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DEGRADED LAND FOR EXPANSION OF OIL PALM PLANTATION1

1 Introduction

IN KETAPANG AND KAPUAS HULU DISTRICT, WEST KALIMANTAN By. Yayu Ramdhani for FAUNA FLORA INTERNATIONAL, INDONESIA PROGRAM, 2010

Oil palm plantation has been confirmed as the most profitable land-based sources. The global

demand of CPO and its derivatives are growing that requires production increase as well.

Various efforts have been applied in order to elevate the production by both intensification

and extensification of expanding plantation area. Expansion of plantation area by utilizing

convertible forest area is considered as the most practical way to be applied.

Within 2005 – 2020, Lembaga Riset Perkebunan Indonesia has proposed expansion of oil

palm plantation by 120,000 – 140,000 hectares per annum (LPRI, 2005). By this increment,

within 15 years, it is expected to have 1.8 – 2.1 million hectares to make Indonesia as a

leading CPO global producer.

Expansion of oil palm plantation through forest conversion without counting conservation

principles into account is not a sensible decision that leads to environmental problems.

Development and conservation has to be able to go hand in hand as mandated in sustainable

development (Salim, 1986).

When forest area is considered as not-productive areas, the plantation expansion is then

parallel to forest degradation process and extension of degraded and abandoned lands in

Indonesia. Data indicates reduction of forest area because of the plantation expansion, illegal

logging, and wildfires. In 2006, degraded land was estimated 7.2 million ha.

The negative impact of forest conversion for oil palm plantation is biodiversity deprivation

and extention of not-productive degraded lands. The expansion should not penetrate to high

conservation value areas, it should be toward the existing degraded areas which are bio

physically suitable for oil palm plantation. In this area particularly with which low biomass,

the expansion of palm plantation will increase area function economically (increasing

income), ecologically (increasing carbon absorption, restraining erosion, and run-off), and

socially (absorbing local man power).

1This report was prepared prior to the issue of PP no. 11, 2010 regarding Regulation and Utilization Desolated Land substituting PP no. 36, 1998 regardingRegulation and Utilization Desolated Land

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Degraded land or not-productive land has some terminologies based on various perspectives.

It can be categorized as degraded land, abandoned land, marginal land, and idle land. This

study is to identify basis for determining degraded land which is not productive as a starting

point for the expansion of oil palm plantation beyond forest areas.

This study can be used to spatially identify degraded land within local scale in Regency level.

2 Identification

This study is conducted by identifying degraded land, abandoned land, marginal land, and

idle land one by one based on possible application in spatial way by using Geographic

Information System through flowchart in diagram 1 (Ramdhani, 2008).

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Diagram 1. Identification flow of degraded land, abandoned land, marginal land and idle land on spatial

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Although spatial study with this kind of flowchart has been applied by WWF in regional

scale for the entire Kalimantan (WWF and Yayasan Lebah Nusantara, 2009), the result was

limited to determining indication (hotspot regional) land suitability for oil palm plantation on

degraded land. Mapping of activities on each type of not-productive land could not be applied

in regional scale.

The diagram shows possibility of mapping the activities on them. It means that identification

could be applied in more detail scale rather than regional one such as local regency. The

outcome of identification in green trapezium is followed up by actions indicated by purple

circle. More detail explanation is as follows.

Principally, land authority is divided by two jurisdictions that is under Ministry of Forestryof

Forest Zone and under Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN- National Land Agency) beyond

Forest zone. Each land jurisdiction has authority to distribute rights and management to the

third party, for instance Ministry of Forestry allots Hak Penguasaan Hutan (HPH -

Commercial Timber Concession) within Forest Zone. Beyond forest zone, BPN allots Hak

Guna Usaha (HGU- Area in which a business has been granted rights to operate), Hak Milik

(Freehold Right Title), Hak Guna Bangunan (Building Rights Title), Hak Pakai (Right to

Use Title) , etc. All those rights are supported by law thus can be used as collateral. This

makes difference from Ijin Usaha Perkebunan (IUP- Plantation Permit) which categorized as

basic status of land rights lower than the above rights that cannot be as collateral.

The terminologies of abandoned land, degraded land, marginal land and idle land are came

out for the not-productive land since this types of landare not only seen by bio physic visual

but also connected to the land rights and authority.

2.1 Determining degraded land

The decree of Directorate General RRL Ministry of ForestryRI no. 041/Kpts/V/1998 stated

that degraded land is land (including forest zone) which has already been so damaged that

depriving or decreasing its function to a certain or expected level. This decree is a reference

for Peraturan Direktur Jendral Rehabilitasi Lahan dan Perhutanan Sosial - DEPHUT,

SK.167/V-SET/2004 that provides instruction and guidelines in determining degraded lands

and their spatial parameters.

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Based on Ministry of Forestry regulation, in determining degraded land, there are four

parameters to be considered that is erosion level, vegetation cover, land slope, and zone

management. The last parameter is particularly to distinguish forest zone and non forest zone.

2.1.1 Determining erosion level

Erosion is a process that soil is detached and transported to other places by water, wind, river

or gravitation (Hardjowigeno, 1995). Erosion level in an area is one of parameter to be

determined in order to get level of degraded land as required by Peraturan Direktur Jendral

Rehabilitasi Lahan dan Perhutanan Sosial - DEPHUT, SK.167/V-SET/2004.

Based on the regulation, erosion data is obtained by using erosion level data in land system

map (RePPProT, 1987). Considering that one of the parameters in determining erosion level

is land cover, thus changes in land cover since 1987 have made information related to erosion

level invalid. Therefore, there will be reconstruction of erosion level in this study.

Climate, soil characteristics, topography and vegetation cover are major factors affecting

erosion level in one place. Based on those factors, Wischmeier and Smith (1960; 1978)

composed a function to determine potential level of land erosion by general equation which

then commonly called Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) as follows:

E = R.K.LS.CP

Where: E = potential erosion

R = rain intensity factor

K = soil erodibility factor

LS = length and slope factor of land

CP = land cover and management factor

Following is a method for determining quantity grade of each factor required by USLE based

on spatial data.

2.1.1.1 Rain intensity factor

Rain intensityfactor (R) representing quantity of annual rain erosivity energy (E) and

maximum rain intensity 30 minutes (I30) in the following equation:

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R = �EI30

Where:

R= annual rain erosivity (MJ mm/ha h an)

E = rain kinetic energy (MJ/ha)

I30

= maximum intensity 30 minutes (mm/h)

In regional scale, direct calculation of rain erosivity is very difficult to be applied due

todeficiency of rain intensity record system in most of rain stations. Indirect calculation is

then conducted to estimate it by relatingstatistically between erosivity and rain variable.

In this study, rain erosivity is approximated by annual rain intensity (Mutchler et al, 1988) to

meet equation R = 0.41 H1.09

2.1.1.2 Soil erodibility factor

That R is rain erosivity and H is average annual rain intensity

(mm/tahun)

Utilizing value on land erodibility nomograph is commonly applied to obtain K factor value

on plot scale. For large coverage scale, soil data can be taken from Peta Tanah, for example

on Orde class of LPT Bogor thus for each soil orde, value of K factor dan be determined by

using the following table:

Table 1.Soil erodibility factor (K)

GROUP SOURCES K-Factor (Group) ORDE ID K-Factor

(Orde) Kandiudalfs Yusmandhany, 2002 0.0800

Alfisols -alf 0.1767 Tropaqualfs / Mediteran Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.2200 Tropudalfs / Mediteran Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.2300 Hapludands Yusmandhany, 2002 0.2650 Andisols -and 0.2650 Endoaquents Yusmandhany, 2002 0.0700

Entisols -ent 0.2514

Psammaquents Yusmandhany, 2002 0.5200 Fluvaquents Yusmandhany, 2002 0.2000 Entisols Husain et.al, 1994 0.3400 Troporthents / Regosol Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.1400 Orthent / Lithosol Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.2900 Tropoflufents / Hydromorf abu-abu Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.2000 Stockyard swamp Hazwlton and Tille, 1990 0.0050 Histosols -ist 0.0050 Dystrudepts Yusmandhany, 2002 0.1850

Inceptisols -ept 0.1944

Eutrudepts Yusmandhany, 2002 0.0750 Oxic dystropepts / Regosol Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.1400 Typic dystropepts / Regosol Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.3100 Typic entropepts / Regosol Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.2900 Typic tropoquepts / Gley humic Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.1300 Tropaquepts / Gley humic Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.2000 Aquic entropepts / Gley humic Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.2600 Litic eutropepts / Lithosol Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.1600 Mollisols Husain et.al, 1994 0.2400 Mollisols -oll 0.2400

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Haplorthox Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.0900 Oxisols -ox 0.1567 Typic haplorthox Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.2600

Humox Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.1200

Spodosols -od 0.3000

Typic tropodult / Latosol coklat Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.2300

Ultisols -ult 0.2200 Epiaquic tropodult / Latosol Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.3100 Tropudults / Podsolik Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.2400 Tropohumults / Mediteran Arsyad, 1989/Asdak, 1995 0.1000

2.1.1.3 Length and land slope factor

In regional scale, determining land length is a problem to obtain LS factor. To overcome it,

flow accumulation is then applied as follows (Moore & Wilson 1992):

𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 = 1.4 �𝐹𝐹.𝑝𝑝

22.13�

0.4�

sin(0.017453292 . S)0.0896

�1.3

That F is flow accumulation; p is pixel raster resolution; and S is land slope. The land slope

and flow accumulation can be determined by using from SRTM grid.

2.1.1.4 Land cover and management factor

Land cover is employing image interpretation to get land cover map. Referring to various

literature (table 2) CP factor value is adapted in every type of land cover to get CP factor

map.

Table 2.Land cover and management factor

Land Utilization Description CP Sources

Forest Not distracted forest 0.01 Asdak, 1995

Without under outgrowth, with serasah 0.05 Asdak, 1995

Bush Not distracted 0.01 Asdak, 1995

Partially grass 0.1 Asdak, 1995

Grass Perfect land cover 0.01 Asdak, 1995

Partial land cover, overgrown by reeds 0.02 Asdak, 1995

Reeds, burning once a year 0.06 Asdak, 1995 Garden Talun garden 0.02 Asdak, 1995

Backyard garden 0.2 Asdak, 1995

Mixture 0.43 Asdak, 1995

Tubers 0.51 Asdak, 1995

Cereals 0.51 Asdak, 1995

Nuts 0.36 Asdak, 1995

Fields 1 year cultivating, 1 year bero 0.28 Asdak, 1995 1 year cultivating, 2 year bero 0.19 Asdak, 1995 Plantation Perfect land cover 0.01 Asdak, 1995 Partial land cover 0.07 Asdak, 1995 Agriculture crops Paddy irrigation 0.02 Asdak, 1995 Urban Low density 0.03 Jianguo, 2001

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High density 0 Jianguo, 2001

Settlements 0.0007 Trahan, 2001

Industry zone 0.0005 Trahan, 2001 Mining zone 0.7 Trahan, 2001 Bareland Open land 0.95 Asdak, 1995 Water Water 0 Jianguo, 2001

2.1.2 Vegetation cover parameter

In determining degraded land, commonly used vegetation cover parameter is density of

cover. The density is concluded by green color level of the cover on Landsat images which

generally used NDVi approach.

2.1.3 Land slope parameter

Refer to Peraturan Direktur Jendral Rehabilitasi Lahan dan Perhutanan Sosial - DEPHUT,

SK.167/V-SET/2004, to determine level of degraded land, land slope is divided into five

classes as follows:

Table 3.Land slope class

Slope (%) Class < 8 Flat

8 – 15 Gentle 16 – 25 Fairly steep 26 – 40 Steep

> 40 Very steep

2.1.4 Land degraded level and actions Land degraded level is then classified reffering to Peraturan Direktur Jendral Rehabilitasi

Lahan dan Perhutanan Sosial - DEPHUT, SK.167/V-SET/2004as follows:

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Table 4.Land degraded level

Land Degraded Level

Conserving Forest Zone

Agriculture Zone

Protected Zone beyond Forest Zone

Score Score Score

Very Degraded 120 – 180 115 – 200 110 – 200 Degraded 181 – 270 201 – 275 201 – 275

FairlyDegraded 271 – 360 276 – 350 276 – 350 Potentially Degraded 361 – 450 351 – 425 351 – 425

Not Degraded 451 – 500 426 – 500 426 – 500

The land degraded level comprising fairly degraded, degraded and very degraded found in

forest zone categorized as degraded land in forest zone. It is then a responsibility of Ministry

of Forestry to manage reforestation. If it is happened beyond the forest zone, it is necessary to

make sure that the area is attached to rights over land or area attributing to its authority. If it

is attached to rights over land such as HGU (Area in which a business has been granted rights

to operate- Business Permit), Ijin Lokasi (Location Permit) and Ijin Usaha Perkebunan

Figure 1. Process of determining degraded land

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(Plantation Permit), then based on regulation it has to be decided whether categorized as

abandoned land or not. If it is categorized as abandoned one, revocation of the degraded land

rights has to be taken place by BPN (National Land Agency) then returned to the State. All

in all, terminology of degraded land can only be found in non forest zone and in area without

rights and authority over it. Utilization of degraded lands for expansion of oil palm plantation

ought to be reviewed in line with land suitability for it.

2.2 Determining marginal land

Marginal land is a land which could not support optimal agricultural activities due to its

physical condition. Generally, it can be found in stony areas, peat land, kerangas (sandy),

land steep terrain and extremely high elevation characterized by non intensive land

utilization.

Marginal land is determined by looking at the cover condition and land utilization. In woody

land cover or in settlement area, they are not classified as marginal land although their

physical characteristics in line with it.

2.2.1 Elevation parameter

Elevation parameter is set based on classes that a land potentially becomes marginal in higher

elevation class.

2.2.2 Land slope parameter

Land slope parameter is set based on classes that a land potentially becomes marginal in

steeper land class. The land classification is the same as the above table 3.

2.2.3 Soil parameter

Soil fertility is determined by its fertility level and its cultivating simplicity on each soil type

referring to soil group in land system map. Soils with shallow solum, kerangas (sandy), and

peat land categorized as potentially marginal land.

2.2.4 Land utilization parameter

Land utilization is quantified by scoring each class of land cover based on intensity of

utilization. For example, land utilization for paddy field is the most intensive utilization

comparing to others. The parameter is set based on classes that a land potentially becomes

marginal on the less intensive utilization.

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2.2.5 Marginal land level and actions

Marginal land level is the aggregate of elvation parameter, land slope, land fertility and land

utilization grouped in three classes: marginal, fairly marginal and not marginal. Conservation

effort is a thoughtful action in managing marginal land.

2.3 Determining idle land

Idle land is a land beyond forest zone which has potential physical condition to be developed

for certain commodity but not utilized yet. The land is characterized by good accessibility

infrastructure, not marginal but poor utilization.

Accessibility is a medium of people mobility in routine activities, in this case agricultural

activity is the main objective of it. Land is defined as idle land if it has good accessibility and

cultivating potential but not yet been utilized.

If it is in the area attached to land right or land authority over it, it is then called abandoned

land. Any action to this area has been regulated. However, in other area it can be utilized as

oil palm plantation if suitable.

2.4 Determining abandoned land

Abandoned land is a land stranded by land operational right holder or by land basic

authorization holder prior to land right over it referring to valid regulation (PP No.36/1998

Tentang Penertiban dan Pendayagunaan Tanah Terlantar). According to this regulation, Land

of Hak Guna Usaha (HGU- Area in which a business has been granted rights to operate),

Land of Hak Milik (Freehold Right Title), Land of Hak Guna Bangunan (Building Rights

Title), Land of Hak Pakai (Right to Use Title) can be claimed as abandoned land if it is

purposefully not utilized by the right holder or the owner consistent to its condition or

characteristic and objective of the rights, or not well managed.

Abandoned land has never been in Forest Zone or in other areas where there is no attachment

to operational right or authorization. Degraded land as previously stated cathegorized as

abandoned land if it is in the area attached to land rights or the area which has basic

authorization because of poor maintenance. So is the idle land cathegorized as abandoned

land as it is deliberately not utilized by the right holder consistent to its condition or

characteristic and objective of the rights. This kind of land could be forest cover in visual

biophisic way.

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Regulation: PP no.36 tahun 1998 stated that any action to abandoned land will cause

revocation of rights in the stranded part.

2.5 Results

2.5.1 Ketapang District

Character of the degraded lands, which made up of degraded land, marginal land, abandoned land, and idle land, in Ketapang District can be obtained with using the above approach. Hence, the utilization of the degraded lands for oil palm expansion reasons can only be established on the non forest area (APL) and the convertible production forest area (HPK). Such land character is found as no less than 264,711.57 ha. Its distribution is given in details in figure below. .

Fine points of the degraded land according to TGHK area status (Concensus Forest Land Use Plan) of Ketapang District is made clear in Table 5. The Table shows some overlap, namely: between plantation areas holding IUP status (Plantation Permit), Protection Forest (HL), and National Park (TN) for approximately 5,967.10 ha; and between Production Forest (HP) and Limited Production Forest (HPT) as much of 67,755.08 ha. The first overlapping occurence shall be tracked back to the field in view of the fact that some discords might have emerged on the field, or as results of sequence of errors of differing map’s scale sources that employed. Another possibility responsible for the overlap between HP and HPT is that both areas have been released for other land uses (APL= non forest area status).

Table 5. Distribution of degraded lands at each area status in Ketapang District

APL HPK HP HPT HL SM TN

Very degraded 361.43 148.02 2.58 146.29 104.13 0.00 0.00 Degraded 14060.64 1436.27 418.23 1384.64 582.60 0.00 192.76 Moderately degraded 164931.73 27346.77 154837.40 44756.70 16761.06 57990.34 5749.38 Potentially degraded 32478.27 23948.43 58826.80 131417.35 17780.82 691.89 4807.93 Not degraded 123807.44 17626.78 120644.04 420305.40 144193.17 3747.72 56562.68 Marginal 8120.21 1423.36 942.31 3937.91 1108.40 0.00 796.02 Moderately marginal 76594.72 57832.00 111699.41 4842.35 19873.70 71916.73 3138.45 Not marginal 152297.90 30104.86 201004.55 67974.52 163383.59 8177.01 32467.95 Potentially abandoned 58981.70 64007.35 18207.66 3887.14 2261.54 0.00 287.43 Not abandoned 391359.71 55613.48 40330.85 5329.43 2173.77 0.00 1244.37 Idle 71747.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

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Figure 2. Degraded lands in Ketapang District

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2.5.2 Kapuas Hulu District

In the Kapuas Hulu district, using the above approach there will be available 54.656,54 ha of land can be planted for oil palm plantation. The details can be found in table 6 and figure 3.

Table 6. Degraded Land in Kapuas Hulu District

APL HPK HP HPT HL TN Air Very degraded 970.71 0.00 943.17 303.78 1804.59 1069.67 0.86 Degraded 2757.22 149.74 1450.90 1583.42 864.00 218.58 7.75 Moderately degraded 3026.58 374.34 5861.25 21173.14 20055.28 9624.47 47.33

Potentially degraded 46575.05 802.90 11052.13 129817.57 125377.10 129253.05 250.42

Not degraded 54263.27 41684.51 101403.71 279192.16 654281.32 661732.89 11170.03 Marginal 137072.07 61876.61 49722.11 48136.96 9737.20 132961.19 2432.79 Potensial abandoned 91891.11 2190.98 184.16 63.68 105.85 17.21 88.64

Not abandoned 220287.05 212.56 125.64 171.25 282.26 45.61 4272.66 Idle 25692.78 0.00 7.75 55.94 8.61 0.00 0.00

Figure 3. Degraded land di Kab. Kapuas Hulu

2.6 Summary The terminology of degraded land related to not-productive land as a target area for

expansion of oil palm plantation has different meanings. In Indonesia, it is generally known

as abandoned land, degraded land, marginal land, and idle land for not-productive lands.

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Segregation of those terminologies could not be exercised by only biophysic visual, but also

connected to the land authorization and rights attached over it.

Coutiousness in using theterminologies focuses on the abandoned land. Abandoned land is a

special condition in an area attached to the operational rights or authorization but not yet

entitled to land right based on the valid regulation. Through biophysic visual, besides

degraded land, other physical condition such as threatenned good forest cover cathegorized as

abandoned land if the existence of the forest purposefully is not converted by the right holder

or the owner consistent to the condition and characteristics and its objectives.

The outcome of this study indicates land availability beyond forest area which could

accommodates expansion of oil palm plantation covers 264,711.57 hectates.

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