degradasi karbohidrat
TRANSCRIPT
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DEGRADASI KARBOHIDRAT
Drh.M.Isa,M.Si
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Food molecules:
comple car!oh"dra#es, e#c.
Adap#ed $rom Molecular Biolo%" o$ #he &ell, '#h ed.
Buildi(% !loc)s $or !ios"(#hesis:
su%ars, ami(o acids, e#c.
Useful formsUseful forms
of energyof energy
CatabolicCatabolic
pathwayspathways
AnabolicAnabolic
(biosynthetic)(biosynthetic)
pathwayspathways
Molecules #ha# $orm #he cell:
lipids, pro#ei(s, e#c.
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How are catabolism and anabolism coupled?
Heterotrophic metabolism:
Interconversion of material and energy
CatabolismCatabolism
*!rea)do+(:-ields e(er%",
precursors
AnabolismAnabolism
*s"(#hesis:Reuires e(er%",
precursors
coupledcoupled
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pp. 381
ATPATP couples energy between catabolismand anabolism
catabolismcatabolism
anabolismanabolism
ADPATP / 0i
E(er%" $rom $ood *$uelmolecules or $rom
pho#os"(#hesis
E(er%" a1aila!le $or +or)2 chemical s"(#hesis *e.%.
mo1eme(#, si%(alampli$ica#io(, e#c.
ATPATP is the principal carrier of chemical energy in the cell!
Ma3or ac#i1i#ies
promo#ed !" AT0:
4locomo#io(
4mem!ra(e #ra(spor#4si%(al #ra(sduc#io(
4)eepi(% ma#erials
i( #he cell
4(ucleo#ide s"(#hesis
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Cellular Metabolism
0ar# 5:Brea)do+( o$ lar%emacromolecules #o
simple su!u(i#s
0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$
simple su!u(i#s #oace#"l &oA
accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$
limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH
0ar# 8:
&omple#e oida#io(o$ ace#"l &oA #o H6O
a(d &O6 accompa(ied !"
produc#io( o$ lar%eamou(#s o$ 7ADH
a(d AT0 i(mi#ocho(drio(
$a#s
$a##" acidsa(d %l"cerol
pol"saccharides
simple su%ars
pro#ei(s
ami(o acids
Acetyl CoA
%lucose
Citric
acid
cycle
&oA
6 &O6
9 e4*Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH
oid
a#i1e phosphor"la#io(
O6
H6O
ATPATP
% l " c o l " s i s
p"ru1a#e
ATPATP
7ADH
Adap#ed $rom MBO&',
$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898
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&a#a!olism 4 Respira#io(, $erme(#a#io(
Respira#io(:
< Gl"col"sis
< Kre!s=Tricar!o"lic acid *T&A
&"cle
< Elec#ro( #ra(spor# chai( 2oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
Ferme(#a#io(:
> Gl"col"sis $ollo+ed !"
7AD/ re%e(era#io( reac#io(s.
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Cellular Metabolism
0ar# 5:Brea)do+( o$ lar%emacromolecules #o
simple su!u(i#s
0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$
simple su!u(i#s #oace#"l &oA
accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$
limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH
0ar# 8:
&omple#e oida#io(o$ ace#"l &oA #o H6O
a(d &O6 accompa(ied !"
produc#io( o$ lar%eamou(#s o$ 7ADH
a(d AT0 i(mi#ocho(drio(
$a#s
$a##" acidsa(d %l"cerol
pol"saccharides
simple su%ars
pro#ei(s
ami(o acids
Acetyl CoA
%lucose
Citric
acid
cycle
&oA
6 &O6
9 e4*Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH
oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
O6
H6O
ATPATP
% l " c o l " s i s
p"ru1a#e
ATPATP
7ADH
Adap#ed $rom MBO&',
$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898
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0ar# 5:Brea)do+( o$ lar%emacromolecules #o
simple su!u(i#s
0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$
simple su!u(i#s #oace#"l &oA
accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$
limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH
0ar# 8:
&omple#e oida#io(o$ ace#"l &oA #o H6O
a(d &O6 accompa(ied !"
produc#io( o$ lar%eamou(#s o$ 7ADH
a(d AT0 i(mi#ocho(drio(
$a#s
$a##" acidsa(d %l"cerol
pol"saccharides
simple su%ars
pro#ei(s
ami(o acids
Acetyl CoA
%lucose
Citric
acid
cycle
&oA
6 &O6
9 e4*Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH
oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
O6
H6O
ATPATP
% l " c o l " s i s
p"ru1a#e
ATPATP
7ADH
Cellular Metabolism
Adap#ed $rom MBO&',
$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898
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Glucose ca#a!olismca#a!olismO
O
O
O
O
O
glucose(a sugar)
C6H12O6 +
O
O
6 CO2
Carbondioxide
OHH
6 H2Owater
8 s#a%es i(1ol1ed:
5 Gl"col"sis
6 T&A *ci#ric acid c"cle8 Elec#ro( #ra(spor#=oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
–Food = electron donor
–Oxygen = terminal electron acceptor
oxidation reduction G= -686 kcal/mol
Exergonic rxn
+ 6O2
(requires O2)
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0ar# 5:Brea)do+( o$ lar%emacromolecules #o
simple su!u(i#s
0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$
simple su!u(i#s #oace#"l &oA
accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$
limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH
0ar# 8:
&omple#e oida#io(o$ ace#"l &oA #o H6O
a(d &O6 accompa(ied !"
produc#io( o$ lar%eamou(#s o$ 7ADH
a(d AT0 i(mi#ocho(drio(
$a#s
$a##" acidsa(d %l"cerol
pol"saccharides
simple su%ars
pro#ei(s
ami(o acids
Acetyl CoA
%lucose
Citric
acid
cycle
&oA
6 &O6
9 e4*Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH
oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
O6
H6O
ATPATP
% l " c o l " s i s
p"ru1a#e
ATPATP
7ADH
Regulation of Energy Metabolism
Adap#ed $rom MBO&',
$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898
glycolysis
TCA cycle
electron transport
&ox. phosphorylation
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Glucose ca#a!olismca#a!olism
∆Go’ = -686 kcal/mol
O
O
O
O
O
O
glucose(a sugar)
C6H12O6 (requires O2) +
O
O
6 CO2
Carbondioxide
OHH
6 H2Owater
8 s#a%es i(1ol1ed:
5 Gl"col"sis6 T&A *ci#ric acid c"cle
8 Elec#ro( #ra(spor#=oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
glucose lactate (muscle)ethanol (yeast)no O2 requiredGlycolysisGlycolysis
?ha# or%a(isms use %l"col"sis@
5. A(aero!es *%ro+ +i#hou# O6
6. Facul#a#i1e or%a(isms *%ro+ +i#h 2 +i#hou# O6
8. Aero!es *%ro+ o(l" +i#h O6
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Cellular Metabolism
0ar# 5:Brea)do+( o$ lar%emacromolecules #o
simple su!u(i#s
0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$
simple su!u(i#s #oace#"l &oA
accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$
limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH
0ar# 8:
&omple#e oida#io(o$ ace#"l &oA #o H6O
a(d &O6 accompa(ied !"
produc#io( o$ lar%eamou(#s o$ 7ADH
a(d AT0 i(mi#ocho(drio(
$a#s
$a##" acidsa(d %l"cerol
pol"saccharides
simple su%ars
pro#ei(s
ami(o acids
Acetyl CoA
%lucose
Citric
acid
cycle
&oA
6 &O6
9 e4 *Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH
oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
O6
H6O
ATPATP
% l " c o l " s i s
p"ru1a#e
ATPATP
7ADH
Adap#ed $rom MBO&',
$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898
Gl"col"sisGl"col"sis
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Gl"col"sis
< Spli##i(% o$ %lucose: "ield o$ 6 p"ru1a#e molecules
$rom o(e %lucose molecule. *Also H6O.
< AT0 i(1es#ed i( earl" s#eps, e(er%" %e(era#ed i( la#er
s#eps. 7e# e(er%" "ield: 6 AT0, 6 7ADH / 6 H/.
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Cellular Metabolism
0ar# 5:Brea)do+( o$ lar%emacromolecules #o
simple su!u(i#s
0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$
simple su!u(i#s #oace#"l &oA
accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$
limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH
0ar# 8:
&omple#e oida#io(o$ ace#"l &oA #o H6O
a(d &O6 accompa(ied !"
produc#io( o$ lar%eamou(#s o$ 7ADH
a(d AT0 i(mi#ocho(drio(
$a#s
$a##" acidsa(d %l"cerol
pol"saccharides
simple su%ars
pro#ei(s
ami(o acids
Acetyl CoA
%lucose
Citric
acid
cycle
&oA
6 &O6
9 e4*Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH
oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
O6
H6O
ATPATP
% l " c o l " s i s
p"ru1a#e
ATPATP
7ADH
Adap#ed $rom MBO&',
$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898
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Kre!s &"cle
< Tra(si#io( s#ep reuired a$#er p"ru1a#e e(#ersmi#ocho(drio( p"ru1a#e co(1er#ed #o Ace#"l&oA. *7AD/ reduced #o 7ADH duri(% #his
process.
< Kre!s c"cle does(# direc#l" (eed o"%e(, !u#+o(# occur +i#hou# i#.
< Kre!s c"cle i(1ol1es decar!o"la#io(, oida#io(#o %e(era#e 7ADH, FADH6, AT0. &O6 is
!"produc# o$ #hese s#eps.
< 7ADH, FADH6 +ill rela" elec#ro(s #o elec#ro(
#ra(spor# chai(.
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Cellular Metabolism
0ar# 5:Brea)do+( o$ lar%emacromolecules #o
simple su!u(i#s
0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$
simple su!u(i#s #oace#"l &oA
accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$
limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH
0ar# 8:
&omple#e oida#io(o$ ace#"l &oA #o H6O
a(d &O6 accompa(ied !"
produc#io( o$ lar%eamou(#s o$ 7ADH
a(d AT0 i(mi#ocho(drio(
$a#s
$a##" acidsa(d %l"cerol
pol"saccharides
simple su%ars
pro#ei(s
ami(o acids
Acetyl CoA
%lucose
Citric
acid
cycle
&oA
6 &O6
9 e4*Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH
oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
O6
H6O
ATPATP
% l " c o l " s i s
p"ru1a#e
ATPATP
7ADH
Adap#ed $rom MBO&',
$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898
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Elec#ro( #ra(spor# s"s#em
< Elec#ro( #ra(spor# chai( a(d oida#i1e phosphor"la#io( produce AT0 $rom produc#s o$%l"col"sis, Kre!s.
< Elec#ro( #ra(spor# chai( C pro#ei( complees +i#h
pros#he#ic %roups i(=o( i((er mi#ocho(drialmem!ra(e. *Some %roups are a!le #o mo1e E.%.&"# &
< ET& $acili#a#es series o$ redo reac#io(s, +i#h
o"%e( as $i(al elec#ro( accep#or.< AT0 $orma#io( uses pro#o( mo#i1e $orce 4 1ol#a%e
across mem!ra(e *io( %radie(# #ha# resul#s $romhi%h H/ i( i(#ermem!ra(e space.
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Redo reac#io(s
< Ma(" e(er%" #ra(s$ers i(1ol1e #ra(s$er o$
elec#ro(s *or h"dro%e( a#oms.
< Oida#io( a(d reduc#io( occur #o%e#her.
> oss o$ elec#ro(s $rom o(e su!s#a(ce C oida#io(.
> Addi#io( o$ elec#ro(s #o a su!s#a(ce C reduc#io(. > Oidii(% a%e(# 4 accep#s elec#ro(s.
> Reduci(% a%e(# 4 %i1es up elec#ro(s.
E.g. Na + Cl -> Na+ + Cl-
oxidationreduction
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Elec#ro( #ra(spor# chai( 4 series o$ redo
reac#io(s
< &ells release e(er%" i( s#a%es.
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Elec#ro( #ra(spor# s"s#em
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Development of Proton MotiveForce from Chemiosmosis
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Forma#io( o$ AT0 $rom 0ro#o( Mo#i1e
Force a(d AT0 S"(#hase
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AT0 0roduc#io( duri(% Aero!ic Respira#io( !"
Oida#i1e 0hosphor"la#io( i(1ol1i(% Elec#ro(
Tra(spor# S"s#em a(d &hemiosmosis
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Bac#erial elec#ro( #ra(spor#
ASM digital image collection:
tt!:""###.a$mu$a.org
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Bac#erial chemiosmo#ic AT0 %e(era#io(
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Cellular Metabolism
0ar# 5:Brea)do+( o$ lar%emacromolecules #o
simple su!u(i#s
0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$
simple su!u(i#s #oace#"l &oA
accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH
0ar# 8:
&omple#e oida#io(o$ ace#"l &oA #o H6O
a(d &O6 accompa(ied !"
produc#io( o$ lar%eamou(#s o$ 7ADH
a(d AT0 i(mi#ocho(drio(
$a#s
$a##" acidsa(d %l"cerol
pol"saccharides
simple su%ars
pro#ei(s
ami(o acids
Acetyl CoA
%lucose
Citric
acid
cycle
&oA
6 &O6
9 e4*Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH
oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
O6
H6O
ATPATP
% l " c o l " s i s
p"ru1a#e
ATPATP
7ADH
Adap#ed $rom MBO&',
$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898
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0ar# 5:Brea)do+( o$ lar%emacromolecules #o
simple su!u(i#s
0ar# 6:Brea)do+( o$
simple su!u(i#s #oace#"l &oA
accompa(ied !" produc#io( o$limi#ed amou(#s o$AT0 a(d 7ADH
0ar# 8:
&omple#e oida#io(o$ ace#"l &oA #o H6O
a(d &O6 accompa(ied !"
produc#io( o$ lar%eamou(#s o$ 7ADH
a(d AT0 i(mi#ocho(drio(
$a#s
$a##" acidsa(d %l"cerol
pol"saccharides
simple su%ars
pro#ei(s
ami(o acids
Acetyl CoA
%lucose
Citric
acid
cycle
&oA
6 &O6
9 e4*Reduci(% po+er as 7ADH
oida#i1e phosphor"la#io(
O6
H6O
ATPATP
% l " c o l " s i s
p"ru1a#e
ATPATP
7ADH
Cellular Metabolism
Adap#ed $rom MBO&',
$i%. 64; 2 pp. 898
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Fermented food?
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Fermented … food?• Yogourt
– Fermented milk, fermentation carried out by lactic acid
bacteria.• Bread
– Simple fermentation of sugar to alchohol and !" by bread yeast Saccharomyces cere#isiae . !" makes bread rise.
• $imchee– abbage and other #eggies fermented by lactic acid bacteria.
• %#en some meat & fish products'– %.g. ountry(cured ham, $atsuobushi )tuna*
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+nusual catabolism
• Badger mmunitions -lant ( /0"(/12 (
pro#ided 3eapons for the military andhandled large 4uantities of e5plosi#enitroglycerin )67*.
CONTAMINATION!!!!!