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A Comparative Survey of
DEMOCRACY, GOVERNANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
Working Paper Series: No. 99
Jointly Published by
Governance and its implications for Democracy
in India
Sandeep Shastri
Pro Vice Chancellor, Jain University, India.
Asian Barometer
A Comparative Survey of Democracy, Governance and Development
Working Paper Series
Jointly Published by
Globalbarometer
The Asian Barometer (ABS) is an applied research program on public opinion on political values, democracy, and
governance around the region. The regional network encompasses research teams from thirteen East Asian political
systems (Japan, Mongolia, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia,
Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia), and five South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and
Nepal). Together, this regional survey network covers virtually all major political systems in the region, systems that
have experienced different trajectories of regime evolution and are currently at different stages of political transition.
The ABS Working Paper Series is intended to make research result within the ABS network available to the academic
community and other interested readers in preliminary form to encourage discussion and suggestions for revision before
final publication. Scholars in the ABS network also devote their work to the Series with the hope that a timely
dissemination of the findings of their surveys to the general public as well as the policy makers would help illuminate
the public discourse on democratic reform and good governance.
The topics covered in the Series range from country-specific assessment of values change and democratic development,
region-wide comparative analysis of citizen participation, popular orientation toward democracy and evaluation of
quality of governance, and discussion of survey methodology and data analysis strategies.
The ABS Working Paper Series supercedes the existing East Asia Barometer Working Paper Series as the network is
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Website: www.asianbarometer.org
LOKNITI NETWORK
November 7, 2013
Authored by: Sandeep Shastri
GGOOVVEERRNNAANNCCEE AANNDD IITTSS
IIMMPPLLIICCAATTIIOONNSS FFOORR
DDEEMMOOCCRRAACCYY IINN IINNDDIIAA
Abstract of Presentation Prepared for Conference on Comparing the State of Democracy in India and East Asia : An Asian Barometer Survey Conference – 7
November 2013
1
GO
VE
RN
AN
CE
AN
D I
TS
IM
PLIC
ATIO
NS
FO
R D
EM
OC
RA
CY
IN
IN
DIA
| 1
1/7
/2
01
3
GOVERNANCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR
DEMOCRACY IN INDIA
Abstract of Presentation Prepared for Conference on Comparing the
State of Democracy in India and East Asia : An Asian Barometer
Survey Conference – 7 November 2013
This paper is based on the second round of the India Component of the State of Democracy
in South Asia (South Asia Barometer) study. It attempts to capture the public perceptions on
Issues of Governance and its wider implications for the democratic processes in India. The
paper is rooted in the basic premise that governance is about `access` to the resources of the
state. The paper attempts to look at `access from below ` - mounting its academic telescope,
in the terrain of the `common public`. Citizen perceptions on the delivery of a select range
of public services is assessed based on their response to specific questions in the survey. The
range of services were carefully selected to be included in the survey based on past
experience and a extensive dialogue on which services are perceived to be important. The
public services identified include : a) Government Schools; b) Medical Facilities; c) Delivery
of select Government Services; and d) Interaction with the Police and Local courts.
What are the implications of citizen response to the delivery of public services to the wider
debate on the quality and capacities of Indian democracy are discussed at length.
SAN
DE
EP
SH
AST
RI
PR
O V
ICE
CH
AN
CE
LL
OR
JA
IN U
NIV
ER
SIT
Y, B
AN
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LO
RE
, IN
DIA
N
AT
ION
AL
CO
OR
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AT
OR
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KN
ITI
NE
TW
OR
K,C
SDS,
DE
LH
I, I
ND
IA
STA
TE
OF
DE
MO
CR
AC
Y I
N S
OU
TH
ASI
A R
OU
ND
II
(So
uth
Asi
a B
aro
me
ter)
Pre
sen
tati
on
of
In
dia
Stu
dy
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
GO
VER
NA
NC
E A
ND
ITS
IMP
LIC
ATI
ON
S FO
R
DEM
OC
RA
CY
IN IN
DIA
CO
MPA
RIN
G T
HE
ST
AT
E O
F D
EM
OC
RA
CY
IN I
ND
IA A
ND
EA
ST A
SIA
: A
N A
SIA
N B
AR
OM
ET
ER
SU
RV
EY
CO
NFE
RE
NC
E7
NO
VE
MB
ER
201
3
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
Ind
ia C
om
po
nen
t
22
sta
tes
(co
veri
ng
97
% o
f p
op
ula
tio
n)
Fiel
d W
ork
2
1 J
an
-2
8 F
eb 2
01
3
Res
po
nd
ents
iden
tifi
ed
thro
ug
h s
yste
ma
tic
ran
do
m s
am
plin
g o
n
ba
sis
of
Pro
ba
bili
ty
Pro
po
rtio
na
te t
o S
ize
Face
to
Fac
e In
terv
iew
s
18
4 F
ield
Inve
stig
ato
rs
33
6 D
iffe
ren
t Lo
cati
on
s
Qu
est
ion
nai
re T
ran
slat
ed
in
to 1
2 la
ngu
age
s
Trai
nin
g W
ork
sho
p
Pre
Te
stin
g
•Ab
ou
t th
e S
tud
y
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
The
Sou
th A
sia
Co
mp
on
ent
of
the
Bar
om
eter
Del
iver
y o
f P
ub
lic
Serv
ices
Go
vern
ance
as
`A
cces
s
•Th
e `
Win
do
w`
to A
pp
roac
h G
ove
rnan
ce
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
•Bas
is o
f A
nal
ysis
Dat
a fr
om
Ind
ia C
om
po
nen
t o
f So
uth
Asi
a B
aro
met
er Q
ues
tio
nn
aire
Pe
rce
pti
on
s ab
ou
t G
ove
rnm
en
t an
d P
riva
te S
cho
ols
Acc
ess
ing
Me
dic
al F
acili
tie
s in
Go
vern
me
nt
Ho
spit
als
Inte
ract
ion
wit
h P
olic
e a
nd
Co
urt
s
1 2 3 4
De
live
ry o
f G
ove
rnm
en
t Se
rvic
es
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
•P
rese
nt
the
bro
ad f
ind
ings
Ide
nti
fy t
he
imp
ort
ant
dif
fere
nce
s
•A
re t
he
re c
om
mo
n t
ren
ds
•B
road
er
imp
licat
ion
s fo
r th
e S
tate
o
f D
em
ocr
acy
in In
dia
A r
ange
of
qu
esti
on
s in
th
e SD
SA II
Qu
esti
on
nai
re
•Pu
blic
Se
rvic
es
: U
nd
ers
tan
din
g C
itiz
en
s P
ers
pe
ctiv
e
The
pro
mis
e a
nd
p
ract
ice
of
D
em
ocr
acy
Co
nti
nu
ing
rele
van
ce
of
the
ro
le o
f th
e
stat
e a
nd
its
inst
itu
tio
ns
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
Ave
rage
Sch
ed
ule
d C
aste
s
OB
C's
No
fo
rmal
ed
uca
tio
n
Gra
du
ate
and
ab
ove
Low
SES
Hig
h S
ES
55
53
58
48
69
50
77
Sen
t ch
ildre
n t
o g
ove
rnm
en
t sc
ho
ol b
y ch
oic
e
Un
de
rsta
nd
ing
wh
o a
nd
wh
y d
o p
eo
ple
se
nd
th
eir
ch
ildre
n t
o g
ove
rnm
en
t sc
ho
ols
The
ir e
xpe
rie
nce
wit
h t
he
go
vern
me
nt
sch
oo
ls
Att
itu
de
to
war
ds
gove
rnm
en
t sc
ho
ols
am
on
g th
ose
wh
o s
en
t th
eir
ch
ildre
n t
o
pri
vate
sch
oo
ls
Tho
se w
ho
sen
t th
eir
child
ren
to
go
vern
men
t sc
ho
ols
`b
y ch
oic
e` is
m
argi
nal
ly h
igh
er
Mo
re li
kely
to
say
by
cho
ice
if b
elo
nge
d t
o
OB
C, h
ad a
cces
s to
ed
uca
tio
n a
nd
b
elo
nge
d t
o H
igh
er S
ES
Pe
rce
pti
on
s ab
ou
t G
ove
rnm
en
t an
d P
riva
te S
cho
ols
Ei
ght
of e
very
ten
res
pond
ents
sta
ted
that
adm
issi
on t
o go
vern
men
t sc
hool
s is
eas
y
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
Aff
ord
abili
ty a
nd
Ph
ysic
alP
roxi
mit
yap
pea
r to
be
the
mai
n f
acto
rs
Imp
ort
ant
dif
fere
nce
inR
epo
rtin
gA
ffo
rdab
ility
acro
ss s
oci
o-
eco
no
mic
gro
up
s
36
%
28
%
15
%
21
%
Wh
y d
id y
ou
ch
oo
se t
o s
en
d t
he
child
to
a g
ove
rnm
ent
sch
oo
l
Aff
ord
ab
leG
eo
grap
hic
al p
roxi
mit
yTe
ach
ing
is g
oo
dO
the
r re
aso
ns
Low
SES
40
Mid
dle
SES
33
Hig
h S
ES1
5
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
Eigh
t h
of
ever
y te
nw
ho
sen
t th
eir
child
to
a p
riva
te s
cho
ol
said
th
at t
hey
did
so
by
cho
ice
Wo
uld
yo
u b
e w
illin
g to
p
ay m
ore
fo
r b
ette
r ed
uca
tio
n in
go
vern
men
t sc
ho
ols
Free
ed
uca
tio
n .
Am
n
ot
will
ing
to p
ay m
ore
Clo
se t
o s
ix o
f ev
ery
ten
su
pp
ort
ed t
he
seco
nd
vie
w
37
%
32
%
9%
22
%
Wh
at w
as t
he
reas
on
yo
u d
id n
ot
sen
d t
he
child
to
go
vern
men
t sc
ho
ol
Teac
hin
g w
as n
ot
goo
d in
go
vern
men
t sc
ho
ols
Pri
vate
sch
oo
ls e
nsu
re b
ette
r e
du
cati
on
Teac
he
rs/S
taff
no
t av
aila
ble
/ ab
sen
t
Oth
er r
eas
on
s
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
66
69
57
49
68
65
58
48
46
60
49
67
52
39
57
Gen
eral
Pu
blic
mu
st g
et f
ree
edu
cati
on
in g
ove
rnm
ent
sch
oo
ls. I
am
no
t w
illin
g to
pay
mo
re
Focu
s on
the
rol
e/de
pend
ence
on
the
stat
e
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
The
mo
re
affl
uen
t, m
ore
edu
cate
d,
tho
seliv
ing
in c
itie
s an
d
tho
se f
rom
OB
C’s
an
d F
orw
ard
Cas
tes
wer
e m
ore
like
ly t
osa
y th
at t
hey
acce
ssed
gove
rnm
en
th
osp
ital
s b
y ch
oic
e ra
ther
th
an e
xerc
isin
g th
e o
nly
ch
oic
e a
vaila
ble
Exp
lain
ing
this
tre
nd
Acc
ess
ing
Me
dic
al F
acili
ties
in G
ove
rnm
en
t H
osp
ital
sTw
o t
hir
ds
resp
on
den
ts fe
lt t
hat
it w
as e
asy
to a
cces
s m
edic
al t
reat
men
t in
go
vern
men
t h
osp
ital
s
49
53
61
45
68
50
66
44
73
54
Acc
ess
ed
go
vern
me
nt
ho
spit
als
by
cho
ice
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
WH
Y A
CC
ESSE
D G
OV
ERN
MEN
T H
OSP
ITA
LSW
HY
DID
NO
T A
CC
ESS
GO
VER
NM
ENT
HO
SPIT
ALS
52
%
12
%
10
%
26
%
Aff
ord
able
Geo
grap
hic
al P
roxi
mit
y
Do
cto
rs a
nd
Sta
ff A
vaila
ble
Oth
er
33
%
16
%1
5%
10
%
26
%
Qu
alit
y o
f Tr
eat
me
nt
no
t go
od
Lack
of
faci
litie
s
Do
cto
rs a
nd
Sta
ff n
ot
avai
lab
leSt
aff
no
t at
ten
tive
an
d c
arin
g
Oth
er
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
Two
th
ird
s o
f t
he
resp
on
den
ts f
avo
ure
dth
e sa
me
•Ge
ne
ral P
ub
lic M
ust
Get
Fre
e M
ed
ical
Tre
atm
en
t in
Go
vern
me
nt
Ho
spit
als
Sch
ed
ule
d C
asteO
ther
sN
o e
du
cati
on
Gra
du
ate
and
ab
ove
18
-34
Ab
ove
60
Ru
ral
Urb
anLo
w S
ESH
igh
SES
Ave
rage
76
60
74
57
63
70
67
63
74
50
66
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
Bat
tery
of
five
qu
est
ion
s
•En
suri
ng
Spe
ed
y D
eliv
ery
of
Go
vern
me
nt
Serv
ice
Giv
ing
Extr
a M
on
ey
Usi
ng
Infl
uen
tial
peo
ple
's r
efer
ence
Ap
pro
ach
ing
po
litic
ian
s
Ap
pro
ach
ing
mid
dle
me
n/a
gen
ts
Follo
win
g e
sta
blis
hed
ru
les
and
pro
ced
ure
s
87
79
74
71
54
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
•R
ole
of
Mo
ney
•R
ole
of
Infl
uen
ce
Spee
dy
De
live
ry
•W
ho
is a
ble
to
leve
rage
go
vern
men
t b
enef
its
Per
cep
tio
n o
f
gove
rnm
en
t /
adm
inis
trat
ion
Are
th
ere
crit
ical
var
iati
on
s ?
Low
SES
Mid
dle
SES
Hig
h S
ES
86
87
91
Extr
a M
on
ey
Hig
h S
ES
Low
SES
Urb
an
Ru
ral
Forw
ard
Cas
te
Sch
ed
ule
d C
aste
81
69
80
72
77
69
Infl
ue
nce
of
Loca
l Po
litic
ian
80
66
77
68
77
69
Mid
dle
Man
/ A
gen
ts5
8
49
55
46
Follo
w e
stab
lish
ed
ru
les/
pro
ced
ure
s
82
74
86
77
Usi
ng
infl
ue
nti
al p
eo
ple
's r
efe
ren
ce
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
WH
Y A
VO
ID P
OLI
CE
WH
Y A
VO
ID C
OU
RTS
Inte
ract
ion
wit
h P
olic
e a
nd
Co
urt
sEi
ght
of
eve
ry t
en
did
no
t go
to
th
e p
olic
e o
r co
urt
s
26
%
21
%
19
%
13
%
21
%
Invo
lve
me
nt
of
Po
lice
wo
uld
co
mp
lica
te m
atte
rs
Po
lice
wo
uld
ext
ract
mo
ne
y
Po
lice
wo
uld
no
t b
e f
air
Co
mm
un
ity
lead
ers
can
re
solv
e th
e is
sue
Oth
er
reas
on
s
35
%
29
%
22
%
14
%
Exp
ensi
ve
Too
len
gth
y a
pro
cess
Co
mm
un
ity
lead
ers
can
res
olv
e th
e is
sue
Oth
er r
eas
on
s
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
WIL
L P
OLI
CE
BE
IMPA
RTI
AL
CR
ITIC
AL
VA
RIA
BLE
S
Do
pe
op
le s
ee
th
e p
olic
e a
s im
par
tial
Dif
fere
nti
ate
bet
wee
n r
ich
an
d p
oo
r
Dif
fere
nti
ate
bet
wee
nU
pp
er C
aste
and
Dal
its
Dif
fere
nti
ate
on
gro
un
ds
of
gen
de
r
Dif
fere
nti
ate
bet
wee
n f
ollo
wer
s o
fm
ajo
rity
an
d m
ino
rity
rel
igio
n
84
63
59
51
Cas
te B
ase
d -
Dal
its
Cas
te b
ase
d O
BC
's
Cas
te b
ase
d -
Fo
rwar
d C
aste
s
Re
ligio
n -
Hin
du
s
Re
ligio
n -
Mu
slim
s
Re
ligio
n -
Urb
an
Re
ligio
n -
Ru
ral
Ge
nd
er
- M
en
Ge
nd
er
- W
om
en
71
61
60
515
660
48
576
2
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E
To s
um
up
The
Co
nte
xt
•C
itiz
en p
erce
pti
on
of
Serv
ice
del
iver
y
Issu
es
•Im
po
rtan
t va
riat
ion
s ac
ross
dif
fere
nt
gro
up
s
•C
on
tin
ued
fo
cus
on
th
e ro
le o
f th
e st
ate
Imp
licat
ion
s
•Th
e va
rian
ce b
etw
een
th
e p
rom
ise
and
pra
ctic
e o
f d
emo
crac
y
SDSA
II
(Sou
th A
sia
Bar
omet
er):
IND
IA S
TU
DY
–G
OV
ER
NA
NC
E