delivering health and wellbeing -...

delivering health and wellbeing

Brochure for Patients

Beta A-C®

Femi-Nan®

Haemo-Red® Plus

Omega Vital Group

Tresos-B®

Tresos Natal

Ubiquinol and CoQ10 Suite

Vitamin D3 1000 IU

Description Qty Description Qty

Clinic Brochures - Available in bundles of 15 (DL size)

Practitioner Tools Order Form••••

CLINIC BROCHURESThese brochures are designed to help you when you recommend our products, they explain treatment options and how they can benefit the patient. Clinic brochures are perfect to leave in your reception area to create patient interest and they are simplified enough for your patients to understand. These small brochures are available in bundles of 15.

Beta A-C® Femi-Nan® Haemo-Red® Plus

Omega Vital Group

Tresos-B® Tresos Natal Ubiquinol and CoQ10 Suite

Vitamin D3 1000 IU

Practitioners Name: Date:

Account Name:

Delivery Address:

Email Address: Telephone:

At Eagle we are committed to helping you in every way possible. To do this, we have created a variety of helpful resources to compliment your clinic. These tools include Technical & Research Information designed to assist you with technical knowledge about our herbs and nutrients; and Patient Handouts which are designed to help you better educate your patients. If you would like to order any of these resources, please scan or email this form to us or ask our friendly customer service team about them the next time you place an order. For your convenience, all practitioner tools are also available as PDF files for download from Eagle’s website.

Toll Free Phone: 0800 553 556Phone: 03 381 2255

Fax: 03 381 2256Email: [email protected]

Website: www.proherb.co.nzEagle: www.eaglenaturalhealth.com.au


Optimising Your Health in Preconception

Looking After Your Postnatal Health and Healthy Breastfeeding

Optimising Dietary Omega-3

Fatty Acid Intake for Your HealthEagle

Education for PatientsPATIENT EDUCATION GUIDES These are an A5 size educational guide designed to help you educate your patients in relation to particular health conditions. They are prepared in simple language for the patient to understand and are available in bundles of 15.

Diet and Healthy Blood Glucose

How You Can Improve You Iron Status

The Importance of Omega Fatty

Acids during Preconception, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Optimising Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake for Your Health

The Benefits of Krill Oil for

Cardiovascular, Brain and Joint

Health


Optimsing the Health of You and Your Baby During Pregnancy

Looking After Your Postnatal

Health and Healthy

Breastfeeding

Diet and Healthy Blood Glucose

How You Can Improve You Iron Status

The Importance of Omega Fatty Acids during Preconception, Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Optimising Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake for Your Health

The Benefits of Krill Oil for Cardiovascular, Brain and Joint Health


Optimsing the Health of You and Your Baby During Pregnancy

Looking After Your Postnatal Health and Healthy Breastfeeding

Ubiquinol & Cardiovascular Health

Ubiquinol for Healthy Ageing

Vitamin D for Healthy Bones

Vitamin D for Reproductive Health

Vitamin D and Immune System Health

Chromium & Healthy Blood Glucose

Protect Your Health with Antioxidants

Zinc: Building Blocks for Good Health at Every Age


Patient Education Tools - Available in bundles of 15 (A5 size)

Ubiquinol & Cardiovascular

Health

Ubiquinol for Healthy Ageing

Vitamin D for Healthy Bones

Vitamin D for Reproductive

Health

Vitamin D and Immune System

Health

Chromium & Healthy Blood

Glucose

Protect Your Health with

Antioxidants

Zinc: Building Blocks for Good Health at Every

Age


Tools for Practitioners

Forms and Questionnaires Available Online as PDF’sFertility Chart

Patients Name _________________________________________________________ Month/s ________________________ Year _________________ This Cycle’s Length ______________________

Cervical Fluid M = Menses C = Creamy E = Egg White W = Watery OPK/Pregnant + Positive _ NegativeCervix Position = Closed, Low, Hard, Dry = Open, High, Soft, Wet

Wak

ing

Tem

per

atur

e

37.15

37.10

37.05

37.00

36.95

36.90

36.85

36.80

36.75

36.70

36.65

36.60

36.55

36.50

36.45

36.40

36.35

36.30

36.25

36.20

36.15

36.10

36.05

36.00

Cycle Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Cervical Fluid (M, C, E, W)

Cervix Position ( , )Intercourse

OPK/LH Test

Pregnancy Test

Sym

pto

ms

Cycle Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Date

Time Temp Taken

© E

agle

201

4

CLINIC TOOLS AND AIDSThese aids have been designed specifically for your use in your clinic.

Eagle Catalogue

Pregnancy Date Wheels (pack of 5)

Prescription Pads

Description - Available in single units unless otherwise stated Qty Description - Available in single units unless otherwise stated Qty

Haemo-Red Plus (POSTER) A4 or A3

Omega Vital Group (POSTER) A4 or A3

Ubiquinol Bio Q10 75 & 150 (POSTER) A4 or A3

Tresos-B® (POSTER) A4 or A3

POSTERSThese aids have been designed specifically for your use in your clinic, A4 & A3 sizes available.


Tresos Natal (POSTER) A4 or A3

Vegie Digestaid (POSTER) A4 or A3Vitamin D3 1000 IU (POSTER) A4 or A3

Practitioner Dispensing OnlyAsk your practitioner for more information

Eagle

meet our newest addition

Tresos Natal providing an extensive nutritional foundation duringpreconception, pregnancy and breastfeeding

Eagle

INNOVATIONQUALITY

TRUST

. . . le

ader

s in

natural medicine . . .1966Since

Unique, Ethical, Sustainable...Vegie Digestaid

Practitioner OnlyCustomer Service: 1300 265 662 www.eaglenaturalhealth.com.au

unique blendHigh dose puremicrobial sourceddigestive enzymes

sustainableSustainable sourceof active digestiveenzymes

greenEnvironmentallyfriendly

vegieVegan and

vegetarian friendly

ethicalContains no

animal enzymes

Haemo-Red® Plus

Omega Vital Group

Ubiquinol Bio Q10 75 & 150

Tresos-B® Tresos Natal Vegie Digestaid Vitamin D3 1000 IU

Eagle Catalogue Prescription Pads Pregnancy Date Wheels

Fertility Ovulation Chart Oxidative Stress Questionnaire

YOUR HEALTH AND LIFESTYLE YES NO

1. Do you react to high levels of air pollution?

2. Are you sensitive to smoke, perfume, or other chemical odors?

3. Do you regularly feel fatigued and lethargic?

4. Do you suffer with joint and/or muscle pain?

5. Are you exposed to chemical cleaning products or pesticides in the home or at work?

6. Are you a cigarette smoker?

7. Are you regularly exposed to second hand cigarette smoke?

8. Do you drink more than 4 standard drinks (men) or 2 standard drinks (women) daily?

9. Are you exposed to less than 15 minutes of direct sunlight per day?

10. Do you regularly get sun burnt?

11. Do you exercise less than 30 minutes daily or more than 15 hours a week?

12. Do you regularly take prescription medications?

13. Do you regularly feel stressed?

14. Do you often suffer with insomnia or sleep less than 6 hours per night?

15. Do you regularly eat highly processed/sugar/trans-fats foods?

16. Do you eat less than 5 serves of vegetables and 2 serves of fruit per day?

17. Do you eat mostly non-organic foods?

18. Do you drink unfiltered water?

19. Are you exposed to radiation regularly (x-rays, computer screens, electrical wires, air travel)?

20. Have you been diagnosed with diabetes, insulin resistance, neurodegenerative diseases, or cardiovascular diseases?

TOTAL:

Oxidative Stress Questionnaire•••••

Free radicals are produced as a part of normal metabolism and from the exposure to pollution, toxins, trans-fats, pesticides, heavy metals and certain medications. Oxidative stress occurs when the reserve of antioxidants in the body cannot meet the oxidative demands to neutralise free radicals. This can result in cellular damage and inflammation. This questionnaire can help to identify if you are at risk of increased oxidative stress and may benefit from antioxidant supplementation.

Please answer YES or NO to each of the following questions according to your recent or current health and lifestyle.

www.eaglenaturalhealth.com.au

If you answered yes to five or more of these questions you may be experiencing high levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant supplementation may be beneficial. If you answered yes to a very high number of these questions then a comprehensive dietary and lifestyle change may be beneficial to your health. It is recommended to discuss this with your healthcare practitioner to optimise your health.

NAME................................................................................................................... AGE.......................... MALE FEMALE


Online Product Information for Practitioners

Online Technical & Research Information for Practitioners

PRODUCT FLYER (Product Information Sheet)Each product has its own unique information sheet, which you can download from our website or request a PDF copy sent via email. These items are not for patients and are designed for qualified practitioner use only.

Femi-Nan® Omega Vital Pure Liquid Concentrate

Omega Vital Pure Omega-3 Concentrate

Omega Vital Pure Krill 1500

Tresos Natal IntestoBalance Haemo-Red® Plus

Vitamin D3 1000 IU Spray

Now contains TWO forms of zinc for enhanced bioavailability

• Zinc amino acid chelate

•Zinc ascorbate

Now with betacarotene to complement zinc’s immune system function

Copper free

Vegan friendly

AustraliaCustomer Service: 1300 265 662Order Online: www.myintegria.com

New ZealandToll Free: 0800 553 556Website: www.proherb.co.nz www.eaglenaturalhealth.com.au

VITAL FOR GENE EXPRESSION AND IMMUNITY

M A X I M I S I N G Z I N C S TAT US

Zinc Zenith ForteU

PG

R

ADED FORMU

LANEW Omega Vital Fish Oil Range: The Importance of

Sustainability, Quality and Purity in Omega-3 Fish Oils

Which Fish is Most Sustainable?

The fish used in fish oil production are those containing the highest levels of EPA and DHA in their tissues. The fish that are the richest are anchovies, sardines, herring, salmon, tuna and cod. However, sardines and anchovies make up greater than 90 per cent of the fish oil on the global market.1 If you consider the life-cycles of salmon and anchovy, it is clear one can more quickly and easily reproduce. Wild salmon spend the first two to three years of their lives upstream in freshwater before returning to the sea where it takes two winters to reach maturity and subsequently return to their birthplace to reproduce. The reproductive cycle of the Peruvian anchovy is far quicker, after seven to 10 days to spawn they take only a year to mature. There are significant sustainability issues affecting the fish oil supplement industry currently and in the future. One of the most immediate is that of supply and demand, with a steadily growing increase in consumer demand.

The future sustainability of the global fish oil supplement market demands that precautions are taken to prevent overfishing, loss of biodiversity and reduced fish stocks. It is expected that consumer demand will continue to increase globally and as we see increased pharmaceutical therapeutic claims made for Omega-3 fatty acids there will be increased prescription of these medications by general practitioners. The growing Westernisation of countries such as China and India, as well as the global growth of chronic ‘lifestyle’ diseases, will also fuel further demand for fish oil supplements. Stricter regulations by governments are required to remove fish oil manufacturers who do not comply to set sustainability guidelines. Globally, we have both individual and national responsibilities to minimise our impacts on the environment to minimise both pollution and CO2 production, to minimise our impact on global warming and rising sea temperatures.

Strategies used for sustainability in Omega-3 fish oil production are:

•Limitthenumberoffishcatcheseachyear•Minimiseby-catch

Omega-3 fish oils are a core prescription in the majority of complementary medicine clinics. Their myriad of health benefits and clinical applications, have led to significant growth in both consumer demand and fish oil production over the past 20 years. The sustainability of fish stocks however is a major issue with loss of biodiversity occurring globally. Another issue affecting fish oil products is that of purity, as many fish are known to bioaccumulate toxins such as heavy metals and pesticides. We as practitioners must select Omega-3 products that have minimal environmental impact and are of exceptional purity.

Practitioner Technical Information

•Minimisewaste(‘waste’fromproductioncanbeusedto make fishmeal, biofuel and fertilisers)•Environmentalmonitoringoffishstocks•Scientificevaluationofseatemperature,fishschoolsand higher predators

High Purity Is Important

There are health benefits from the regular consumption of fish, however environmental pollutants such as mercury, otherheavymetalsandPolychlorinatedBiphenyls(PCBs)are known to accumulate in the tissues of fish. These have well known adverse side effects in humans including negative effects on the brain, nervous system and are associated with the development of certain cancers.2 In particular, pregnant women are recommended to limit their intake of fish that are known to have higher levels of these contaminants, such as shark, swordfish, barramundi and bluefin tuna, due to adverse effects on the developing foetus.2 The presence of heavy metals in many fish species also increases consumer demand for fish oil as people move away from eating contaminated fish to supplementing with fish oils.

At Eagle we extend our standards beyond those set by Australian and international authorities and can proudly claim that our oil complies with industry regulations. Our fish oils are stringently tested for the presence of heavy metals and PCBs.

The Fish Oil Manufacturing Process

The fish oils used in our products are exceptionally pure after undergoing specialized purificationand concentration processes. Thisinvolves esterification, moleculardistillation and filtration toproduce fish oils ofexceptional qualityand purity. Theseprocesses areundertaken in such away as to not damagethe fish oil itself.

Eagle

Ubiquinol BioQ10 75

Ubiquinol BioQ10 150

Antiox Complete Zinc Zenith Forte

Tresos-B Omega Vital Sustainability

TECHNICAL & RESEARCH INFORMATIONThese Technical and Research documents have been created to provide you with the most current, correct information and research in relation to specific nutritionals and herbs, which you can download from our website or request a PDF copy sent via email. These sheets are not for patients and are designed for qualified practitioner use only.


1

Nutritional Support for Bone Health and Remodelling•••••

Bone health is maintained by a balanced remodelling process that ensures the continual

replacement of old bone, weakened by normal micro fracture, with new bone. It involves the two part

process of bone resorption (removal) by osteoclasts and subsequent new bone formation by osteoblasts/

osteocytes, this process begins in childhood and continues thoughout life. Failure to reach peak bone

mass or disturbances in remodelling can result in bone fragility1 and conditions such as osteoporosis.

Clinical Indications for Optimal Bone Health Nutrition• Osteoporosis• Increasing bone mineral density• Reducing risk of fracture due to falling in the elderly• Poor healing from bone fracture• Hypocalcaemia• Hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism• Osteoarthritis• Pregnancy• Menopause

OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a condition in which bone mass is low and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue occurs, leading to bone fragility and an increased risk of fracture. It results from hereditary and environmental factors that affect both bone mass and bone quality.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is primarily due to oestrogen deficiency, senile osteoporosis is primarily due to an ageing skeleton and calcium deficiency. However, it is increasingly recognized that multiple pathogenetic mechanisms interact in the development of the osteoporotic state, regardless of age. Understanding the pathogenesis of osteoporosis starts with knowing how bone formation and remodelling occur.

The Vital Role of Bone RemodellingHomoeostasis of bone, a living tissue, is maintained by osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone resorption, and osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation. Osteoblasts are derived from mesenchymal stem cells, whereas osteoclasts are derived from haematopoietic precursors. The 2 types of cells are dependent on each other for production. In fact, the development of osteoclasts from haematopoietic precursors cannot be accomplished unless mesenchymal cells are present.2

Mesenchymal cells with the potential to become osteoblasts also have the potential to become fibroblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, or muscle cells. This potential for differentiation allows the osteoblast to secrete the same cytokines and colony-stimulating factors produced by fibroblasts.

Haematopoietic granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFUs) produce osteoclasts and give rise to monocytes and macrophages. As such, the osteoclasts produce the same cytokines that monocytes produce. Interleukin (IL)-6 is produced, in part, by osteoblasts that stimulate osteoclastic activity. This phenomenon is one proposed mechanism for certain diseases that exhibit increased bone resorption. Two examples of diseases that result in osteoporosis by this mechanism are multiple myeloma and rheumatoid arthritis.

Bone is continually remodelled throughout life because bones sustain recurring micro trauma. Bone remodelling occurs at discrete sites within the skeleton and proceeds in an orderly fashion. Bone resorption is always followed by bone formation, a phenomenon referred to as coupling. In osteoporosis, this coupling mechanism is thought to be unable to keep up with the constant micro trauma to trabecular bone. In adults, approximately 25% of trabecular bone is resorbed and replaced every year, compared with only 3% of cortical bone.3

Osteocytes, which are terminally differentiated osteoblasts embedded in mineralized bone, direct the timing and location of remodelling. Osteoblasts not only secrete and mineralize osteoid but also appear to control the bone resorption carried out by osteoclasts. Osteoclasts require weeks to resorb bone, whereas osteoblasts need months to produce new bone. Therefore, any process that increases the rate of bone remodelling results in net bone loss over time.4 Furthermore, in periods of rapid remodelling (for example, after menopause), bone is at an increased risk for fracture because the newly produced bone is less densely mineralised, the resorption sites are temporarily unfilled, and the isomerisation and maturation of collagen is impaired.5

Molecular biologists have begun to elucidate the mechanisms of bone remodelling. For example, it is now understood that the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL)/receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system is the final common pathway for bone resorption.

Optimal Bone Health

Calcium99% found in bones Integral part of the

bone structure

Phosphorous 85% bound to

skeleton Supports building

bone

ZincCofactor for bone mineralisation and collagen structure

IronCofactor for collagen

synthesis Contributes to bone

density

PotassiumHelps maintain bone

density

Magnesium66% found in bone

Enhances bone density

CopperInfluences collagen

maturation Contributes to bone

strength

Eagle Eagle


Influenza, colds and upper respiratory tract infections are particularly common during winter. Most Australian adults and children aged between 5 and 10 years are likely to have between

2 to 4 colds each year.1

Echinacea and Herbal Immune Support•••••

Vaccines and prescription anti-viral medications are recommended by the medical fraternity for the treatment and prevention of influenza. Antibiotics are commonly prescribed to one third of patients in cases of colds and upper respiratory tract infections, even though antibiotic treatment is ineffective against viral pathogens.2 The trend among healthcare professionals is to reduce the prescription and use of antibiotics, in an attempt to minimise the growing resistance of many bacterial strains to antibiotic treatments.3

The human body has several mechanisms of defence against infection by pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The first lines of defence are the physical barriers including the skin and mucous membranes lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. These barriers may be compromised due to previous infection, inflammation or injury therefore allowing easy access for pathogenic entry into the body. The innate immune system is the secondary defence mechanism. This includes the immediate and non-specific response to foreign microbes by natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, neutrophils, antigen presenting cells (APC’s) and the complement system.4 Finally, if pathogens bypass the innate immune system, the acquired immune system launches the third line of defence against infectious agents. This involves humoral immunity, where B lymphocytes (B cells) produce antibodies which bind to the antigens found on the outer surface of pathogens, aiding in the identification of these microbes for destruction. Cell-mediated immunity involves the activation of NK cells and macrophages, the release of cytokines and the production of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (T cells).

Numerous herbs including Echinacea, Andrographis, Astragalus, Olive Leaf, Schizandra, Ginger and Golden Seal have been found to be effective in the treatment of pathogenic infections and in the improvement of associated symptoms. These herbs can be used in clinical practice for the treatment of infections.

Echinacea purpurea

A traditional medicinal herb of the Native American Sioux Indians, Echinacea has a long history in the treatment of infections.5 The primary active constituents of Echinacea, the alkylamides, have been shown to be present in the bloodstream after ingestion of the herb.6 Other components present in Echinacea include cichoric acid, polysaccharides and glycoproteins. The pharmacological activity of Echinacea root is mainly directed at the activity of the non-specific cellular immune system. Echinacea activates macrophage function and enhances phagocytosis,7 and has also been shown to modulate

immune system function by increasing T cell and B cell leukocyte numbers and activating NK cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes.5

A 2009 in vitro trial found that Echinacea purpurea extract was effective at inhibiting receptor site binding of both the H5N1 avian influenza virus and the H1N1 swine influenza virus.8 The authors postulate that Echinacea may provide an effective and resistance-free addition to current anti-influenza treatments.8

Treatment of the common cold with Echinacea compared to placebo showed a median duration of sickness of six days compared to nine days for the placebo group.9 This was demonstrated by a reduction in the severity and duration of symptoms, thereby promoting a more rapid recovery.10

Andrographis paniculata

The bitter diterpene lactone, andrographolide is the primary active constituent of Andrographis.11 This popular Ayurvedic herb inhibits the development of pathogens in the upper respiratory tract, indicating an immune modulating and anti-inflammatory function.12 Andrographis has been shown to prevent inflammation-associated tissue damage resulting from the adhesion of neutrophils to the endothelium during infection.13

In placebo controlled trials Andrographis treatment resulted in a quicker recovery and a reduced risk of post-influenza complications.12 Further clinical trials have shown that two days of Andrographis supplementation significantly decreased the intensity of symptoms associated with the common cold, including tiredness, insomnia and nasal secretions compared to placebo.14

Andrographis treatment has been shown to improve common symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections, including myalgia, headache, rhinitis, throat dryness, frequent and productive cough, high temperature as well as general malaise.15

Andrographis has also demonstrated the ability to suppress the secretion of RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted), a cytokine in the interleukin-8 superfamily, also known as CCL5, found in human bronchial epithelial cells infected with H1N1 influenza virus in vitro.16 Andrographis may exert both an anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity against influenza infection.

Benefits of Vitamin C and Flavonoids

Nutritional Support for Bone Health &

Remodelling

Herbal Solutions for Infections

Chromium Amino Acid Chelate and Glucometabolic

Disorders

Aiding Digestion Echinacea and Herbal Immune Support



Eagle

Magnesium MaintenanceMagnesium is an important intracellular and extracellular mineral. It is an essential cofactor in over 300

enzymatic reactions, is involved in cellular energy production and is a structural component of bone.1 Severe

deficiency of magnesium is rare in healthy people, however subclinical deficiency is relatively common and

manifests with symptoms such as muscular spasms, eye twitches and fatigue.1

Magnesium is a divalent metal ion that is required for enzymatic function in a variety of ways. Enzymes that require adenosine triphosphate (ATP) for their function utilise ATP in the form of the chelated Mg-ATP complex. This group of enzymes includes phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase, both of which are essential for proper glycolysis.3 Other enzymes require free magnesium ions for their function. Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is involved in the urea cycle and is an example of this type of enzyme.3 Magnesium in its free ion form also plays a structural role in the architecture of chromatin, ribosomes and the phospholipid membranes of cells.3

Glycolysis requires a number of magnesium dependent enzymes. Phosphofructokinases require magnesium for the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-biphosphate and fructose-2,6-biphosphate in the process of glucose metabolism.3 Pyruvate kinase is dependent on magnesium and potassium and is found in the muscle, liver and erythrocytes.3 This enzyme catalyses the removal of a phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to adenosine diphosphate to form one molecule of ATP and one of pyruvate.3

Other major magnesium dependent enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of various proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, DNA and RNA.3 Protein kinase C and adenylate cyclase, involved in phosphorylation and cyclic AMP synthesis respectively, require magnesium ions.3

Many protein components of muscle require magnesium ions for normal functioning, muscle fibre contraction and cellular energy production. Calcium pumps, Na,K-ATPase, actin and creatine kinase are all involved in these physiological processes.3

Musculoskeletal System

Magnesium has the ability to affect musculoskeletal system health in many ways as it is essential for muscle relaxation, contractivity, cellular energy production and neuromuscular junction activity.

Patients with fibromyalgia or chronic fatigue syndrome have lower levels of magnesium than healthy controls.4 There was also a direct correlation between levels of fatigue and magnesium status in these patients. Those showing the lowest serum magnesium levels suffered higher levels of fatigue.4 A small clinical trial involving patients with fibromyalgia, treated with malic acid and 300 to 600 mg of magnesium daily for 8 weeks, showed significantly reduced tender point index (TPI) scores.5 Additionally, patients reported that myalgia was reduced after only 48 hours of magnesium treatment.5

Although magnesium is present in a wide range of both plant and animal foods there are a variety of factors that affect the active and passive intestinal absorption of the mineral. Dietary phytates, low protein and a zinc intake above 142 mg per day all reduce the intestinal absorption of magnesium.1 Renal excretion of magnesium is increased in cases where dietary protein intake exceeds 94 g per day and where daily intake of calcium exceeds 2,600 mg per day combined with an elevated sodium intake.1 The body maintains magnesium homoeostasis via increasing intestinal absorption when dietary intake is low and decreasing absorption if dietary magnesium is high.2 Bile and pancreatic fluids also excrete magnesium which is reabsorbed via the enterohepatic circulation.3

Ca2+Ca2+

ACh

ACh

Choline

Choline

Synaptic vesicle

ACh

Choline active transferase

Axon terminal

Presynaptic membrane

Mitochondrion

CoAAcetyl

Sarcoplasm

K+Na+

K+Na+

Magnesium – blocks Ca2+ uptake by nerve terminals thus impairing release of ACh from vesicles which is normally promoted by Ca2+

Junctional fold

Neuromuscular Transmission

Postsynaptic membrane

•••••


1

Eagle

Herbs and Nutrients for Healthy Brain Functionand Cognitive Performance, Memory and Stress

•••••

Often it is the ageing population that we associate with presenting clinical signs of impaired mental

or cognitive function. However what we are seeing is an increase in both clinical and subclinical

presentations of impaired cognitive performance across many population groups. This mental fatigue, poor memory, lack of ability to focus, ‘brain fog’, mood swings, anxiety, depression as well as fatigue and debility may be part of the symptom picture for poor stress adaptation which interferes with daily lives.

Stress and anxiety are common psychiatric manifestations in this modern world and can be useful tools to elicit motivation and short term physical and mental activation and productivity. Persistent and long term activation of this stress response will indeed lead to psychological and physiological imbalance and disease.

The impact of chronic stress, toxicity, pH imbalance, infection and poor diet and lifestyle choices will impact our ability to focus, learn, recall information and indeed influence our inward and outward behaviours and responses to our environment, and the people around us.

Because Australia’s population is ageing, there has been growing recognition that dementia represents a significant challenge to health, aged care and social policy. In the 20 years to 2024, the proportion of the population aged over 65 is projected to increase from 13% to 20%. The number and proportion of people in the ‘older old’ age groups (85 years and over) are expected to rise even more rapidly, more than doubling from 298,300 (1.5%) to 725,300 (2.9%).1 The number of people with dementia will grow correspondingly from over 175,000 in 2003 to almost 465,000 in 2031, assuming the continuation of current dementia prevalence rates.2

Acute and Chronic StressStress has been postulated to be involved in the etiopathogenesis of a variety of disease states, including hypertension, peptic ulcer, diabetes, immuno-suppression, reproductive dysfunctions,3 and behavioral disorders like anxiety.4 This is due to the involvement of the central nervous system (CNS), endocrine system and metabolic system.

Normally stress-induced changes are self-limiting and adaptive until and unless events that override “threshold” limits become irreversible and pathological.5 Advancements in the understanding of processes leading to the etiopathogenesis of stress-induced disorders cannot obscure the simple fact that the exhaustion of energy supply is still the basis for triggering the disorders and collapse of energy metabolism following glucose deprivation in the circulation.6 The desire to augment the coping mechanism has led to the emergence of the science of adaptation. This focuses on elucidating mechanisms that may help counteract excessive and unnecessary responses to stress. A number of plants extracts have been studied for their rejuvenating and adaptogenic or anti-stress properties.7,8

Patient Picture• Workaholic• Smokers• Working women with menstrual problems• Hypertensive patients• High cortisol and poor stress response• Post traumatic stress disorder• Insomnia• IBS with nervous system origin• Elderly - to assist cognitive function and memory• Anxious and stressed people• Improving wound healing• ADHD• Students

Clinical Presentations• Mental and/or physical exhaustion and stress • To improve mental performance, concentration and memory• To help the body specially when under stress• To increase general well-being and vitality• Support the body's physiology during ageing by assisting endocrine

function (insulin sensitivity and adrenal function), blood flow and mobility

• Cognitive and learning difficulties associated with: - Epilepsy - ADHD - Autism - Asperger’s Syndrome - Post traumatic stress - Exposure to environmental or chemical toxins including patients

regularly taking prescribed medications or ingesting alcohol

Performance and Neurotransmitter FunctionMental and physical performance: Schisandra chinensis fruit is adaptogenic, nervine tonic, mildly antidepressant, hepatoprotective and oxytocic. It has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for amnesia and insomnia.9 Schisandra increased endurance and physical efficiency in volunteers and decreased sickness in factory workers and children in early, uncontrolled Russian trials.10 In a placebo-controlled trial, physical work capacity was increased in athletes receiving Schisandra. Increases in heart rate and blood pressure were prevented

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The Unique Benefits of Krill Oil

Modern Diets Don’t Deliver Enough Omega-3 Fats

Unfortunately for our health, modern diets are generally calorie rich and nutrient poor. Our ancestors diets contained even ratios of Omega-6 to Omega-3 fatty acids. Due to modern farming techniques and food manufacturing, this balance has shifted, favouring a much higher intake of Omega-6 fats, with a ratio of up to 20:1.2 This shift in omega fatty acid balance promotes inflammation, vasoconstriction of blood vessels, increased blood viscosity, alters blood lipid balance and increases the risk for a myriad of chronic diseases.2 Research shows the majority of Australian adults do not consume enough Omega-3 fats to reduce the risk of developing chronic disease.3

The Cancer Council states that “the scientific evidence for a range of health conditions clearly supports people including Omega-3 fatty acids from both marine and plant sources as part of a balanced diet. Omega-3 fatty acids are known to help reduce the risk of heart disease, lower triglycerides and relieve inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease. There is limited suggestive evidence for an association between increased fish consumption and a reduced risk of breast, colorectal and prostate cancer; and between a higher Omega-3 to Omega-6 fatty acid ratio in the diet and a reduced risk of breast cancer.”4

Omega-3 supplements are a core prescription in complementary medicine clinics, forming an essential part of a myriad of health treatment protocols. Krill oil offers a unique clinical solution for effective Omega-3 supplementation, with the phospholipid bound omega-3 fatty acids demonstrating increased bioavailability compared to triglyceride Omega-3.1


Superior Absorption of Krill Phospholipid Omega-3’s

The most significant difference between Krill oil and fish oil is their fatty structure which affects their digestion, absorption and function. Fish oil supplements are generally found as triglycerides and Krill oil has a phospholipid structure. This makes Krill oil miscible in the gastric environment, reducing the likelihood of the ‘fishy’ reflux that is common after fish oil supplements. Krill oil is more readily absorbed than fish oil and this greater bioavailability allows for lower dosing and increased levels of EPA and DHA reaching organs such as the brain.5 The Omega-3 phospholipids found in Krill oil have been found to be more stable and less susceptible to oxidation than triglyceride forms.6 The natural presence of Astaxanthin provides additional antioxidant protection, whereas triglyceride Omega-3’s require the addition of an antioxidant such as vitamin E to be added to increase their stability.

Conditions that Impair Omega-3 Digestion and Absorption

The foundations of naturopathic practice focus on restoring good digestive function. Many conditions can affect your patient’s ability to digest and absorb Omega-3 fats, and may therefore require higher dosing to achieve good clinical outcomes.

Cell membrane

Cell

Omega-3 phospholipid

Phospholipid

Cell membrane lipid bilayer

Protein

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Coenzyme Q10 and Ubiquinol

Mechanism of Action

Energy productionCoQ10 is vital for the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an essential cellular energy source. CoQ10 is found in abundance in the phospholipid bilayer of the inner membrane of the mitochondria and is a critical cofactor in the electron transport chain where it accepts electrons from complexes I and II.3 This electron and proton transfer process is a key feature in ATP production and involves the oxidation and reduction of CoQ10.

Most cellular functions rely on ATP as an energy source and ATP is therefore essential for the health of all human organs. High CoQ10 levels are found in tissues which have a high energy requirement such as the heart and liver. The heart requires large amounts of energy to sustain contractile function, and is the major consumer of energy in the body

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is also known as Ubiquinone/Ubidecarenone or Ubiquinol. Ubiquinone comes from the latin ubique (as in ubiquitous), meaning everywhere. Indeed, CoQ10 is distributed in all membranes, throughout all cells1 and as such this nutrient could be considered essential for life, and conditions of deficiency are deleterious to health. In humans, CoQ10 has been primarily investigated for two significant functions. Firstly, it is a cofactor enzyme involved in energy production. CoQ10 is an essential part of the cellular machinery used to produce ATP which provides the energy for muscle contraction and other vital cellular functions.1 Secondly, CoQ10 acts as an antioxidant and is unique as it is the only endogenously synthesised lipid soluble antioxidant. Recent data also reveals that CoQ10 affects expression of genes involved in human cell signalling, metabolism and transport.2


on a weight basis.4 Deficient mitochondrial function has been linked to many chronic diseases which have stimulated interest in CoQ10 as a potential therapeutic.

Antioxidant CoQ10 is a potent antioxidant due to its capacity for reduction and oxidation. It has a direct free radical scavenging effect, as well as being able to recycle oxidised vitamin E.1 CoQ10 also serves as a potent antioxidant in mitochondria and lipoprotein lipids present in the circulation, as well in lipid membranes.5, 2 It efficiently protects membrane phospholipids from peroxidation and also mitochondrial DNA and membrane proteins from free-radical-induced oxidative damage.3 The antioxidant benefit of CoQ10 is highly important due to its specificity for protecting membrane proteins and its efficiency in the high oxidative potential of the mitochondrial environment.

What is the difference between Ubiquinone/Ubidecarenone and Ubiquinol forms of CoQ10?

Both Ubiquinone and Ubiquinol forms of CoQ10 are naturally present in the body, Ubiquinone is the fully oxidised form of CoQ10 and Ubiquinol is the fully reduced form. It is through this redox process from Ubiquinol to Ubiquinone that two electrons are exchanged and this process is responsible for Ubiquinol’s antioxidant activity and role in cellular energy production. The production of both Ubiquinol and Ubiquinone declines with age, as does our ability to convert Ubiquinone to Ubiquinol. This may contribute to age-related declines in cellular energy production and function, as well as increased oxidative damage.

Ubiquinol is considered the biologically active form of CoQ10 and has demonstrated increased absorption and bioavailability compared to Ubiquinone/Ubidecarenone. The following table highlights the key differences between the two forms of CoQ10.Figure 1: Electron Transport Chain5

Fe-S

Flavin

Fe-S

b

Fe-S

Flavin

a1-Cu

a1-Cu

C1

Complex 1 Complex 2 Complex 3 Complex 4 Complex 5

NADH Succinate ADP ATP

MitochondrialInner

Membrane

Outside

Inside

C

Q Q


1


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Clinical Indications

Musculoskeletal Health and Connective Tissue Repair• Athletic Injury

• Reduce the pain and inflammation of herniated discs

• Support synovial tissue repair

• Improve mobility and flexibility

• Neuromuscular support

• Antioxidant protection

• Assist sleeplessness associated with neuropathic and inflammatory pain

• Enhance the effect of physical treatment (physiotherapy, chiropractic)

Natural Anti-inflammatory SubstancesBromelain and combinations of proteolytic enzymes have been shown to be as effective as NSAID’s for the treatment of painful vertebral syndromes, osteoarthritis of the knee, and rheumatic conditions. Direct head-to-head trials have demonstrated greater levels of improvement and decreased dependency on pharmaceuticals with bromelain.5-15

ChondrocyteInflammatory Response

Proinflammatory StimulusTNF IL-1

Neovasculatization

Nerve Growth Factor

Substance PLeucotriens

Nerve Growth Factor

Matrix Degeneration

CGRP VIP

PGE2 PLA2 NO

PAIN

Macrophage Recruitment

IL-1 IL-8 IL-6MCP-1 GM-CSF

MMP*SVEGF FGF

Herniation/DegenerationMechanical Insult

Genetic Predisposition

Flowchart of hypothetical inflammatory cascade for degenerative disk disease

Episodes of acute lower back pain are mostly short-lived. Back complaints still constitute the second most common symptom (after upper respiratory complaints) doctors see in general practice.2 At some point in time 15-30% of the population will experience lower back pain. Of these, 50% will still have pain after 12 months with a further 60-80% of this group never recovering.3 Problems associated with back pain place a significant socioeconomic burden on the individual and the community, with an estimated total cost of $700 million per year in Australia.4

Pain is a complex process and can affect anyone at any time. Pain can result from an acute injury or from an underlying condition where it can become chronic and penetrate all aspects of our being. Whether pain is acute or chronic it leaves us feeling incapacitated and reduces our productivity, our quality of life and strips us of our vitality and joie de vivre or zest for life! Resolving the cause and targeting the mechanisms by which pain can keep us locked in a holding pattern and prevent us from healing is now possible. When we understand the mechanisms of pain we can prevent acute pain from becoming a chronic issue and re-establish balance thus circumventing a plethora of chronic diseases - consequences of unbridled inflammation.

Treating Acute and Chronic Pain in 3 Ways• Anti-inflammatory support for acute trauma/preventing chronic

pain sensitisation

• Support endogenous opioid production and parasympathetic/ sympathetic nervous system balance

• Promote connective tissue repair and wound healing

Nutritional & Homoeopathic Supportfor Lower Back Pain

•••••

Disability from lower back pain is a growing public health problem in Australia and

developed countries worldwide, and one of the major issues targeted for review in the Bone and Joint

Decade Report (2000-2010).1

Transmission of the pain signal to the brain

Activation of the central nervous system

at the spinal cord level

Tissue DamageActivation of the peripheral

nervous system

Pain

The Pain Response


1


Probiotics and the Human Gut•••••

In 400 B.C., Hippocrates was quoted as saying “death sits in the bowels” and “bad digestion is the root of all evil”,1 thus showing the importance of the gastrointestinal tract in human

health has long been recognised.

Our digestive system maintains itself as an isolated environment to prevent infection and systemic disease. Millions of years of coevolution have moulded the human-microbe interaction into a symbiotic relationship in which gut bacteria make essential contributions to human metabolism and in return occupy a nutrient-rich environment. The following discussion examines the amazing co-operation between us and our gut flora and how we are able to best utilise this in many clinical conditions.

Microbiota - Epithelial Cross TalkTo maintain homeostasis in the gut, communication between the host and resident microbial communities must occur to identify and eliminate potential pathogens which could colonize and cause damage. To prevent such events, a number of host and bacterial-mediated mechanisms are utilised to monitor the environment and initiate appropriate immune responses to invading pathogens.

This communication process between gastrointestinal microflora and the host involves distinguishing indigenous species from pathogens through ligand-receptor interactions which lead to various signalling events in host cells. Such events generally result in the development of mucosal immunity and immunological tolerance. While these signalling pathways provide a highly effective means of communication between the gut microflora and the host, pathogens have developed mechanisms to manipulate these pathways evading detection by the immune system allowing them to persist and cause disease. These adaptations include cell surface modifications and the expression of various virulence factors in response to different immunological and hormonal components produced by the host.

Metabolic BalanceThe gut microbiota prevent colonization by potentially pathogenic microorganisms by outcompeting invading pathogens for ecological niches and metabolic substrates. The gut microbiota also acts as an important immune regulator, not only educating the naïve infant immune system, but also serving as an important source of noninflammatory immune stimulators throughout life in healthy individuals. Microbial fermentation of carbohydrates to organic acids, mainly butyrate, serve as an important source of energy for the gut wall, providing up to 50% of the daily energy requirements of colonocytes. This maintains a healthy functional mucosal surface that defends us against the 100 trillion intestinal bacteria.

However, these health-promoting aspects of the gut microbiota are not infallible and can be overcome by pathogens specifically evolved for gastrointestinal infection (e.g. Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli strains and Campylobacter jejuni). Similarly, the defence mechanisms afforded by a healthy gut microbiota might be overcome when compromised by chemotherapy (especially antibiotics) or chronic disease, e.g. colon cancer and inflammatory bowel disease. This realisation has lead to the development of foods and products specifically designed to fortify the gut microbiota.2,3,4

Treatment Strategies when Using Probiotics1. Eliminate pathogenic organisms2. Promote gut flora diversity3. Stimulate healthy gut epithelial cell repair/function4. Modify diet and lifestyle to support healthy digestive function

Keeping the Balance with Bowel BacteriaDysregulation of the intestinal mucosal balance leads to a multitude of ailments. From the obvious case of inflammatory bowel diseases5,6 to the more unexpected activation of chronic human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV)7 and the generation of atopy and skin disorders8, the intestinal gut flora play a key role in maintaining mucosal homeostasis. Consequentially, imbalances in the gut microbiome have been implicated in the progression of an array of chronic disorders.9 Recent research efforts focused on elucidating the contributions of the gut microbiota to the aetiology of human diseases have begun to shed light on its involvement in a considerable number of complex diseases residing in organs outside (and far from) the gut. (Table 1 below).

Antibiotic Associated DiarrhoeaDiarrhoea occurs in about 20% of patients who receive antibiotics.11 Antibiotics directly affect the indigenous gut microbiota by compromising colonization resistance, favouring the growth of pathogenic microorganisms,

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System Conditions

Neurological/ Nervous System

Autism, ADHD, learning disorders, type 3 diabetes

Respiratory System Allergy

Obesity Metabolic dysfunction

Diabetes Type 1, 2 and 3 Poor insulin regulation

Musculoskeletal Bone metabolism, nutrient availability, Fibromyalgia

Endocrine Oestrogen metabolism

Ailimentary System/ Liver/Gallbladder

Fat/protein/carbohydrate metabolism, cholesterol and bile metabolism and conjugation, liver detoxification pathways

Immune System T cell regulation, toll-like receptor activation, secretory IgA production - Th1:Th2 balance, GALT and MALT homoeostasis

Skin Atopy, burn injury

Table 1. Conditions Associated with Impaired Gut Microbiota Homoeostasis12


1

Relieving Menopausal Discomfort with Herbal Medicine

•••••

Menopause is a journey all women experience at some point in their lives marking the

cessation of their reproductive years. In some women this begins in their mid 30’s while other women

go through menopause in their late forties or even fifties and sixties, sometimes earlier as a result of

surgery or illness.

The beginning of menopause (perimenopause) may last as long as ten years for some women which culminates in true menopause where a woman goes through one complete year without a period. Our society has many misconceptions about the nature and effects of menopause yet in cultures where menopause is less feared, symptoms are virtually nonexistent.1 In fact, menopause is often anticipated as a rite of passage into a stronger, wiser time of life...

One of the first changes perimenopausal women experience is in the frequency and nature of their menstrual cycle. Other common symptoms associated with menopause are hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, dry skin, irritability, mood swings, depression, anxiety, headaches, low libido, bladder infections, fatigue and memory deficits or confusion. Many changes appear in perimenopausal women but the extent and severity in which these symptoms occur usually arise from long-term imbalances due to stress, poor diet, pharmaceutical drug use, adrenal exhaustion and not necessarily from the declining oestrogen levels alone. When we correct these imbalances in lifestyle, hormone levels can rebalance and menopause can be a time of joy rather than discomfort for many women. Promoting healthy liver and digestive function while supporting optimum adrenal health and ensuring the colon is working properly all contribute to promoting healthy hormone function and well-being.

Contrary to popular belief the ovaries do not stop producing oestrogen at the time of menopause. The body, in its wisdom, conserves life force and reduces the amount of oestrogen production by 40-60%. This reduction in oestrogen or ‘hormone adjustment‘occurs because women no longer require mature eggs in their menopausal years. The World Health Organisation has found that an overweight postmenopausal woman has more oestrogen in her body than a slim premenopausal woman.2 Declining progesterone during menopause is a result of reduced ovulation and the adrenal glands become a source of progesterone production as a result. What actually happens in menopause is not an oestrogen deficiency but an imbalance between oestrogen to progesterone in the body which is exacerbated by adrenal exhaustion and imbalances in other body systems.

Clinical Benefits for Herbal Therapy:• Relief of menopausal symptoms, especially hot flushes and

night sweating

Improve mental performance, mood and well being during menopause.• To improve disorders of the female reproductive tract including

poor libido and leukorrhoea• Hormone balancing – herbal medicine can help balance

oestrogen to progesterone ratios resulting in a reduction of hot flushes, night sweats, vaginal dryness and low libido

• Adrenal gland support which can assist in reducing the severity of menopausal symptoms

• Nervous system support which can help reduce symptoms such as sleeplessness and insomnia, mood swings and depression, irritability and anxiety

Support Menopausal Transition Hormone Replacement TherapyUntil 2002 mainstream doctors routinely prescribed conventional hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in order to alleviate menopausal symptoms as well as to prevent heart disease and osteoporosis. In 2002, however, the results of a landmark study, the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), 3 identified several dangers associated with conventional hormone replacement therapy in women. More than 160,000 women participated in this study. Conventional HRT side effects included a 26% increased risk of breast cancer, a 29% increased risk of heart attack, a 41% increase in risk for strokes, and a doubling in risk for blood clots relative to the untreated group. Women receiving conjugated equine (horse-derived) oestrogen experienced a six-fold increased risk for uterine cancer.

Balancing the Hormones and Tonifying the Body with PhytoestrogensThe human oestrogen receptor has two isoforms alpha and beta. Both isoforms are responsible for mediating the physiological actions of oestrogens such as estradiol in humans, particularly women. The oestrogen receptor plays a vital role in many aspects of human biology such as bone density, collagen synthesis, menstrual cycle, primary and secondary female phenotypic characteristics such as breast development, body fat etc. Consequently, either hypo (too low) oestrogen or hyper (too high) oestrogen levels can contribute to disorders such as osteoporosis and breast cancer respectively.

Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring compounds from plants that possess the ability to modulate the human oestrogen receptor isoforms and consequently exert beneficial biological effects.

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Relieving Menopausal Discomfort with Herbal Medicine.indd 1 15/05/12 8:55 PM


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It is expected that by the year 2025, there will be 300 million people with type 2 diabetes worldwide.1 For every medically diagnosed case, there is another undiagnosed case of diabetes,

increasing the true prevalence to at least 8 per cent of the Australian population, or almost

2 million people.2 This estimate includes type 2 diabetes which accounts for 88-90 per cent of all cases.3

Government funded research into diabetes treatment and prevention has tripled in the past five years.3

Maintaining Healthy Blood Glucose•••••

Diabetes and Impaired Blood Glucose Metabolism

Our modern lifestyle choices contribute significantly to our health. Type 2 diabetes is a preventable disease and can be avoided by making healthy dietary choices, exercising regularly and maintaining healthy body weight. The body uses glucose, fatty acids and other substrates as fuel. It is the liver working in combination with the pancreas that controls the body's fuel supply. The consumption of refined carbohydrates, excessive fats and super-sized meals can compromise endocrine and exocrine function of the pancreas. There is also an increase on the functional demands of the pancreas, heightened insulin production and secretion in an attempt to maintain blood glucose homoeostasis.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune and inflammatory disorder that results in the destruction of pancreatic β-cells, causing a subsequent loss of insulin production and secretion.2 Genetic defects found on chromosome 6 alter antigens found on β-cells, viral infections may also alter proteins on β-cells and these are then attacked by the immune system.

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder which results from a reduction in insulin secretion and the development of insulin resistance in major target tissues.2 Type 2 diabetes is characterised by an impaired pancreatic β-cell insulin response to glucose levels after ingestion of food, reduced glucose tolerance and a failure of elevated glucose to stop gluconeogenesis.4 There is also a strong association between insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes, with 90 per cent of patients suffering from both conditions, indicating a role of insulin resistance in the development of the disease.5

In diabetes, insulin secretion is decreased due to a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential. This causes a decrease in ATP production, resulting in the voltage gated calcium channels to be closed. Low intracellular calcium levels then prevent the release of insulin from the β-cells. Studies have shown that 69 per cent of type 2 diabetics are overweight or obese, and an additional 75 per cent have a physical activity level that is classified as sedentary.3

Insulin resistance, characterised by elevated levels of both circulating insulin and serum glucose, is due to decreased insulin sensitivity of the insulin receptors. In overweight patients this is compounded by adipocytokines, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), lipocalin, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and non-esterified fatty acids.6 These inflammatory markers further reduce insulin sensitivity, decrease cellular glucose uptake, promote glucose output by the liver and eventually impair β-cell insulin secretion by the pancreas.6 Insulin resistance leads to altered liver function, elevated serum lipid profiles and hypertension, which are all hallmarks of metabolic syndrome.

Metabolic syndrome is a condition involving abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism leading to an increased risk of developing atherosclerotic diseases including stroke and myocardial infarction. Pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory processes play a role in the development of endothelial dysfunction and the progression of atherosclerosis. Obesity is a major underlying cause of metabolic syndrome as excess adipose tissue releases increased amounts of IL-6, an inflammatory marker implicated in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.7

Metabolic syndrome highlights a link between insulin resistance and lipid profiles. Resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and compensatory hyperinsulinaemia are associated with impaired glucose tolerance in individuals with high blood pressure, high triglycerides and low levels of high density lipoprotein in the plasma. All of these factors increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease.8

Cellular Blood Glucose Metabolism

Elevated plasma glucose levels induce insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells of the Islets of Langerhans. The subsequent uptake of glucose into cells requires translocation of the Glucose Transport-4 (GLUT4) transporter to the cell surface, an insulin-stimulated process.Cellular glucose uptake involves a cascade of signalling pathways:

• Elevated plasma glucose increases glucokinase activity which signals insulin secretion9

• Increased ATP causes β-cell membrane depolarisation and release of insulin10

TECHNICAL & RESEARCH INFORMATION continued

Relieving Menopausal Discomfort with Herbal

Medicine

Garlic and Essential Oils to Fight Infection

Maintaining Healthy Blood Glucose

Optimising Iron Status Nutritional & Homoeopathic Support

for Lower Back Pain

Probiotics and the Human Gut

Magnesium Maintenance

Herbs and Nutrients for Healthy Brain

Function

Unique Benefits of Krill Oil

Coenzyme Q10 and Ubiquinol

Optimising Nutrition in Preconception,

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Multivitamins, Minerals, Trace

Elements

The Benefits of Multivitamins and

Minerals with Antioxidants

Digestive Enzymes for Vegetarians

Multifunctional Vitamin D

Zinc for Optimal Health Outcomes

Advanced Free Radical Protection

Relieving Menopausal Discomfort with Herbal

Medicine (e-book)


Herbal & Nutritional Antioxidants

Research Update

Chromium Research Update

Menopause and PMS Research Update

Iron Deficiency Research Update

Digestive HealthResearch Update

Omega-3 EPA & DHA Research Update

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Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, C-reactive protein and interleukin-2 in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Malekshahi MA, Saedisomeolia A, Djalali M et al. Singapore Med J. 2012; 53(9): 615-9.

Omega-3 fatty acids have been extensively researched and found to alter the inflammatory response. In type 2 diabetics, there is systemic inflammation that contributes to the complications associated with diabetes. This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 84 type 2 diabetics investigated the effects of omega-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid 1,548 mg; docosahexaenoic acid 828 mg, other omega-3 fatty acids 338 mg) compared to placebo (sunflower oil) over an eight week period on inflammatory mediators ) C-reactive protein [CRP], interleukin-2 [IL-2] and tumour necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]. After eight weeks:

•Omega-3grouphadsignificantlyreducedserumlevelsof IL-2 and TNF-α levels compared to the controls. •SerumCRPdidnotsignificantlychange. “Short-term omega-3 fatty acid supplementation can decrease the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-2 in diabetic patients, with no change in CRP levels. Consumption of omega-3 fatty acid supplements is highly recommended to alleviate inflammation caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus.”

http://www.sma.org.sg/UploadedImg/files/SMJ/5309/5309a10.pdf

Omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA: health benefits throughout life.Swanson D, Block R, Mousa SA. dv Nutr. 2012; 3(1): 1-7.

“Omega-3 [(n-3)] fatty acids have been linked to healthy ageing throughout life. Recently, fish-derived omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA have been associated with foetal development, cardiovascular function, and Alzheimer’s disease. However, because our bodies do not efficiently produce some omega-3 fatty acids from marine sources, it is necessary to obtain adequate amounts through fish and fish-oil products. Studies have shown that EPA and DHA are important for proper foetal development, including neuronal, retinal, and immune function. EPA and DHA may affect many aspects of cardiovascular function including inflammation, peripheral artery disease, major coronary events, and anticoagulation. EPA and DHA have been linked to promising results in prevention, weight management, and cognitive function in those with very mild Alzheimer’s disease.”

http://advances.nutrition.org/content/3/1/1.full.pdf

Effect of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy on infants’ allergies in first year of life: randomised controlled trial.Palmer DJ, Sullivan T, Gold MS et al. BMJ. 2012; 344: e184.

This South Australian trial evaluated the effects of omega-3 supplementation during pregnancy on the incidence of immunoglobulin E (Ig-E) associated eczema or food allergy in the high allergy risk infants at one year of age. 706 infants with high hereditary risk for atopic conditions were evaluated, their mothers receive fish oil (providing 900 mg of omega-3 fatty acids daily) from 21 weeks’ gestation until birth or vegetable oil controls. The study found:

• “Nodifferencesintheoverallpercentageofinfantswith immunoglobulin E associated allergic disease between omega-3 and controls. • Thepercentageofinfantsdiagnosedwithatopiceczema was lower in the omega-3 group.• Fewerinfantsweresensitisedtoeggintheomega-3group.•NodifferencebetweengroupsinIgEassociatedfoodallergy.

n-3 LCPUFA supplementation in pregnancy did not reduce the overall incidence of immunoglobulin E associated allergies in the first year of life, although atopic eczema and egg sensitisation were lower.”

http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e184.pdf%2Bhtml

Omega-3 fatty acids are protective against paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial.Ghoreishi Z, Esfahani A, Djazayeri A et al. BMC Cancer. 2012; 12: 355.

“Axonal sensory peripheral neuropathy is the major dose-limiting side effect of paclitaxel. Omega-3 fatty acids have beneficial effects on neurological disorders from their effects on neurons cells and inhibition of the formation of proinflammatory cytokines involved in peripheral neuropathy.

This study was a randomized double blind placebo controlled trial to investigate the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids in reducing incidence and severity of paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN). Eligible patients with breast cancer randomly assigned to take omega-3 fatty acid pearls, 640 mg t.i.d during chemotherapy with paclitaxel and one month after the end of the treatment or placebo. Clinical and electrophysiological studies were performed before the onset of chemotherapy and one month after cessation of therapy to evaluate PIPN based on “reduced Total Neuropathy Score”.

Research UpdateOmega-3 EPA and DHA


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Multivitamins

Effect of women’s nutrition before and during early pregnancy on maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review.Ramakrishnan U, Grant F, Goldenberg T et al. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2012; 26 (S)1: 285-301.

This systematic review involving 45 studies investigated the impact of maternal nutrition in preconception and the first trimester of pregnancy on maternal, newborn and child health outcomes. The review found:

•Firsttrimesterfolicacidsupplementationsignificantly reduced the risk of neural tube defects.•Supplementationofmultinutrientsduringpreconception and the first trimester is associated with a reduced risk of low birth weight infants and/or small-for-gestational age and preterm deliveries.

Study reviewers stated that “The available data indicate the importance of women’s nutrition prior to and during the first trimester of pregnancy.”

The effect of micronutrient supplements on female fertility: a systematic review.Grajecki D, Zyriax BC, Buhling KJ. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012; 285(5): 1463-71.

To determine the influence of micronutrients supplementation on female fertility this systematic review of 13 studies including more than 90,000 women was undertaken. Significant findings from the review included:

• Increasedassociationbetweenmultivitamin supplementation on pregnancy rate.• IncreasedlevelsofvitaminB6infertilewomencompared to infertile women. •VitaminCwasalsofoundtoexertapositiveeffectin women with luteal phase insufficiency.

“Although some studies suggest possible effects of micronutrients on female fertility general recommendations are not possible since all studies had methodological or statistical limitations. Further investigations using evidence-based criteria are necessary to analyze and to confirm these non-evident appearances.”

High multivitamin intakes during pregnancy and postweaning obesogenic diets interact to affect the relationship between expression of PPAR genes and glucose regulation in the offspring.RezaLópezSA,PoonAN,SzetoIMetal.J Nutr Biochem. 2012 Aug 20. [Epub ahead of print]

The growing understanding of the impact of maternal obesity and diet on the health of the offspring highlights the long term influence of these factors on infant metabolism.

This animal study investigated the interactions between high multivitamin intake and obesogenic diet during pregnancy and infancy on offspring metabolism. Pregnant Wistar rats werefedeitheraregular(AIN-93G)dietwithregularvitamins(RV)orten-foldvitamin(HV).TheirmaleoffspringwerethenweanedtoreceivetheRVdiet(RV-RVorHV-RV)oranobesogenicdiet(RV-ObandHV-Ob).Geneperoxisome-proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) were then analysed. Results found:

• “GestationaldietdidnotaffectPPARsgeneexpressionin offspring at either birth or weaning. • Inliver,at14weekspostweaning,PPAR-γ was 30 per cent lowerintheHV-RVand30percenthigherinHV-Obthan intheRV-RVgroup.• Inmuscle,PPAR-α expression was affected by gestational diet and postweaning diet interaction. • Inadiposetissue,PPAR-α expression was higher in all groupscomparedtoRV-RV.PPAR-γ mRNA levels correlated with abdominal fat and insulin resistance index.• Inliver,PPAR-γ expression correlated with insulin resistanceindexinoffspringfromRV,butnotinthose fromHVdams.

Inconclusion,theHVdietduringpregnancyinteractswithpostweaning diets in determining the expression of PPARs genes in a tissue and age-dependent manner an uncouples the relationship between these genes and glucose regulation and fat mass in the rat offspring.”

These findings indicate metabolic benefits of increased multivitamin intake during pregnancy and infancy on infant metabolic function.

Research UpdateMultivitamins, Key Nutrients and Pregnancy

TECHNICAL & RESEARCH INFORMATION continued

Key Nutrients and Pregnancy

Research Update

UbiquinolResearch Update

Vitamin DResearch Update

ZincResearch Update


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