delirium in icu characteristic, diagnosis and prevention
TRANSCRIPT
Delirium in ICUCharacteristic, Diagnosis and
Prevention
Marcelo G. Rocha, M.D.Marcelo G. Rocha, M.D.ICU Pav. Pereira Filho
S t C P t AlSanta Casa Porto Alegre RGS Brazil
OUTLINE OF THE TALK• Definitions
– types/prevalence/importance– risk factors/pathoetiology of deliriumrisk factors/pathoetiology of delirium
• What can we do to prevent delirium:a. Monitoringb. Non pharmacolgical interventionsp gc. Reduction in deliriogenic medications
• Use of Protocols and “less is more”• Use of Protocols and less is more
d. Pharmacological interventionsa Antips choticsa. Antipsychoticsb. Dexmedetomidine
Definition of DeliriumDefinition of Delirium
• derived from Latin:derived from Latin:– de “away from”– lira “ furrow in field” – ium (Latin for singular)ium (Latin for singular)
DeliriumDelirium
li i i• Delirium is (1) fluctuation/change in mental status(1) fluctuation/change in mental status (2) inattention
either/or(3) disorganized thinking(3) disorganized thinking (4) altered level of consciousness( )
DSM IV and CAM‐ICU
Delirium – a brain organ dysfunction
Morandi et al ICM 2008;34:1907‐1915
Delirium Subtypesyp• Hyperactive delirium ‐agitation restlessness pulling catheters or tubesagitation, restlessness, pulling catheters or tubes, hitting, biting, and emotional lability. (At risk for self‐extubation and subsequent reintubation)q )
• Hypoactive delirium –ypwithdrawal, flat affect, apathy, lethargy and perhaps even unresponsiveness; often unrecognized due to h “ i ” ( i k f i ithese “quiet” symptoms; (At risk for aspiration, pulmonary embolism, decubitus ulcers, and other complications related to immobility)complications related to immobility)
• Mixed ‐ combinationMixed combination
D li i C iti I i tDelirium versus Cognitive Impairment
• Delirium • Cognitive impairment– rapid onsetfluctuation
– variable to insidious onset– not fluctuating– fluctuation
– clouded consciousness
not fluctuating– no clouding of consciousness– Inattention, disorganized
thought
consciousness– many domains impaired
– not chronic – persistent/chronic (?)
Gordon SM, Intensive Care Med 30:1997‐2008, 2004Jackson JC, Intensive Care Med 30:2009‐2016, 2004
Prevalence of ICU DeliriumPrevalence of ICU Delirium
• Occurs in up to 80% MICU/SICU MVpatients• 20‐50% of lower severity ICU patients develop20 50% of lower severity ICU patients develop• Hypoactive or mixed forms most common• 65‐70% goes undiagnosed if routine monitoring is not implementedp
Roberts B Aust Crit Care 2005;18:6 8‐9Ely EW. ICM. 2001;27:1892‐1900.Ely EW. JAMA. 2001;286,2703‐2710.Pandharipande. J Trauma. 2008;65:34‐41.Ely EW CCM 2001;29:1370‐1379
Roberts B. Aust Crit Care. 2005;18:6,8‐9.Thomason J. Crit Care. 2005;9:375‐381.
Ely EW. CCM. 2004;32:106‐112.Peterson. JAGS. 2006;54:479‐484.Ely EW. CCM. 2001;29:1370 1379.
Pandharipande. ICM. 2007;33:1726‐1731.Lat I. CCM.2009;37:1898‐1905
Ouimet S. ICM. 2007;33:66‐73.Spronk P. Neth J Med.2009;67:296‐300
Slooter A. CCM.2009. 37 (6):1881‐1885, 2009
“I i ibl ” O D f ti“Invisible” Organ Dysfunction
• Delirium is not routinely monitored in the ICU 1• Validated tools – ICU‐DSC 2 or CAM‐ICU 3‐4• “ICU Psychosis” traditionally an expected outcome• In non‐ICU settings delirium has been associated withIn non ICU settings, delirium has been associated with prolonged stay, institutionalization, and death 5‐7
4 Ely EW CCM 2001;29,1370‐795 Inouye, Am J Med 1999;106:565‐5736
1 Ely EW CCM 2004;32:106‐1122 Bergeron, ICM 2001;27:859‐64
6 Lawlor, Arch Intern Med 2000;160:786‐7947 McCusker, Arch Intern Med 2002;162:457‐463
g , ;3 Ely EW JAMA 2001;286,2703‐2710
ICU D li i i li tiICU Delirium ‐ implications3 i hi h i k f d h b 6 h• 3 times higher risk of death by 6 months
• $15k to $25k higher hospital costs• Estimated national $4 to $16 billion associated costs • 5 fewer ventilator free days (days alive and off vent), adjusted P=0.03
• 9 times higher incidence of cognitive impairment at hospital discharge, adj. P=0.002
• Using similar methodology (CAM‐ICU, etc) a Taiwanese cohort found similar mortality data
Ely EW et al, JAMA 2004;291‐1753‐1762y , ;Milbrandt E et al, Crit Care Med 2004;32:955‐962Lin et al, Crit Care Med 2004;32:2254‐59
Risk factorsModifiable Risk Factor
Preexisting Risk Factors • Sedatives/analgesics• Sleep disturbances
• Dementia• Cognitive dysfunction
• Sleep disturbances• Prolonged immobilization• Poor oxygenation• Cognitive dysfunction
• Age• Severity of illness
• Poor oxygenation• Glucose• Pain• Severity of illness
• Comorbidities• Pain• Infection• Anticholinergic• Anticholinergic Medication
• Electrolyte disturbancesy• Dehydratation
Risk factors you can’t controlRisk factors you can t control
S i f lAgeEach year increase risk in 2%
Severity of IlnessEach point increase risk in 6%
Pandharipande P et all. Lorazepan is an independent risk factor for transitioning todelirium in ICU patients, Anesthesiology, 2006; 104:21‐26
Risk factors you can control: medicationRisk factors you can control: medication
Pandharipande P et all. Lorazepan is an independent risk factor for transitioning todelirium in ICU patients, Anesthesiology, 2006; 104:21‐26
Midazolam and fentanyl as risk factors for delirium
Midazolam Fentanyl
Users
Midazolam
100
Users
Fentanyl
100
UsersNon-Users
ous
6080
p=0.014p=0.031
UsersNon-Users
ous
6080
p=0.007
p=0 936
Day
s D
eliri
o
406
Day
s D
eliri
o
406 p=0.936
%
20
%
20Surgical Trauma
Daily Midazolam Use (Exc Coma Days)
0
Surgical Trauma
Daily Fentanyl Use (Exc Coma Days)
0
Daily Midazolam Use (Exc. Coma Days) Daily Fentanyl Use (Exc. Coma Days)
Pandharipande et al., J Trauma.2008:65;34‐41
A basic pathoetiological model of deliriumMaldonado J, Crit Care Clin 2008
Hipoxemia, metabolic derangements Systemic Inflamation
DrugsActivation of primed
microgliaGlobal impairment of cerebral metabolism
Decreased synthesis Neurotransmitter
imbalance, disruptionIncreased cytokines levels in the brain
and release of neurotransmitters
imbalance, disruption of synaptic
communication
deliri mdelirium
What should we do to preventWhat should we do to prevent delirium in ICU patients?p
1. Monitoring 2. Non pharmacolgical interventions2. Non pharmacolgical interventions3. Reduction in deliriogenic medications4. Pharmacological interventions
DexmedetomidineDexmedetomidineAntipsychotics
Two Step Approach to Assessing Consciousness
Step 1 Level:Arousal/Sedation Assessment (RASS, SAS)( f i h d )(If pt opens eyes to voice then proceed to Step 2)
Step 2 Content: Delirium Assessment (CAM‐ICU)
Confusion Assessment MethodCAM‐ICU
1 A t t f t l t t h1. Acute onset of mental status changes or a fluctuating course
and2 I i2. Inattention
andand
or3. Disorganized 4. Altered level of Thinking consciousness
= DeliriumEly, E.W., et al. JAMA; 286, 2703‐2710, 2001. Ely, E.W., et al. Crit Care Med; 29, 1370‐1379, 2001.
ICU Delirium Screening Checklist8 items based on DSM criteria8 items based on DSM criteria
Normal = 0, 1‐3 = subsyndromal delirium, ≥ 4 = delirium
1. Altered level of consciousness 12. Inattention 13. Disorientation 14 Hallucinations 04. Hallucinations 05. Psychomotor agitation or retardation 16. Inappropriate speech 07. Sleep/wake cycle disturbances 1p/ y8. Symptom fluctuation 1Total score (0 8) 6/8Total score (0‐8) 6/8
Bergeron, et al. ICM. 2001; 27:859
What should we do to preventWhat should we do to prevent delirium in ICU patients?p
1. Monitoring 2. Non pharmacolgical interventions2. Non pharmacolgical interventions3. Reduction in deliriogenic medications4. Pharmacological interventions
DexmedetomidineDexmedetomidineAntipsychotics
Daily Wake‐Up + Early MobilityOutcome Intervention
(n=49)Control(n=50)
P
Funcionally independent at discharge (nnt=4) 29 (59%) 19 (35%) .02
ICU delirium (days) 2 (0‐6) 4 (2‐7) .03
Time in ICU with delirium (%) 33% (0‐58) 57% (33‐69) .02
Hospital delirium (days) 2 (0‐6) 4 (2‐8) .02
Hospital days with delirium (%) 28% (26) 41% (27) .01
Barthel Index score at discharge 75 (7.5‐95) 55 (0‐85) .05
ICU‐acquired paresis at discharge 15 (31%) 27 (49%) .09
Ventilator‐free days 23.5 (7.4‐25.6) 21.1 (0 – 23.8) .05
Lenght of stay in ICU (days) 5.9 (4.5‐13.2) 7.9 (6.1‐12.9) .08
LOS hospital (days) 13.5 (8‐23.1) 12.9 (8.9‐19.8) .93
Hospital Mortality 9 (18%) 14 (25%) .53
Schweickert WD – Early physical and occupational therapy in MV, critically ill patients, a RCT, Lancet 2009
E i t l f tEnvironmental factor
• Extremes in sensory experience (eg. Hypothermia)f h• Deficits in vision or hearing
• Immobility or decreased activityy y• Social isolation• Novel environment• StressStress
A “bundle” for delirium prevention?
• Family support (all levels, kids, childrens)
bu d e o de u p e e t o
y pp• Allow family at bedside, 24 h/dayO i i i• Orientation improvements– Daylights– Wall clocks
• Hearing aid• Hearing aid• Glasses• Sleep...
l d d d lSleep deprivation and deliriumD li iSleep Deprivation
D ti l i
Delirium
h• Daytime sleepiness• Lethargy• Irritability
• Lethargy• Agitation
• Irritability• Confusion• Poor short‐term memory
• Confusion• Inattention
Poor short term memory• Sympathetic stimulation• Anger and Frustration
• Sympathetic stimulation• Emotional liabilityg
• Restlessness• Anxiety
• Restlessness• Hallucinations
Sl P t lSleep Protocol
• Design behavioral protocol to reduce sleep disturbance • Noise reduction at night• Light reduction at night (cover eyes)• Modify timing of patient/staff intervention at nighty g p / g• Avoid unnecssary analgesia and sedation• Ear plugsEar plugs • Pharmacology (melatonin, sedatives)• Back massage relaxation music therapy• Back massage, relaxation, music therapy• Record hours of sleep and discuss during round
What should we do to preventWhat should we do to prevent delirium in ICU patients?p
1. Monitoring2. Non pharmacolgical interventions2. Non pharmacolgical interventions3. Reduction in deliriogenic medications
‐ sedation protocols and “less is more”4 Pharmacological interventions4. Pharmacological interventions
DexmedetomidinehAntipsychotics
Sedation Protocols: The EvidenceSedation Protocols: The Evidence
Trial RCT Outcome(s) improved by Protocol
Brook AD, CCM 1999 Yes Ventilator days, ICU and HO LOS, need for tracheostomy
Kress JP, O’Connor NEJM 2000 Yes Ventilator days, ICU LOS
Brattebo G, BMJ 2000 No Ventilator daysBrattebo G, BMJ 2000 No Ventilator days
Chanques G, CCM 2006 No Ventilator days, pain/agitation, infections
Quenot JP, CCM 2007 No Ventilator days, extubation sucess, VAP
Arias‐Rivera S, CCM 2008 No Extubation sucess,
Girart TD, Lancet 2008 (ABC) Yes Ventilator days, HO LOS, survival (nnt=7)
Robinson BR, J Trauma 2008 No Ventilator days, HO LOS
What should we do to preventWhat should we do to prevent delirium in ICU patients?p
1. Monitoring2. Non pharmacolgical interventions2. Non pharmacolgical interventions3. Reduction in deliriogenic medications
‐ sedation protocols and “less is more”4 Pharmacological interventions4. Pharmacological interventions
Antipsychoticsd dDexmedetomidine
Risperidone and DeliriumRisperidone and Delirium• Double‐blind randomized trialDouble blind randomized trial • Single dose (1 mg) of risperidone administered after
dicardiac surgery• Reduced the incidence of postoperative deliriump p
– 11.1% (intervention) vs. 31.7% (placebo), P=.009RR=0 35 95% CI=0 16 0 77– RR=0.35, 95% CI=0.16‐0.77
Prakanrattana, et al. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2007;35:714‐719
Design: Double‐blind, placebo‐controlled
• Quetiapine 50mg PO/NGT twice daily vs Placebo• PRN IV haloperidol protocolized and encouraged in each group• Primary outcome Time to first resolution of delirium (first 12 hour• Primary outcome: Time to first resolution of delirium (first 12 hour period when ICDSC ≤ 3)
Results: Quetiapine added to as‐needed haloperidol results in faster delirium resolution, less agitation, and a greater rate of transfer to
h h bili iCrit Care Med 2010 Vol. 38, No. 2
home or rehabilitation.
Modyfing the Incidence of Delirium (MIND Trial)
Girard T., Feasibility, efficacy, and safety of antipsychotics for ICU delirium: MIND trial ‐ CCMed 2010
Dexmedetomidine x Haloperidol
Randomised, open label, parallel‐groups pilot trial, p , p g p p
• 20 ventilated patients with agitated delirium
• Randomized to haloperidol 0.5‐2mg/hr ordexmedetomidine 0.2‐0.7 μg/kg/hr• Dexmedetomidine shorter hours to extubation Dexmedetomidine shorter hours to extubation42 (IQR 23.2‐117.8) vs 20 (IQR 7.3‐24), p=0.016• Dexmedetomidine decreased ICU length of stay6 5 (IQR 4‐9) vs 1 5 (IQR 1‐3) days p=0 0046.5 (IQR 4 9) vs 1.5 (IQR 1 3) days, p=0.004
Reade MC. Critical Care 2009, 13:R75
Dexmedetomidine x Haloperidol
Randomised, open label, parallel‐groups pilot trial, p , p g p p
• 20 ventilated patients with agitated delirium
• Randomized to haloperidol 0.5‐2mg/hr ordexmedetomidine 0.2‐0.7 μg/kg/hr• Dexmedetomidine shorter hours to extubation Dexmedetomidine shorter hours to extubation42 (IQR 23.2‐117.8) vs 20 (IQR 7.3‐24), p=0.016• Dexmedetomidine decreased ICU length of stay6 5 (IQR 4‐9) vs 1 5 (IQR 1‐3) days p=0 0046.5 (IQR 4 9) vs 1.5 (IQR 1 3) days, p=0.004
Reade MC. Critical Care 2009, 13:R75
MENDS Study
MICU/SICU V til t d S d tiMICU/SICU Ventilated on SedativesInformed Consent
ControlL (GABA)
InterventionD d idi ( 2)Lorazepam (GABA)
+/- FentanylDexmedetomidine (α2)
+/- Fentanyl
Pandharipande et al JAMA. 2007 Dec 12;298(22):2644-53
p=.01 p=.09 p=.001
Brain Dysfunction
12
p .01 p .09 p .001
106
84
62
0
DexmedetomidineLorazepam
Delirium/Coma‐Free Days Delirium‐Free Days Coma‐Free Days
Pandharipande PP, et al. JAMA 2007;298:2644‐53
SEDCOM Trial
MICU PatientsVentilated & Sedated
Control InterventionControlMidazolam (GABA)
± Fentanyl
InterventionDexmedetomidine (α2)
± Fentanyl
ik llRiker R. et all JAMA 2009 301, 5:489
Daily Incidence of Delirium
Dexmedetomidine Midazolam
54% DEX vs 76.6% MDZ, p<0.001
75.7
70
80
m
Dexmedetomidine Midazolam
*
†
54,660
70
Del
irium
** P < 0.05
40
50
ents
with
*
*
† P < 0.001
20
30
nt o
f Pat
ie *
**
0
10
Perc
en
0Baseline 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
Treatment Day
Daily Delirium ‐ CAM‐ICU Negative at Baseline
Dexmedetomidine Midazolam †55,3
50
60
um_
†
33 340
with
Del
iriu * P < 0.05
† P < 0.001*
33.3
30
ubje
cts
w
10
20
rcen
t of S
0
10
Per
Baseline 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 TotalTreatment Day
Daily Delirium ‐ CAM‐ICU Positive at Baseline
Dexmedetomidine Midazolam †
Daily Delirium CAM ICU Positive at Baseline
94,6
90
100
m *
69,770
80
th D
eliri
um
* * P < 0.05† P < 0.001
50
60
atie
nts
wit
*
*
P < 0.001
30
40
rcen
t of P
a *
**
10
20
Perc *
0Baseline 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total
SEDCOM ResultsSEDCOM Results
Dexmedetomidine MidazolamOutcome Dexmedetomidinen=244
Midazolamn=122 P
Ti d ti t t 77 3 (%) 75 1 18Time sedation target 77.3 (%) 75.1 .18
Delirium prevalence 132 (54%) 93 (76%)% <0,001p ( ) ( )
Delirium free‐days 2.5 1.7 .002
Time to extubation 3,7 days 5.6 days .01
ICU LOS 5 9 7 6 24ICU LOS 5,9 7,6 .24
Summary of MENDS & SEDCOMSummary of MENDS & SEDCOM• Two multicenter, double blind RCTs ofTwo multicenter, double blind RCTs of benzodiazepines vs dexmedetomidine (GABA vs. Alpha 2 agonists) in high severity medical and surgical ICUagonists) in high severity medical and surgical ICU patients:
R d d i id d d ti f d li i /– Reduced incidence and duration of delirium/coma
– Significant or trend towards shorter time to extubation and ICU length of stay
– Other very interesting hypothesis generating findings suchOther very interesting hypothesis generating findings such as reduced infection rates and improved survival in severe sepsisp
ConclusionsConclusions• Delirium is a frequent disease in the ICU and• Delirium is a frequent disease in the ICU and associated with poor outcomes.
• Delirious is under‐recognized, can be monitored and rapidly identified.rapidly identified.
• New approaches to manage and prevent delirium i dare emerging every day.
• Dexmedetomidine has a place in this new strategies. p g
Conclusions (6 points for DEX)1. GABA‐agonists increase delirium
( p )g
2. Dexmedetomidine improves outcomes compared to GABA agonistsGABA‐agonists
3. Dexmedetomidine reduces incidence of delirium4. Dexmedetomidine facilitates clearing of delirium5 Dexmedetomidine saves money compared to5. Dexmedetomidine saves money compared to GABAagonists
6. Dexmedetomidine may be better than haloperidol