assessment Period:




Changes between 2004 and 2007:

• Average monthly electricity consumption: down by 999,278 kWh/month (11.9%)

• Average monthly production: down by 14,958 ton/month (7.1% )

• Electricity intensity: down by 3 kWh/ton (7.1%)

What is the saving ….?


Monthly Electricity Consumption vs. Production (Baseline& Performance assessment period)

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city

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mp

tio

n p

er

mo

nth

[kW

h/m

on

th]

Production per month

Plant monthly electricity consumption vs. monthly production (2004 and PCP Period)

2004 PCP Period Linear (2004) Linear (PCP Period)

2004:201 396 tons

2004:8 362 162 kWh

PCP Period:186 438 tons

PCP Period:7 362 884 kWh

PA Period

PA Period: 39 kWh/t

PA Period: 186 438 tons


Monthly Electricity Consumption/ton vs. Production (Baseline & Performance assessment period)

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city

co

nsu

mp

tio

n p

er

mo

nth

[kW

h/m

on

th]

Tons hoisted per month [Ton/month]

Plant monthly electricity consumption / ton vs. monthly production (2004 and PCP Period)

2004 PCP Period Expon. (2004) Expon. (PCP Period)

2004:201 396 tons

2004:42 kWh/t

PCP:186 438 tons

PCP:39 kWh/t

PA Period

PA Period:39 kWh/t

PA Period:186 438 tons


The True Energy Efficiency and Operational Impacts

0

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ctri

city

co

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mp

tio

n p

er

mo

nth

[kW

h/m

on

th]

Production per month

Plant monthly electricity consumption vs. monthly production (2004 and PCP Period)

2004 PCP Period Linear (2004) Linear (PCP Period)

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city

co

nsu

mp

tio

n p

er

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nth

[kW

h/m

on

th]

Tons hoisted per month [Ton/month]

Plant monthly electricity consumption / ton vs. monthly production (2004 and PCP Period)

2004 PCP Period Expon. (2004) Expon. (PCP Period)

Baseline:201 396 tons

Baseline:201 396 tons

Performance assessment:186 438 tons

Performance assessment:186 438 tons

Production (decrease): 280 058 kWh/monthEnergy Efficiency (decrease) : 719 220 kWh/month

TOTAL (decrease): 999 278 kWh/month

Production (increase): 2 kWh/tonEnergy Efficiency (decrease): 5 kWh/ton

TOTAL (decrease): 3 kWh/ton

PA PeriodPA Period

PA Period


Actual vs. Service Level Adjusted Baseline

0

1 000 000

2 000 000

3 000 000

4 000 000

5 000 000

6 000 000

7 000 000

8 000 000

9 000 000

10 000 000

Jan '04

Feb '04

Mar '04

Apr '04

May '04

Jun '04

Jul '04

Aug '04

Sep '04

Oct '04

Nov '04

Dec '04

Jan '05

Feb '05

Mar '05

Apr '05

May '05

Jun '05

Jul '05

Aug '05

Sep '05

Oct '05

Nov '05

Dec '05

Jan '06

Feb '06

Mar '06

Apr '06

May '06

Jun '06

Jul '06

Aug '06

Sep '06

Oct '06

Nov '06

Dec '06

Jan '07

Feb '07

Mar '07

Apr '07

May '07

Jun '07

Jul '07

Aug '07

Sep '07

Mo

nth

ly e

ne

rgy

con

sum

pti

on

[kW

h/m

on

th]

Month

Plant: Actual monthly consumption and Service Level Adjusted Baseline (2004 based)

Plant Electricity Consumption per month [kWh/month] Plant Service Level Adjusted Baseline [kWh]

2004 PCP Period

October 2006 - September 2007Performance assessment period


Results Summary

Baseline (2004):




Performance Assessment Period (2007):




Total impact on Energy Use between Baseline and 2007

• Total impact: 999 278 kWh/month reduction (11.9%)

• Energy Efficiency impact: 719 220 kWh/month reduction (8.6%)

• Production related impact: 280 058 kWh/month reduction (3.3%)

Total impact of specific energy use:

• Total impact: 3 kWh/ton reduction (7.1%)

• Energy Efficiency impact: 5 kWh/ton reduction (11.9%)

• Production related impact: 2 kWh/ton increase (4.8%)

What is the EE saving? 719 220 kWh/month (8.6%)

Thank you

LJ Grobler

[email protected]

Tel: +27 18 299 1328

www.energycybernetics.com

3-Mar-09 31

mailto:[email protected]

definition of energy efficiency v3r1

Documents