delayed rise in icp following head injury
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TRANSCRIPT
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Delayed Rise in Intracranial Pressure in Patients with Head Injury
Pankaj Ailawadhi , Deepak Agrawal
Department of Neurosurgery, JPN Apex Trauma centre, AIIMS, New Delhi
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ICP MONITORING HI STORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- EARLIEST DESCRIPTIONS DATE BACK ALMOST 100 YEARS
- IN 1960, FIRST LARGE SERIES BY LUNDBERG ON DIRECT CONTINUOUS MONITORING
- IN 1977 , BECKER AND COLLEAGUES SUGGESTED ICP MONITORING TO BE INCLUDED AS A METHOD OF IMPROVING OUTCOME IN SEVERELY HEAD INJURED PATIENTS
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ICP MONITORING
- METHODS
A. LUMBAR PUNCTURE ,FIRST DESCRIBED BY QUINCKE IN 1891 NOT PRACTICED B. CRANIAL INTRAVENTRICLAR INTRAPARENCHYMAL SUBDURAL SUBARACHNOID
- VALUES
GENERALLY ACCEPTED NORMAL RANGE IS 5 – 20 CM H2O
ICP > 20 IS SIGNIFICANT PREDICTOR OF INCREASED MORBIDITY AND WARRANTS TREATMENT
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INDICATIONS OF ICP MONITORING AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
1. GLASGOW COMA SCALE With A. An abnormal CT head scan Or B.. A normal CT head scan but with 2 or more high risk factors – Age >40 – Hypotension systolic BP <90mmHg – Abnormal motor posturing 2. PATIENTS WHO REQUIRE SEDATION AND VENTILATION hence making
clinical examination such as in a setting of multiple system injury.
3. POST SURGERY MONITORING
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BUT THE QUESTION IS
WHEN TO MONITOR?
AND
WHEN TO DIRECTLY PROCEED WITH SURGERY ??
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Diffuse Injury Grade CT appearance Mortality
I Normal CT scan 9.6%
II Cisterns present. Shift < 5mm
13.5%
III Cisterns compressed/absent.Shift < 5mm.
34%
IV Shift > 5mm 56.2%
CT BASED HEAD INJURY CLASSIFICATION BY MARSHALL
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AIIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1. TO EVALUATE THE SIGNIFICANCE OF DELAYED RISE IN ICP AFTER TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
2 . TO CHECK FOR ANY CORRELATION BETWEEN INITIAL CT FINDINGS AND NEUROLOGICAL OUTCOME .
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MATERIAL AND METHODS
TYPE OF STUDY : PROSPECTIVE PLACE : JPNATC, AIIMS DURATION : 2 MONTHS
PATIENTS ENROLLED : - FULFILLING THE STANDARD C RITERIA OF
ICP MONITORING AS DESCRIBED
- PATIENTS WITH WELL DEFINED OPERABLE MASSES MORE THAN 1 CM IN DIAMETER
EXCLUDED FROM THE STUDY
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MATERIAL AND METHODS( CONTD.)
PATIENTS ENROLLED - PATIENTS WITH DIFFUSE INJURY ,
HAEMMORHAGE , CONTUSION,
HEMISPHERICAL OEDEMA PRODUCING
MIDLINE SHIFT MORE THAN 5 MM WERE
EXCLUDED FROM STUDY
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MATERIAL AND METHODS( CONTD.)
RADIOLOGY : NCCT HEAD ON PRESENTATION, DAY2 , DAY 3, AND AS PER CLINICAL STATUS
CT SCA NS EVALUATED FOR
- PRESCENCE OF EFFACEMENT OF CISTERNS (CISTERNS PRIMARILY EVALUATED
SUPRASELLLAR, PERIMESENCEPHALIC)
- MIDLINE SHIFT < OR > 5 MM
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MATERIAL AND METHODS ( CONTD.)
MONITORING DEVICE : FIBREOPTIC CATHETERS
POSITION : INTRAPARENCHYMAL
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MATERIAL S AND METHODS( CONTD.)
PATIENTS WERE DIVIDED IN 3 CATEGORIES:
1. INITIAL HIGH ICP (IHICP ) GROUP WITH INITIAL ICP >20 CM H2O
2. DELAYED HIGH ICP(DHICP) GROUP WITH INITIAL ICP < 20 CM H2O BUT WITH DELAYED RISE AFTER A VARIABLE PERIOD
3. NORMAL ICP( NICP )GROUP WITH ICP VALUES PERSISTENTLY<20
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MATERIAL’S AND METHODS( CONTD.)
OUTCOMES ASSESSED BY USING GLASGOW OUTCOME SCALE : 1. DEAD 2. VEGETATIVE STATE unable to interact with environment, unresponsive 3. SEVERE DISABILITY able to follow commands/ Unable to live independently 4. MODERATE DISABILITY able to live independently /unable to return to work or school 5. GOOD RECOVERY able to return to work or school
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RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
TOTAL PATIENTS EVALUATED :21
MALES : 21
FEMALES : O
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RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
MODE OF INJURY
RTA : 15
FALL : 06
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RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
AGE DISTRIBUTION
AGE RANGE : 15 - 50 YRS.
MEDIAN AGE : 30 YRS.
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RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
TYPE OF INJURY
MODERATE : 3
SEVERE : 18
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RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
GROUP 1 (IHICP)
TOTAL PATIENTS 5
MEAN ICP 35 cm h20
ABNORMAL CT 3
NORMAL CT 2
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RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
GROUP 2 (DHICP)
TOTAL PATIENTS 6
MEAN INITIAL ICP 12 cm
ABNORMAL CT 4
NORMAL CT 2
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RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
GROUP 2 (CONTD.)
PERIOD OF ICP MONITORING
RANGE 24- 92 HRS.
MEAN 66 HRS.
DELAYED ICP LEVELS
RANGE 21- 40 CM OF H2O
MEAN 30
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GROUP 2
INITIAL CT WHEN ICP NORMALCT WHEN PT HAD DELAYED HICP
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RESULTS AND OUTCOMES
GROUP 3 (NICP)
TOTAL PATIENTS 10
MEAN ICP 13 cm h20
ABNORMAL CT 2
NORMAL CT 8
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RESULTS AND OUTCOME
CORRELATION OF INITIAL ABNORMAL CT AND FINAL SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
GROUP 1 3/3
GROUP 2 4/4 GROUP 3 0/2
TOTAL 7/9 ( 80%)
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RESULTS AND OUTCOME
MORTALITY
GROUP 1 : NIL/5
GROUP 2 : 3/6
GROUP 3 : NIL /10
MORTALITY WAS SEEN ONLY IN GROUP 2 WHERE PT WERE KEPT ON INITIAL CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT DESPITE ABNORMAL CT BUT NORMAL INITIAL ICP VALUES
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RESULTS AND OUTCOME
AS PER GOS
GROUP 1 : 3.2
GROUP 2 : 2.0
GROUP 3 : 3.2
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Patients with either high-density or low-density lesions on computerized tomography (CT) at admission had a high incidence (53% to 63%) of intracranial hypertension (ICP persistently over 20 mm Hg).
Narayan RK, Greenberg RP, Miller JD, et al: Improved confidence of outcome prediction in severe head injury: a comparative analysis of the clinical examination, multimodality evoked potentials, CT scanning, and intracranial pressure. J Neurosurg 54:751–762, 1981
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
After traumatic brain injury (TBI), Half of the patients had their highest mean ICP during the first 3 days after injury, but many showed delayed ICP elevation, with 25% showing highest mean ICP after day 5. In these cases, HICP was significantly worse and required more intense therapies.
Nino Stocchetti, Angelo Colombo, Fabrizio Ortolano, Walter Videtta, Roberta Marchesi, Luca Longhi, Elisa R. Zanier. Time Course of Intracranial Hypertension after Traumatic Brain Injury Journal of Neurotrauma. August 2007, 24(8): 1339-1346.
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The mortality rates were 77%, 39%, and 22% among those with absent, compressed, and normal basal cisterns Patients with GCS scores of 6 to 8, with cisterns absent or not visualized, suffered nearly a fourfold additional risk of poor outcome, compared to those with normal cisterns
Toutant S, Klauber MR, Marshall L et al. Absent or compressed basal cisterns on the first CT scan: ominous predictors of outcome in severe head injury. J Neurosurg 61:691-694, 1984
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CONCLUSIONS
1. Delayed ICP rise , known phenomenon after traumatic head injury is associated with poor prognosis.
2. 80% of patients with abnormal CT developed raised ICP (initial or delayed) and required subsequent Surgery.
3.Patients of head injury with effaced cisterns on initial CT head and delayed rise in ICP in our study had the worst outcome(GOS2).