DELIVERING CARRIER ETHERNETEXTENDING ETHERNET BEYOND THE LAN

Abdul Kasim

Prasanna AdhikariNan Chen

Norman FinnNasir Ghani

Marek HajduczeniaPaul HavalaGiles Heron

Michael HowardLuca Martini

Mannix OConnorMatt Squire

William SzetoGreg White

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About the AuthorAbdul Kasim is the Vice President for Ethernet Business Development at ADVA Optical Networking, a global provider of Optical and Ethernet solutions for metropolitan networks. Mr. Kasim has over 16 years of experience in the US telecommunications industry. In his current position, he is responsible for developing and executing the business development strategy for an Ethernet access portfolio. Previously, he worked in several roles at Sprint, in areas spanning from product planning and service architecture to software development and equipment engineering. Most substantially, he led the engineering and implementation of some of the nations earliest and largest SONET and WDM deployments. Mr. Kasim holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Computer Science and Engineering frm the University College of Engineering, Bangalore University, India; a Masters degree in Computer Science from Kansas State University. He also holds a Masters degree in the Management of Technology from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He has also undertaken graduate study at the University of Kansas and Harvard University. He is a member of the Hybrid Optical Packet Infrastructure (HOPI) corporate advisory board that supports the development of new technologies for Internet2, the next-generation Internet.

About the Contributing AuthorsPrasanna Adhikari was most recently the Vice President of Networking at ClearMesh Networks. Mr. Adhikari has been involved in wireless optical technology since 1994 when he joined AstroTerra Corporation to participate in the development of satellite-to-ground laser-based communication systems. Later, as Director of Advanced Technology at Optical Access (MRV Communications), he developed technologies including a Gigabit Ethernet free-space optics product. At ClearMesh, he has been responsible for developing mesh networking technologies. He holds a BS with Honors in Electrical Engineering from the California Institute of Technology.

Nan Chen is well known in the telecommunications industry worldwide for his role as Co-Founder and President of the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF). The MEF (www.MetroEthernetForum.org), a global standards organization, was founded in 2001 with the mission to accelerate the worldwide adoption of Carrier Ethernet networks and services. As such, it became one of the major success stories of the 21st century in the new Internet age, starting in 2003 with a surge of standards that lead to the announcements of Carrier Ethernet definition and certification programs in 2005. Nan Chens drive to combine standardization and certification with dynamic, global marketing campaigns and educational programs, helped make Carrier Ethernet the fastest growth area in telecoms.

Having helped to raise $100+ million dollars in funding, Mr. Chen has successfully driven multiple networking equipment companies becoming the industry recognized technology and market leaders. While receiving thousands of quotations in worldwide media, Mr. Chen and his companies have garnered more than 30 significant industry awards.

Mr. Chen holds two MS degrees and a BS degree. In his past life, he was a record holder in pole vault at Beijing University.

Norman Finn is a Cisco Fellow at Cisco Systems. Mr. Finn is an industry expert on L2 protocols/switching and metro Ethernet. In the IEEE, he is known for editing a number of standards, such as 802.1s Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol and 802.1ag Connectivity Fault Management, as well as for initiating work in many areas, such as 802.1ad Provider Bridges, 802.1aj Two-Port MAC Relay, 802.1ak Multiple Registration Protocol, and 802.1ae MAC Security. In the ITU, Mr. Finn contributed greatly to the development of ITU-T Y.1731 Ethernet OAM. Prior to joining the IEEE, he was an active member of the ATM Forum where he authored much of the LANE UNI specification and contributed to MPOA, LANE v2, and LANE NNI.

iv About the Contributing Authors

Mr. Finn joined Cisco in 1993. In addition to his standards activity, he invented and/or influenced many of the Catalyst switching concepts/protocols including, but not limited to, Port Aggregation Protocol (PAgP), compact GVRP, shortest path bridging, MSTP, VTP, CDP, L2/L3 forwarding interactions in EARLs, port ASIC features, VLAN mapping, spanning tree improvements, and MAC security.

Mr. Finn is a graduate of the California Institute of Technology. Throughout his engineering career, he has enjoyed singing in barbershop quartets and choruses. He is also an avid traveler.

Dr. Nasir Ghani has gained a wide range of industrial and academic experience in the tele-communications area, and in the past, he has held senior positions at Nokia, IBM, Motorola, Sorrento Networks, and Tennessee Tech University. Currently, he is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico, where he is actively involved in a wide range of funded research projects in the area of optical networks and cyber-infrastructures. Dr. Ghani has published over 80 journal and conference papers, several book chapters, various standardization proposals, and has been granted two patents. He recently served as a co-chair for the optical networking symposia for IEEE ICC 2006 and IEEE GLOBECOM 2006 and is a program committee member for OFC 2007 and OFC 2008. Furthermore, he has been a program committee member for numerous IEEE, SPIE, ACM, and IEC conferences and has served regularly on NSF, DOE, and other international panels. He is an associate editor of the IEEE Communications Letters journal and has guest-edited special issues of IEEE Network, IEEE Communications Magazine, and Cluster Computing. Dr. Ghani is a recipient of the presti-gious NSF CAREER Award and is a senior member of the IEEE. He received a bachelors degree in Computer Engineering from the University of Waterloo, Canada, in 1991; a masters degree in Electrical Engineering from McMaster University, Canada, in 1992; and a PhD in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the University of Waterloo, Canada, in 1997.

Dr. Ashwin Gumaste is currently a faculty member in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (200507). He was previously with Fujitsu Laboratories (USA), Inc., as a member of the research staff in the Photonics Networking Laboratory (200105). Prior to this, he worked in Fujitsu Network Communications R&D and prior to that with Cisco Systems in the Optical Networking Group (ONG). He has over 40 pending U.S. and EU patents and has published close to 60 papers in referred conferences and journals. He has authored three books on broadband networks, namely DWDM Network Designs and Engineering Solutions (a networking bestseller), First-Mile Access Networks and Enabling Technologies (Pearson Education/Cisco Press), and Broadband Services: User Needs, Business Models and Technologies (John Wiley). Dr. Gumaste is also an active consultant to industry and has worked with both ser-vice providers and vendors. In addition, he has served as program chair, co-chair, publicity chair, and workshop chair for various IEEE conferences and has been a technical program committee member for IEEE ICC, IEEE Globecom, IEEE Broadnets, IEEE ICCCN, Gridnets, among others. Dr. Gumaste is also a guest editor for IEEE Communications Magazine and is the general chair of the 1st International Symposium on Advanced Networks and Telecommunication Systems (ANTS 2007) to be held in Bombay, India. He can be reached via www.ashwin.name.

Dr. Marek Hajduczenia was born in Bialystok, Poland, in 1979. He received his MSc and Engineering diplomas in Electronics and Telecommunications, with a specialization in optical transmission systems, from Technical University in Bialystok in 2003. In 2004, he was accepted for PhD studies at the University of Coimbra, Portugal, and is currently working toward his de-gree in the field of Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs), specifically in designing second-generation EPON systems, Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) mechanisms and Operation and Maintenance (OAM), EPON security, and generic Ethernet networking.

He is currently working at Nokia Siemens Networks S.A., Portugal, on projects connected with PONs systems (both EPON and GPON), data security, and optical networking. His main research interests include self-similar stochastic processes, control management layer and security for optical access networks, IPv4/IPv6 transition problems, optical burst switching, and many more.

About the Contributing Authors v

He is involved in the IEEE 802.3 projects and is currently participating in the formation of the IEEE 802.3 10 G EPON Workgroup.

Paul Havala is Director of Data Product Planning at Fujitsu Network Communications. In this position, he leads data product planning and product marketing for Fujitsu, and is responsible for Fujitsus overall data strategy. Prior to this role, Mr. Havala was responsible for techni-cal marketing for Fujitsus FASST data initiative, which he helped to create. In Mr. Havalas 16 years in the telecom industry, he has served in technical marketing, business development, product planning and management, and senior technical roles at companies such as Bellcore (Telcordia), DSC (Alcatel), White Rock Networks, and Fujitsu. Mr. Havala received BSEE and MSEE degrees from Michigan State University.

Giles Heron is a senior network architect at British Telecom, working in the 21st Century Network Converged Core team. He was previously senior technology specialist at Tellabs, focusing on deploying MPLS-based backhaul networks for mobile carriers. Prior to Tellabs he was the principal network architect for PacketExchange, a start-up carrier offering Ethernet services over a pan-European MPLS backboneand the first carrier to have deployed draft-martini Ethernet Private Lines. Before co-founding PacketExchange Heron was a member of the global network architecture team at Level(3) communications.

Heron is an active participant in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and has contrib-uted to various RFCs and Internet drafts in the PWE3 and L2VPN working groupsincluding the LDP VPLS specification for emulating multipoint Ethernet LANs over MPLS.

Michael Howard is Principal Analyst at Infonetics, a market research company that he founded. With over 35 years of network industry experience, Mr. Howard is recognized worldwide as one of the industrys leading experts in emerging markets, service provider network market trends, and user buying patterns. After graduating from UC Berkeley with a BS in Mathematics, he worked on operating systems and programming language compilers for Arpanet, which later became the Internet. He was the IT Director at Tymshare/Tymnet in the 1970s, where he created network accounting, and in 1978, he led the First Interstate Bank project that developed the worlds first pre-Internet in-home banking system. He founded several data networking research firms in the 1980s and co-founded Infonetics Research in 1990. Mr. Howard focuses on optical technologies from the service provider edge to the core, metro Ethernet, and access networks, including FTTx, DSLAMs, next gen DLCs, and cable aggregation. He chairs program committees and speaks at in-dustry events around the world, including the Broadband World Forum in Europe and Asia, Light Reading Webinars, NetEvents, N+I, and SUPERCOMM, and is frequently quoted in trade and business publications such as Business Week, Forbes, InformationWeek, Investors Business Daily, Light Reading, Network World, New York Times, San Francisco Chronicle, and The Wall Street Journal. He is a consultant to startups, service providers, manufacturers, and the investment com-munity, identifying new market opportunities, providing due diligence, and advising on positioning, product development, business plans, and M&A activity.

Dr. Glen Kramer is Chief Scientist for Teknovus, Inc. He received his PhD in Computer Science at UC Davis, where he remains a research associate in the Networks Research Lab.

Dr. Kramer is a member of the IEEE Standards Association and past editor of the EPON Protocol Clause in the Ethernet in the First Mile standard. Author of Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (McGraw Hill 2005), he has done extensive research in areas of traffic management, Quality of Service, and fairness in EPON networks. Dr. Kramer is the founder of the EPON Forum and teaches EPON tutorials and workshops at conferences around the world.

Dr. Lowell Lamb is the Vice President of Marketing at Teknovus. He has more than ten years of experience in the telecommunications industry. Prior to joining Teknovus, Dr.Lamb was the Director of PON Networks for Terawave Communications, where he focused on the architectural issues associated with integrating PON systems into end-to-end networks.

vi About the Contributing Authors

Before joining Terawave, Dr. Lamb worked on optical-transport, high-bandwidth wire-less, NGDLC, FITL, aDSL, vDSL, network management, and FTTP for Telesis Technologies Laboratory/SBCTechnology Resources, Inc. Earlier in his career, Dr. Lamb was Assistant Director of the Arizona Fullerene Consortium at The University of Arizona and was a staff member in the Analytical Computer Division of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Dr. Lamb holds a PhD in Experimental Physics and is the author of 18 publications and patents.

Luca Martini joined Cisco in October of 2003 and has since been primarily involved with L2VPN technology that evolved from his original draft-martini design. This technology, which is now an IETF standard track RFC, has been accepted as the de-facto industry standard transport for Layer 2 protocols over MPLS.

Mr. Martini is the author of the so called draft-martini documents that became RFC4447, RFC4448, RFC4619, RFC4618, which are the standard IETF documents describing the IETF pseudowire technology. He previously worked at Level3 Communications. He has been involved in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for the past four years and contributed enhancements to the RFC2547 mpls-vpn design. He is the author of the draft-martini design for transporting Layer 2 protocols over the MPLS core network. In this position, he designed, planned, and chose the next-generation technology and equipment for Level 3 Communication Network.

Mr. Martini has worked as a network consultant (Storage Technology Corporation), network engineer (Sykes Enterprises), digital design engineer (Thought Technology), computer consul-tant (Wayin Corporation), computer programmer (HHS Canada Trading), and computer hard-ware consultant (Larken Electronics). His specialties include knowledge on routing and switch-ing technology for large scale networks, from IP, Ethernet, ATM, to SNA. Over the years, he has worked with all types of IBM/Cisco networking technology, as well as ATM switching technol-ogy. Luca Martini graduated from McGill University, Montreal, Canada, (1992) with a BA in Electrical and Computer Engineering.

Mannix OConnor was the founding Secretary of the IEEE 802.17 Resilient Packet Ring Working Group. He was also a founding member of the Resilient Packet Ring Alliance whose mission was to educate the marketplace about the new IEEE protocol. In addition, he served as co-chair of the Technical Marketing Committee of the Metro Ethernet Forum.

His executive positions include Director of Marketing for Corrigent Systems a 10 Gbps packet transport company serving carriers with Triple Play, Carrier Ethernet and Multiservice ap-plications. Prior to that, he was a founding member of Lantern Communications, a company designing 10 Gbps RPR equipment for carrier network applications. C-Cor purchased Lantern in 2003 for $20m.

Mr. OConnor held positions at MRV Communications (NASDAQ:MRVC) including, VP of Product Marketing where he created the Fiber Driver line of managed Ethernet access devices for public networks and also developed some of the first commercially available Ethernet switches sold under OEM agreement to Intel, Fujitsu, DEC, Ungermann Bass and others. At MRV, he served as VP of Sales for the Americas where he managed teams that sold Ethernet transport equipment to UUNet, SNET and Bell South among others. Prior to MRV he was Channel Sales Director for Synoptics and it successor company Bay Networks which was acquired by Nortel.

Mr. OConnor also produces training, sales, promotional, investor and marketing videos for networking companies. Examples of his work are available at the leading telecommunications networking site, OpticalKeyhole.com. In addition, he contributed to and edited portions of the book series Guerrilla Selling, Guerrilla Marketing, Guerrilla Teleselling, etc., published by Houghton Miffllin.

He has spoken at Supercomm, ComNet, N&I, Comdex Argentina, Congreso Internacional de Telefona IP Mexico, Convergence India and other networking and telecommunications conferences around the world. When not writing, speaking or promoting and selling networking equipment you will find him playing music in the SF bay area with his original music group, the Brunos Band. Mr. OConnor holds an MBA in International Finance from George Washington University in Washington, DC.

About the Technical Editor vii

Dr. Matt Squire is Chief Technology Officer for Hatteras Networks, a North Carolina startup focused on leveraging the existing copper infrastructure for new Ethernet service opportunities. Hatteras Networks is leading the Ethernet evolution of the access networkfrom ATM and TDM to Ethernet and IP.

During his career, Dr. Squire has proven to be a technical innovator. A recognized expert on Ethernet, switching, MPLS, IP, ATM, and voice, he already holds more than 15 patents with more than 10 in the pipeline. He has held leadership positions at a number of data telecommu-nications firms, including IBM, Bay Networks, Nortel Networks, and Extreme Networks. Dr. Squire focuses on product and network architectures, leveraging the simplicity and scalability of next-generation packet infrastructures.

Dr. Squire has also served in leadership roles in a number of standards committees. He serves on the board of directors of the Metro Ethernet Forum and has chaired the OAM sub-taskforce in the IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in the First Mile working group. He also chaired the LAN Emulation and MPOA work at the ATM Forum, the pre-cursors to VPLS and MPLS. Additionally, he has performed editorial roles in the Metro Ethernet Forum and ANSI T1, serving to advance new standards in OAM and copper-based Ethernet access.

William Szeto is Founder, Chief Technology Officer of Ceterus Networks. He was Founder, President, and CEO of Ceterus until December 2003. Before founding Ceterus Networks, Mr. Szeto was Founder, President, and CEO of Iris Labs. From January 2000 to May 2000, he was an Entrepreneur In Residence (EIR) with Mayfield Fund, focusing on the review and development of opportunities in telecommunications technology and services. Mr. Szeto is a 28-year veteran of Sprint, where he was a senior manager focusing on the companys optical networking direction. He was instrumen-tal in the development and implementation of Sprints DWDM system and was responsible for the development of the technology needed to interface IP routers directly over wavelengths. He was Chief Technology Officer for Monterey Networks and Principal Technologist for the Core Optical Transport Business Unit for Cisco Systems. He was also a member of the board of directors for the Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF). Mr. Szeto holds a BSEE and an MBA from The Ohio State University and is a registered professional engineer in the state of Ohio and Kansas.

Greg White is Lead Architect for Broadband Access at CableLabs, currently working on the development of communication protocols for the DOCSIS and CableHome family of cable mo-dem and residential gateway specifications. He has been with CableLabs since 1999 and has been directly involved in leading a number of specification development initiatives, including DOCSIS 1.1, DOCSIS 2.0, DSG, M-CMTS, and DOCSIS 3.0. Previously, he was with Motorola Labs in Schaumburg, Illinois, where he worked on forward error-correction, error concealment algorithms, and MAC protocols for 2.5G and 3G digital cellular systems.

He received a BS degree in Electrical Engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1992, and an MS degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, in 1994. He has published several papers and holds two U.S. patents.

About the Technical EditorPaul Amsden is an independent consultant with over 30 years experience in the networking and telecommunications industry. He has worked in the roles of architect and system engineer at Metrobility Optical Systems, Cabletron, and Digital Equipment. He has been involved in the hardware/software design and development of products based on Ethernet, ATM, SONET, and T1 using switching and routing technology. His most recent products have been Carrier Ethernetcompliant customer demarcation devices that incorporate Ethernet switching technology and his patent pending technology. He has been involved in standards development as part of the IEEE, MEF, IETF, and ATM Forum, and most recently has been involved with 802.1ad, 802.1ag, 802.1ah, and 802.1aj. He holds a Bachelor of Science Degree in Mathematics from Plymouth State University.

I dedicate this book to my family for making life so meaningful.

Abdul

Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xixForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

Part I Background

Chapter 1 Ethernet: From LAN to the WAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 by Abdul Kasim

What Is Ethernet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3The Basic Ethernet Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Elements of a LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

EthernetThe Beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10The CSMA/CD Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11The Development of Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Other LAN Technologies: Token Bus, Token Ring, and FDDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Domination in the Enterprise LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15The Failed Challenge of ATM and IP in the LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Ethernet: Evolution Beyond the LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Networking Beyond the LAN: Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) and Wide Area Networks (WANs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Ethernet in the MAN/WAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Benefits of Ethernet Beyond the LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Enterprises End Customer Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Service Providers Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

The Current State of Ethernet Services Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Barriers to Deployment of Ethernet Beyond the LAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Economic Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Operational and Technology Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Overcoming The Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Chapter 2 Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 by Abdul Kasim

Defining Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Carrier Ethernet: A Formal Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Carrier Ethernet: The Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

ix

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Enabling Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54Standards Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54A Service Architecture for Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Defining Carrier Ethernet Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Ethernet Service Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Ethernet Service Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Sample Commercial Offerings Using Carrier Ethernet Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Carrier Ethernet: The Enablers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Standardized Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85Standardized Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Carrier Ethernet: Field Realities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Current Challenges in Delivering Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Recent Industry Response to Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95Intelligent Ethernet Demarcation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96The MEF Certification Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98Other Carrier Ethernet requirementsOne Service Providers perspective . . . . . . . . . . 100

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Chapter 3 The Ethernet Market Opportunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 by Michael Howard

Ethernet Service Providers and Their Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Carrier Plans for Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109The Effect of Worldwide CAPEX Patterns on Ethernet Adoption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112The Carrier Ethernet Equipment Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Ethernet Runs on Many Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115Carrier Ethernet Switches and Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116DSL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116Metro Ethernet Manufacturer Revenue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Technologies and Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Part II Solutions

Chapter 4 The Solution Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 by Abdul Kasim

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123The Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125The Landscape of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126A Solution Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

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Chapter 5 Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 by Dr. Matt SquireTechnology Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

2BASE-TL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13210PASS-TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133Spectral Compatibility and International Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Transporting Ethernet Packets over Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Multipair Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Ubiquity of IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Economics of Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137Cost and Complexity of Deploying Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

When Does This Solution Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Triple Play with 10PASS-TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Riser Extensions with 10PASS-TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138Metro Ethernet Business Services with 2BASE-TL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Wireless and DSLAM Backhaul with 2BASE-TL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

When Does This Solution Not Fit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Target Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139Optical End-Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Mid-Band Ethernets Dynamic Rate Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Limitations of 10PASS-TS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Limitations of 2BASE-TL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

Benefits and Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Typical Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Ongoing Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144Vendors Promoting This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

Chapter 6 Hybrid Fiber-Coax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 by Greg WhiteTechnology Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

DOCSIS Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148The Hybrid Fiber-Coax Cable Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149Cable Modems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Communications Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151Provisioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Security and Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Bandwidth Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154Layer 2 Virtual Private Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155TDM Emulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155Carrier Ethernet Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

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Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157When Does This Solution Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158When Does This Solution Not Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Benefits and Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158Typical Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159Ongoing Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Vendors Promoting This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Chapter 7 Passive Optical Networks (PONs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 by Marek Hajduczenia, Glen Kramer, and Lowell LambTechnology Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Administration and Maintenance in EPONs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172When Does This Solution Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175When Does This Solution Not Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176Benefits and Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177Typical Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Downstream Transmission in EPON Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Upstream Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Ongoing Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Wavelength Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181Raw Data-rate Upgrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184Mixed Upgrade Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Initial Stages of Development of 10G EPONs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185Security Mechanisms for EPONs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Overall Installation Cost per Subscriber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191Cost of the CPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192EPON vs. Other PON Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192EPON vs. Alternate Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193Evolving Service Models and Revenue-Stream Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Vendors Promoting This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

Chapter 8 Fiber and WDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 by Dr. Nasir Ghani and Dr. Ashwin GumasteTechnology Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Advances in Optical Component Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198Optical Network Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202Optical Ethernet Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Optical Network Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Network and Services Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212

Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214When Does This Solution Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

Ethernet Private Line (EPL) Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216

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Ethernet Private LAN Services (EPLAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219Benefits and Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

Typical Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Corporate Extension Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Storage Area Networks (SAN) Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Residential and Backhaul Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225Point-of-Presence (PoP) Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Ongoing Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Advances in WDM Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226Ethernet Interface Evolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227New Control Protocol Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Vendors Promoting This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Chapter 9 Optical Wireless Mesh Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 by Prasanna AdhikariTechnology/Solution Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

The Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236Understanding Link Margin and Atmospheric Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Wireless Mesh Networking Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246Carrier-Class Ethernet with Optical Wireless Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254When Does This Solution Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255When Does This Solution Not Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Benefits and Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Typical Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Deployment of Carrier Ethernet Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Deployment of Wireless Access Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

Ongoing Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Vendors Promoting This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260

Point-to-Point Optical Wireless (FSO) Vendors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261Optical Wireless Mesh Vendors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

Chapter 10 TDM: Circuit Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 by William SzetoTechnology Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Access Network Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267Circuit Bonding Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

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Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278The Need for a New Transport Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Circuit Bonding Standards Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279Networked Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Future Applications for Circuit Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Packet Network Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Transmission Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

Where This Solution Fits? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282Ethernet Transport Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Existing Ethernet Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284Transport Solution Using Circuit Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Circuit Bonding Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

Benefits and Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287100 percent Ethernet Reach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287Highly Efficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288Ability to Grow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289Quality of Service and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Typical Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Ongoing Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294Vendors Promoting This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Chapter 11 SONET/MSPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 by Paul Havala

Technology Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299SONET Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300EoS Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302The Multi-Service Provisioning Platform (MSPP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307How Much Ethernet Is in an MSPP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308

Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308When Does This Solution Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310When Does This Solution Not Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Benefits and Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Typical Deployment/Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313E-Line Service Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314Ethernet Access to Ethernet or IP Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315Dedicated EoS Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

Ongoing Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Increasing EoS Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317EoS Protocol Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318Control Plane Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321Vendors Promoting This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326

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Chapter 12 Resilient Packet Ring (RPR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 by Mannix OConnorTechnology Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Layer Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331Ring Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332The RPR MAC Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332The MAC Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334Topology Discovery and Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340Protection Hierarchy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343OAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346Data Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347Frame Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351Physical Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355No Support for Ring Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355Slow and Non-deterministic Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355No Control of Delay and Delay Variation from Switch to Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356No Fairness Control Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

When Does this Solution Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Fairness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

When Does This Solution Not Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Applications Dont Require It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Existing SONET/SDH Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Over-provisioning Alternative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359

Typical Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Ongoing Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

More Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361Lower Capex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362Fiber Route Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362Optical Port and Equipment Savings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364

Vendors Promoting This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365Organizations Adopting RPR Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372

Chapter 13 Ethernet Bridging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 by Norman Finn

Technology Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376Redundancy and Spanning Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378In-band Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380Bridging versus Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380Virtual LANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381VLAN and MAC Address Pruning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383Provider BridgesQ-in-Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

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Provider Bridge Solutions and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392Backbone BridgesMAC-in-MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395Using Spanning Tree Effectively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399Spanning Tree Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404Ethernet OAM and Connectivity Fault Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408

Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411When Does This Solution Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411When Does This Solution Not Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Benefits and Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Typical Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Ethernet Backbone Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414Sparse Wide Area Business Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414Metro Area Business Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415ISP Access Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Ongoing Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415IEEE Project P802.1aq Shortest Path Bridging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416ITU-T Protection Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416Provider Backbone Bridge Traffic Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417IETF TRILL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418Vendors Promoting this Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420

Chapter 14 MPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 by Giles Heron and Luca MartiniTechnology Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421

Connectionless and Connection-Orientated Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421MPLS Forwarding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422MPLS Signalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424MPLS Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427MPLS Scaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431MPLS QoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432MPLS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434Pseudowires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435VPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443How Ethernet over MPLS Meets the Carrier Ethernet Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449

Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Ethernet Services over IP WANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Scaling Metro Ethernet Deployments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450Network Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

When Does This Solution Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Inter-regional Support of Ethernet Services over Any L2 Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Ethernet Access to MPLS-based Metro Core Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452Metro Core for Ethernet over Multiple Access Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453Multiple Services on One Network (Not Just Ethernet) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454Inter-provider Handoffs Are Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454

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Large Numbers of Carrier-class Services Need to be Supported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Carriers Wish to Backhaul Residential Broadband Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455

When Does This Solution Not Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455When Access Speed Is Equal to Trunk Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456Deployment of a Small Number of Ethernet Services Where Alternative Infrastructure Is Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456To Extend LANs Across Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

Benefits and Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456Benefits of Ethernet over MPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457Shortcomings of Ethernet over MPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458

Typical Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459MPLS in the Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459Triple Play Aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460Scaling Metro Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462Business Ethernet Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463

Ongoing Developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464Dynamic Multi-Segment Pseudowires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464Solving the VPLS Ingress Replication Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465

Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Vendors Promoting This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

Chapter 15 WiMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 by Prasanna Adhikari

Technology Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470MAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477PHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Smart Antenna Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482WiMAX Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482Carrier Ethernet Services over WiMAX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485

Drivers for This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486When Does This Solution Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486

Fiber Extension: Commercial Broadband Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486Backhaul for Cellular/WiFi Hotspot and Muni-Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488Rural Broadband Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488Urban Fixed and Mobile Broadband Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489

When Does This Solution Not Fit? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491Benefits and Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491

Technical Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491Nontechnical Benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Shortcomings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

Typical Deployment Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493Ongoing Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494Economic Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Vendors Promoting This Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497

xviii Contents

Part III A Look into the Future

Chapter 16 Evolution of Carrier Ethernet Solutions . . . . . . . . . . 501 by Abdul Kasim

Delivering Carrier Ethernet: A Summary of the Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502An Assessment of Carrier Ethernet Delivery Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503An Assessment Using Carrier Ethernet Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505

How Service Providers are Employing Carrier Ethernet Solutions Today . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Scenario 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513Scenario 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515Scenario 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515Scenario 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516Competitiveness in Delivering Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516Key Conclusions on the Current State of Carrier Ethernet Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

A Look into the Future of Delivering Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518Understanding the Future Demand for Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Conclusions on Carrier Ethernet Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

Evolution of Solutions Delivering Carrier Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530

Appendix Final Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 by Abdul Kasim

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Acknowledgments

When I originally conceived the idea of this book in the fall of 2005, several people encour-aged and convinced me that this was a useful and a doable endeavor; but for this it would have never progressed. I am especially grateful to Dr. Bob Metcalfe for so graciouslyand promptlyoffering to write the foreword. That he, the inventor of Ethernet, thought it worthwhile despite his hectic schedule and probably numerous such requests definitely propelled this effort. I am also thankful to Manu Kaycee for his support, especially during the initial stages of this undertaking.

I am enormously grateful to each of my co-authors for sharing my vision and more im-portantly, for transforming it into reality. It took considerable effort, often at the cost of pressing personal and other professional obligations, to contribute to this book. To use a borrowed phrase, this book was possible because I stood on the shoulders of the giants in our industry.

Jane Brownlow, my editor at McGraw Hill patiently guided me through the process of this, my first publishing venture. I thank her and Jennifer Housh, the acquisitions coordinator, for making it all much simplerand decidedly more pleasantthan it probably is. I am also very thankful to Paul Amsden, the external technical editor, for so diligently and cheerfully reviewing the material. Sam RC, the project manager, was a pleasure to work with as well.

I appreciate the support, encouragement and feedback that I received throughout the process, most notably from Shailesh Shukla at Juniper Networks, who has been a mentor and a great friend for the last 16 years, Stan Hubbard from Heavy Reading, as well as my colleagues Dr. Mehmet Toy, Bernie McElroy, Michael Mahoney and Dr. Per Hansen.

I thank my sisters Tasmia, Salma & Najma, brother Razak and my brother-in-law, Zia, for the love and support that one can only hope for.

I am ever grateful to Ammi and Abbi (my parents) for their unconditional love, support and best wishes that I have always been always assured of, in this and all other endeavors.

Most importantly, I would like to acknowledge my darling daughter Sophia Eeman. For her abundant love, inspiration, and for giving me a glimpse of the wondrous, I remain eter-nally thankful. This is for you my jaan

Ultimately, of course, all human endeavors are possible only because they are blessed by God. This is no exception. I remain grateful for His love.

Abdul KasimSeptember 25, 2007New Jersey, U.S.A.

kasim@alum.mit.edu

xix

Thanks for the dedicated efforts of the Infonetics Research team, who all contribute to each delivery of our research.

Michael Howard (Chapter 3)

Id like to acknowledge all of the participants of the IEEE 8023.ah EFM working group who worked diligently to make this technology possible and all of the efforts of ITU SG15 to further expand the EFM market with continued improvements to the underlying technology.

Matt Squire (Chapter 5)

Many thanks to Charles Bergren, Michelle Kuska, and Ralph Brown for their comments and their support of this work.

Greg White (Chapter 6)

We would like to acknowledge Nuno Borges (Nokia Siemens Networks S.A., Portugal) for being open to all questions related to EPONs as well as financial support from Fundao para a Cincia e a Tecnologia, Portugal, through the grant contract SFRH/BDE/15524/2004 and from Nokia Siemens Networks S.A., Portugal.

Marek Hajduczenia, Glen Kramer, Lowell Lamb (Chapter 7)

We are very grateful to Mr. Abdul Kasim for his constant encouragement, patience, and invaluable insight into the preparation of this chapter. In addition, we are indebted to Mr. Qing (Gary) Liu for his tireless assistance with many parts of the survey, diagrams, tables, typesetting, and overall proofreading.

Nasir Ghani, Ashwin Gumaste (Chapter 8)

I wish to acknowledge the support of our investors and members of Ceterus Networks; without them, none of this would be possible. I also want to acknowledge the support of my family, my wife Liz and my sons Jonathan, Alex, and Stephen.

Bill Szeto (Chapter 9)

I would like to thank Leon Bruckman, CTO, Corrigent Systems, and editor of the EEE 802.17 standard for his contributions to this chapter.

Mannix OConnor (Chapter 10)

First things firstthank you, Abdul, for inviting me to participate in this exciting project. Special thanks also go to Rodney Boehm, Bill Erickson, and Doug Saylor for your insightful comments, which helped shape this chapter. Joan, this is for you. Thanks for your encourage-ment and support.

Paul Havala (Chapter 11)

Thanks to Latha Vishnubhotla for preparing lists of vendors and equipment costs.Norman Finn (Chapter 13)

Luca thanks Melissa for her patience during the writing of Chapter 14. Luca and Giles also thank MariaJose, Chris, and George for their review of the content.

Giles Heron, Luca Martini (Chapter 14)

xx Acknowledgments

Foreword

Ethernet was invented as a local area network (LAN) and named in a memo I wrote at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (Parc) on May 22, 1973. Dave Boggs and I never imagined that the Ethernets we started building in 1973 would proliferate and evolve as they have over these past 30 some years and certainly not as an access technology.

I now often quote IDC, which has published the amazing fact that over a quarter of a billion new Ethernet switch ports were shipped worldwide in 2006.

And I explain to puzzled family members that Ethernet is the plumbing that under-lies the Internet (TCP/IP), which is the plumbing that underlies the World Wide Web (WWW), which in turn is the plumbing that underlies Google.

And now Carrier Ethernet is finally bridging what George Gilder calls the Telechasm, the last-mile carrier access gap between high-speed Ethernet LANs and high-speed wide area networks (WANs), which are also increasingly based on Ethernet technology. The Internet will soon be carrying packets from end to end in native Ethernet mode.

The most important reason why Ethernets have been winning for three decades is the six-part Ethernet business model. Carriers had better beware of at least two of these parts.

The six parts of the Ethernet business model are (1) de jure standards, (2) owned implementations, (3) fierce competition, (4) market demand for multi-vendor interoper-ability, (5) evolving standards based on market engagement, and (6) both backward and forward compatibility for leveraging the growing installed base.

Carriers had better note parts #3 and #6 especially. Ethernets have been winning because they are driven by fierce competition (#3), which is something new to most carriers. And Ethernets have been winning because they are based on rapidly evolving standards, which can be a problem when carriers are making massive infrastructure investments, which is why backward and forward compatibility (#6) is so important.

I highly recommend Abdul Kasims helpful book on delivering Carrier Ethernet ser-vices. Even if I do say so myself, Carrier Ethernet is the next big thing.

Bob Metcalfe, Inventor of Ethernet

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Bob Metcalfe is a general partner at Polaris Ventures. Dr. Metcalfe had three ca-reers before becoming a venture capitalist:

While an engineer-scientist (19651979), Dr. Metcalfe helped build the early Internet. In 1973, at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, he invented Ethernet, the local area networking (LAN) standard on which he shares four patents. In 2003, Ethernets 30th year, 184 million new Ethernet connections were shipped for $12.5 billion.

While an entrepreneur-executive (19791990), Dr. Metcalfe founded 3Com Corporation, the billion-dollar networking company where at various times he was Chairman, CEO, Division General Manager, and Vice President of Engineering, Sales, and Marketing.

While a publisher-pundit (19902000), Dr. Metcalfe was CEO of IDGs InfoWorld Publishing Company (19921995). For eight years, he wrote an Internet column read weekly by over 500,000 information technologists. He spoke often; appeared on radio, television, and the Web; and produced conferences including ACM97, ACM1, Agenda, Pop!Tech, and Vortex.

Dr. Metcalfes book credits include Packet Communication (Thomson), Internet Collapses and Other InfoWorld Punditry (IDG Books), and Beyond Calculation: The Next Fifty Years of Computing (co-edited for Springer Verlag).

He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1969 with bach-elor degrees in Electrical Engineering and in Management. He received an MS in Applied Mathematics from Harvard University in 1970. In 1973, he received his PhD in Computer Science from Harvard, where his doctoral dissertation was titled, Packet Communication.

Among numerous awards, Dr. Metcalfe received the Grace Murray Hopper Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) in 1980. In 1988, he received the Alexander Graham Bell Medal from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In 1995, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1996, he received the IEEEs Medal of Honor. In 1997, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering. In 1999, he was elected to the International Engineering Consortium. In 2003, he won the Marconi International Fellowship and was inducted into the prestigious Bay Shore High School Hall of Fame. He also has been awarded three honorary doctorates.

xxii Foreword

Introduction

How This Book Came AboutEven as the value of Ethernet beyond the LAN was being widely recognized, the major challenge was the lack of clarity as to what this Carrier Ethernet entailed, and more generally, a lack of understanding of the delivery solutions over the diverse network infrastructures used by Service Providers. This was to a large extent understandable given a) the infancy of the field, b) the numerous network solutions that could be used, and c) the fact that these solutions are generally very different from each other in terms of the technology, focus, relevance, and extent of optimization needed to deliver Ethernet services.

This book attempts to mitigate that hurdleand in its own small way, accelerate the deployment of Carrier Ethernet servicesby providing a comprehensive, practical, and insightful description of Carrier Ethernet and the different network solutions that can, and are, being employed currently. Furthermore, using a common template across the various commercial solutions focusing on the vital strategic and field issues, the book attempts to provide a meaningful relative assessment of the different solutions. In so doing, the book strives to provide both Service Providers and end users alike with a solid and holistic understanding to aid in making an informed choice in the delivery and usage of Carrier Ethernet services, respectively.

The absence of a reasonably comparable book on this subject of delivering Carrier Ethernet added to the urgency of this endeavor; although there is a lot of material on this topic available on the World Wide Web, it is largely fragmented, often with contra-dictory versions, and would take a substantial effort to distill the necessary informa-tion. The value of this book, therefore, became compelling; it is the first and, currently, the only book that addresses this very timely topic and one where the stakes are high, in the billions of dollars.

Given the substantial number of very different technologies/solutions that had to be covered in the context of delivering Carrier Ethernet, it was felt that the most effective and authoritative approach would be to leverage world-class experts who not only un-derstood the technology in depth but also offered the wisdom acquired from substantial real-life field experience. It was enormous good fortune that exactly such a panel of leaders could be assembled and contribute to this book.

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Distinctive Features of the BookSome of the distinctive features of the book are as follows.

Comprehensive/Breadth This book deals with almost all the key Carrier Ethernet solutions delivered across both wired and wireless infrastructures, including ones only recently introduced such as WiMax. It also offers a holistic perspective on delivering Carrier Ethernet and encompasses both technology details and practical insights.

Easily readable This book presents a gamut of highly technical material span-ning numerous very distinct technologies in a straight-forward manner. However, this simplicity does not preclude dealing with important questions in reasonable depth and capturing the essence of a solution.

Practical focus This book is not a regurgitation of material available elsewhere. Rather, it is a compilation of insights derived from substantial field experience de-ploying the different Carrier Ethernet solutions. It has a singular focus on a set of key technology and business considerations that inevitably come up in any decision making in the deployment and use of Carrier Ethernet services.

World-class authorship Each of the chapters on the solutions is authored by a world-renowned expert with considerable field experience deploying the respective solution(s).

Unique This is the first book published on Carrier Ethernet and how it is being offered today; there is no similar book currently available on this rapidly growing segment of the industry.

The Specifics: What the Book ProvidesThis book attempts to provide:

An understanding of the transformation of Ethernet from primarily a connectivity protocol in the LAN to a carrier-class technology in the metro, access, and wide area networks.

Insights into what is triggering this transformation, specifically the underpinning business drivers that have instilled urgency to Ethernets new emerging role.

A qu