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1/9/2014 Delegated Legislation - A-Level Law Revision & Exam Help by D.Hussain Publications http://home.loxfordlaw.co.uk/unit1/delegatedlegislation 1/5 Navigation Home Unit 1: Law Making and the Legal System Unit 2: The Concept of Liability Unit 3: Fatal and Non Fatal Offences Video Learning Announcements Downloads & Resources Exam Papers Recommended Textbooks Information for the Future About ALevel Law Latest News Law Blog Site Forums OpenEducationDisc | [NEW] Donations Links Legal & Usage Policy Contact Us Quick Links Solicitors in Bristol (Personal Injury Claims) LoxfordLaw.co.uk (A Level Law Dilwoar Hussain) OpenDisc.com (OpenEducationDisc Official Site) http://englib.net/ http://undergroundwritersnet.c http://mid michiganlawyers.net/ ALevelLaw.com (Asif Tufal) Consilio (Degree material) Contract Law (Max Young) Elawstudent (Professional publisher) Help with Law Exams , (Clive Dunkley) Law Observer (items of legal interest) Loreto College Blog (Andrew Howells) Kent Law School (Profesor Steve Uglow) National Policing Improvement Agency Resources for Students (Delia Venables) St Brendan's College (late John Deft) Strode's College (Dr Peter Jepson) The K Zone (Kevin Boone) WikiCrimeLine (A crime Wiki) SixthFormLaw Official Exam Dates Check the official Unit 1: Law Making and the Legal System > Delegated Legislation What is Delegated Legislation and how it is authorized? · Delegated Legislation is law made by a person or body to whom Parliament has delegated lawmaking power; hence the term ‘delegated legislation’. · New laws often need to complete more detailed rules. Parliament does not have enough time or expertise to make all these more detailed laws. · The reasons for detailed new laws may be because: A new law may be required for a specific area of the country, for which case specialist local knowledge may be required. Alternately, a new law on a technical matter such as health or agriculture will require specialist technical knowledge. Sometimes, an emergency or a new situation may require new law to be made very quickly. Parliament often does not possess the necessary specialist local or technical knowledge to make laws quickly. Also the formal legislative process requiring readings in both Houses of Parliament, is not suitable where there is an emergency. · For these reasons it is necessary for parliament to delegate law making power to people and bodies who are better equipped to make the necessary detailed legal reforms. Parent (or enabling Act) · By this piece of primary legislation, parliament gives authority to others to make law. · The parent act will enable further laws to be made under this authority. · The enabling Act contains the outline framework of the new law. · Within the Act there will be authority for specific person (such as a Government Minister) or body (such as a local authority) to make further more detailed laws. · This Act will specify the area within which law can be made any procedures that the delegated person or body must follow when making the delegated laws. · Law making power is only given to person or body best equipped with the knowledge and resources to make the type of law required. · If power is given to local authority then these persons will have the required knowledge. · If power is given to another body, such as a train or bus company, it will be given to make laws in respect of their property, (e.g. the enforcement for payment of fares). Orders in Council Search all sites

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  • 1/9/2014 Delegated Legislation - A-Level Law Revision & Exam Help by D.Hussain Publications

    http://home.loxfordlaw.co.uk/unit1/delegatedlegislation 1/5

    NavigationHomeUnit1:LawMakingandtheLegalSystemUnit2:TheConceptofLiabilityUnit3:FatalandNonFatalOffencesVideoLearningAnnouncementsDownloads&ResourcesExamPapersRecommendedTextbooksInformationfortheFutureAboutALevelLawLatestNewsLawBlogSiteForumsOpenEducationDisc|[NEW]DonationsLinksLegal&UsagePolicyContactUs

    QuickLinksSolicitorsinBristol(PersonalInjuryClaims)LoxfordLaw.co.uk(ALevelLawDilwoarHussain)OpenDisc.com(OpenEducationDiscOfficialSite)http://englib.net/http://undergroundwritersnet.com/http://midmichiganlawyers.net/ALevelLaw.com(AsifTufal)Consilio(Degreematerial)ContractLaw(MaxYoung)Elawstudent(Professionalpublisher)HelpwithLawExams,(CliveDunkley)LawObserver(itemsoflegalinterest)LoretoCollegeBlog(AndrewHowells)KentLawSchool(ProfesorSteveUglow)NationalPolicingImprovementAgencyResourcesforStudents(DeliaVenables)StBrendan'sCollege(lateJohnDeft)Strode'sCollege(DrPeterJepson)TheKZone(KevinBoone)WikiCrimeLine(AcrimeWiki)SixthFormLaw

    OfficialExamDatesChecktheofficial

    Unit1:LawMakingandtheLegalSystem>

    DelegatedLegislation

    WhatisDelegatedLegislationandhowitisauthorized?

    DelegatedLegislationislawmadebyapersonorbodytowhomParliamenthasdelegatedlawmakingpowerhencethetermdelegatedlegislation.

    Newlawsoftenneedtocompletemoredetailedrules.Parliamentdoesnothaveenoughtimeorexpertisetomakeallthesemoredetailedlaws.

    Thereasonsfordetailednewlawsmaybebecause:

    Anewlawmayberequiredforaspecificareaofthecountry,forwhichcasespecialistlocalknowledgemayberequired.

    Alternately,anewlawonatechnicalmattersuchashealthoragriculturewillrequirespecialisttechnicalknowledge.

    Sometimes,anemergencyoranewsituationmayrequirenewlawtobemadeveryquickly.Parliamentoftendoesnotpossessthenecessaryspecialistlocalortechnicalknowledgetomakelawsquickly.AlsotheformallegislativeprocessrequiringreadingsinbothHousesofParliament,isnotsuitablewherethereisanemergency.

    Forthesereasonsitisnecessaryforparliamenttodelegatelawmakingpowertopeopleandbodieswhoarebetterequippedtomakethenecessarydetailedlegalreforms.

    Parent(orenablingAct)

    Bythispieceofprimarylegislation,parliamentgivesauthoritytootherstomakelaw.

    Theparentactwillenablefurtherlawstobemadeunderthisauthority.

    TheenablingActcontainstheoutlineframeworkofthenewlaw.

    WithintheActtherewillbeauthorityforspecificperson(suchasaGovernmentMinister)orbody(suchasalocalauthority)tomakefurthermoredetailedlaws.

    ThisActwillspecifytheareawithinwhichlawcanbemadeanyproceduresthatthedelegatedpersonorbodymustfollowwhenmakingthedelegatedlaws.

    Lawmakingpowerisonlygiventopersonorbodybestequippedwiththeknowledgeandresourcestomakethetypeoflawrequired.

    Ifpowerisgiventolocalauthoritythenthesepersonswillhavetherequiredknowledge.

    Ifpowerisgiventoanotherbody,suchasatrainorbuscompany,itwillbegiventomakelawsinrespectoftheirproperty,(e.g.theenforcementforpaymentoffares).

    OrdersinCouncil

    Searchallsites

  • 1/9/2014 Delegated Legislation - A-Level Law Revision & Exam Help by D.Hussain Publications

    http://home.loxfordlaw.co.uk/unit1/delegatedlegislation 2/5

    timetablesforyourexamsbyclickingonthelinkbelow.

    OfficialExamDates

    OrdersincouncilarelawsmadebytheQueenandPrivyCouncilwhichareenforceableinCourts.

    ThePrivyCouncilisabodymadeupofseniorcurrentandformerpoliticians,seniorjudgesandmembersoftheRoyalFamily.

    Therearecurrently420membersofthePrivyCouncil;howeveronlythreeorfourcurrentGovernmentMinistersattendmeetingsatwhichOrdersinCouncilaremade.

    AppointmentismadebytheQueenontheadviceoftheGovernmentandisforlife.

    OrdersinCouncilareusedinmanysituations,including:

    TransferringresponsibilitybetweenGovernmentdepartmentsorfromWestminsterdepartmentstoScottishParliamentsandtheWelshassembly;thiswasdonebytheScotlandAct1998Order1999andtheNationalAssemblyofWalesOrder1999.

    Dissolvingparliamentbeforeanelection.

    BringinginActofParliamentintoforce.

    CompliancewithEUDirectives,forexampletheConsumerProtectionAct1987Order2000.

    Dealingwithforeignaffairs,forexample,theAfghanistan(unitedNationsSanctions)Order2001,whichmakesitanoffencetomakefundsavailabletoOsamaBinLadenortheTalibanoranypersonorbodyconnectedwithOsamaBinLadenortheTaliban.

    Intimesofnationalemergency,whenParliamentisnotsitting.Anexampleofanemergencysituationiswhichanorderincouncilwasmade,isasaresultoftheterroristattackson11thSeptember2001wherethereAfghanistanOrder2001waspassed.

    StatutoryInstruments

    StatutoryInstrumentsarelawmadebyGovernmentMinisterswithintheareaoftheirresponsibility.

    Theyareenforceableincourts.

    TheycanonlyactundertheauthorityoutlinedbyaParent/EnablingAct.

    StatutoryInstrumentsaredraftedbythelegaldepartmentoftherelevantGovernmentdepartment.

    StatutoryInstrumentsareoftenusedtoupdatelaw.E.g.theregularincreaseintheamountofthenationalminimumwageundertheNationalMinimumWageAct1998.

    SometimeswiderpowersaregiventotheGovernmentMinistertofillinthenecessarydetailswhicharetoocomplextobeincorporatedintotheAct.

    StatutoryInstrumentsareoftenreferredtoasRegulationsorOrders.

    StatutoryInstrumentsareoftenmadeintheformofCommencementOrders.TheseareordersmadebyaGovernmentMinisterspecifyingwhenanactorpartofanactmustcomeintoforce.

    SometimestheremaybeseveralCommencementOrdersmadeinrespectofthesameAct,i.e.theTownandCountryPlanningAct1971wasbroughtintoforceby75Orders.

  • 1/9/2014 Delegated Legislation - A-Level Law Revision & Exam Help by D.Hussain Publications

    http://home.loxfordlaw.co.uk/unit1/delegatedlegislation 3/5

    ThereisnotimelimitwithinwhichCommencementordermustbemadeaftertheActhasbeenpassed.ThismeansthatsomeActsareneveractuallybroughtintoforce,e.g.theEasterAct1928whichspecifiesafixeddateforEaster,buttheActhasneverbeenbroughtintoforce.

    LawthatismadetocomplywithEUdirectivesisoftenmadeinStatutoryInstruments.E.g.theUnfairTermsinConsumerContractsRegulations1999weremadeinordertocomplywiththeUnfairTermsinConsumerContractDirective1993.

    Approximately3000SIsareissuedeachyear,makingupthebulkofdelegatedlegislation.

    AbouttwothirdsofSIsarenotactivelyconsideredbeforeParliamentandsimplybecomelawonaspecifieddateinthefuture.

    ByLaws

    Bylawsaremadebylocalauthoritiesandpubliccorporationsorcompanies.

    TheymustbeapprovedbytherelevantGovernmentMinistersbeforetheyareenforceableintheCourts.

    Localauthoritiescanmakelawswhichapplyjustwithintheirgeographicalarea.ACountryCouncilcanpasslawsaffectingawholecountry,whileaCity,TownorDistrictCouncilmaypasslawsaffectingthatcity,townordistrict.

    Theselawsmaydealwithissues,forexampledrinkingalcoholinpublicplacesorthefoulingofpublicareasbydogs.

    AparentActinrespectofdogfoulingistheDogs(FoulingofLand)Act1996.UnderthisActalocalauthoritycandesignateareasoflandaspoopscoopareas.Thismeansdogsthatfoulindesignatedareasanddonocleanitup;theirownerswillbeasubjecttoafixedpenaltyof50.

    ManybylawsaremadeundertheauthorityoftheLocalGovernmentAct1972.

    Areashavesignsonlamppoststosupporttheprohibition.

    Pubicbodiesandsomecompaniescanmakelawsregulatingthebehaviorofthepublicwhileontheirproperty,i.e.theTransportAct1993whereitwasmadeillegaltosmokeontrains.(BoddingtonvBritishTransportPolice(1998).

    ControlofDelegatedLegislation

    ParliamentaryControl

    LimitsDelegatedLegislationthroughtheParent/EnablingAct.

    Onlythepeopleorbodyspecifiedintheparentacthavepowertomakelaw,andextendofthatpowerisalsospecified.

    Theparentactwillsetouthowthedelegatedlegislationmustbemadeandmaysetoutcertainprocedures,suchasconsultation,tobefollowed.

    ParliamentSupremacyisnotcompromisedasParliamentultimatelyremainsincontrolofwhatlawismadeandhowitismade.

    Parliamentmayrepealoramendthepieceofdelegatedlegislation,thisallows

  • 1/9/2014 Delegated Legislation - A-Level Law Revision & Exam Help by D.Hussain Publications

    http://home.loxfordlaw.co.uk/unit1/delegatedlegislation 4/5

    parliamenttomakeorunmakelaws.

    Theeffectivenessofthiscontrolislimitedbecause,duetovolumeofdelegatedlegislationmadeeachyear,Parliamentwillnotbeabletocheckitall.

    JointSelectCommitteeonStatutoryInstruments,alsoknownastheScrutinyCommitteewhichismadeupofMPsandPeerschecktheStatutoryInstrumentsandreferbacktotheHousesofParliament.

    MaingroundsforreferringaSisbacktoHouseofParliamentarebecause:

    ItappearstohavegonebeyondoroutsidethepowersgivenundertheParent/EnablingAct.

    IthasnotbeenmadeaccordingtothemethodwrittenintheParentAct.

    Unexpectedusehasbeenmadeofthedelegatedpower.

    Ifitunclearordefective.

    Ifitimposesataxorchargeonlyparliamenthastherighttodothis.

    Ifitisretrospectiveinitseffects,andtheParent/EnablingActdidnotallowforthis.

    ThisismoreeffectivecontrolasmanyStatutoryInstrumentsaresubjecttosomescrutiny.

    Howeverimpossibletolookatallasover3000arecreatedeachyear.

    ScrutinycommitteesarelimitedinthatithasnopowertoamendtheStatutoryInstruments,merelytoreportitsfindingbacktotheHouseofCommonsorLords.

    However,researchbytheHansardSociety,reportedin1992,revealedmanyfindingsoftheScrutinyCommitteewereignored.

    TheHouseofLordsDelegatedPowerScrutinyCommittee(setupin1993)considerswhethertheprovisionsofBillsgiveinappropriatedelegatedlegislativepower.ItreportstotheHouseofLordsbeforetheCommitteestageontheBill.

    AffirmativeResolutionProcedure

    StatutoryInstrumentsmustbeapprovedbyoneorbothHousesofParliamentwithinaspecifiedtime,usuallybetween28and40days,beforeitcanbecomelaw.

    Disadvantages:

    TimeconsumingcontradictingoneofthemainaimsofDelegatedLegislation.

    StatutoryInstrumentscannotbeamendedbyParliament,onlyapproved,annulledorwithdrawn.

    AstheGovernmentMinisterispartoftheGovernment,theywillnormallygetmostofthevotes.

    Asaresultofthesedisadvantagestheaffirmativeresolutionisnotusedveryoften.

    HoweverwithaffirmativeresolutiontheStatutoryInstrumentsmustalwaysbedebatedbyparliamentanditisthereforemoreeffectivethansomeoftheothercontrols.

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    NegativeResolutionProcedure

    TheStatutoryInstrumentsislawbeforeParliament,usuallyfor40days,andbecomeslawunlesseitherhousesvotestoannulit.

    AllmembersofbothHousescanputdownamotionknownasaprayercallingforannulment.

    Thereisthenadebateandvote.

    IfeitherHousevotetopasstheannulmentmotion,theStatutoryInstrumentsdoesnotbecomelaw.

    Moreoftenhowever,theStatutoryInstrumentsisnotannulledduringthe40dayperiodandsoautomaticallybecomeslaw.

    Disadvantages:

    Limitedeffect,asthereisnorequirementforMPstolookattheStatutoryInstrument.

    MostDelegatedLegislationisnotchallengedandautomaticallybecomeslawafter40days.

    However,thismethodofcontroldoesgiveopportunityforanymemberofeitherHousetoraiseobjections.

    ThisinturnmayprovideformoredebateandconsiderationtobegiventotheprovisionsoftheStatutoryInstrument.

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