demolitiodemolition waste -oda

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Learning legacy

Lessons learned from the London

2012 Games construction project

Demolition WasteManagement on theOlympic Park

AuthorJo CarrisFormer Waste Manager, CLM

AbstractInitial works on the Olympic Parkinvolved the demolition of over 215buildings alongside a number of

walls, bridges and roads. A robustdemolition methodology and processwas developed which took accountof health and safety, sustainability,stringent timescales and immovableprogramme (affecting time availablefor reclamation surveys), budget,storage space, and lack of existingbuildings designed for deconstruction.

A target for 90 per cent (by weight)of demolition material to be reusedor recycled was exceeded at 98.5 percent. The on-site processing and useof 400,000 tonnes of concrete, brickand masonry into aggregates savedover 20,000 lorry movements, whichsignificantly reduced impact on thelocal community, as well as CO2emissions and other environmental

Key factors in the success of thedemolition waste strategy includedthe ODAs vision for demolishing theOlympic Park site in a sustainable

manner which was implemented bycommunicating clear sustainabilityobjectives from the outset, establishingplans for applying the waste hierarchy,carrying out pre-demolition audits,embedding the 90 per cent diversionfrom landfill through reuse or recyclingtarget in contracts, establishing a datamanagement system, allocating adedicated resource within thedelivery partner to drive sustainablematerials outcomes, and acquiringthe support of specialist consultants.

However, only a low level ofreclamation occurred. Lessons learnedare that this could be improved throughclient targets and inclusion in supplychain contracts, additional time, anda storage area on or near site.

Buildings were deconstructed and taken away methodically rather than demolishedto optimise sustainability


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It also presents the achievements andlessons that can be learned by futureprojects. This paper forms part of aseries on waste management on thePark. Other bulletins in the series arethe Waste Strategy, Designing outWaste, and Construction WasteManagement.

Refer to the learning legacy casestudy on the Waste Strategy bulletinfor a high-level introduction to thewaste policy context within which thisbulletin sits.

This paper makes reference to areport prepared by BioRegional, CLMand Atkins, Reuse and Recycling onthe London 2012 Olympic Park2which should be read for moredetailed information about this aspect.

All figures are accurate up toDecember 2009.

Methods and processes:pre-demolitionRetained featuresThe master plan for the Park wasbased on a large area of clear landfor the construction of the venues,infrastructure and parklands. Thismeant that the majority of thebuildings and infrastructure on the

site had to be demolished. However,the Park site had a small number ofcultural and historic features whichthe ODA sought to retain to protectand enhance both a sense of placefor the Park itself and a sense ofownership for the local community3.This included an Edwardian buildingin the Kings Yard (a former sweetfactory) which will house a visitorscentre and offices, as well as theEnergy Centres biomass boilersand a fuel store.

Various original structures such asriver walls were retained, and heritageassets such as the Eton Manor warmemorial (locally listed) werecordoned off and protected. Existingroads and bridges within the Parkarea have also been retained whererequired for use as haul routes forsite traffic.

IntroductionBefore the demolition of the existingbuildings located on the Park sitecould commence, the LondonDevelopment Agency (LDA) had thetask of relocating businesses andresidents located within the siteboundary. The LDA acquired themajority of the land throughnegotiating a preferred route toacquisition through private agreements.To ensure the remaining land wasbrought into public sector controlwithin the agreed timescales, the LDAissued Compulsory Purchase Ordersa(CPOs) in 20051.

The ODA took possession of thevacantsite in 2007 and the EnablingWorks phase (site preparation) of thePark project commenced. The large-scale, complex site which intersects

four Host Boroughs was divided intotwo halves. Two principal contractorswere appointed to undertake theworks: Morrison Construction in theNorth Park and BAM Nuttall in theSouth Park. Atkins were projectmanagers for the Enabling Worksphase. Hyder Consulting and Halcrowwere appointed as design advisers toMorrison and BAM Nuttall respectively.MASCo and BioRegional assisted theproject teams with the reclamation

aspect of the demolition phase.

Over 215 buildings had to bedemolished alongside a number ofwalls, bridges and roads. This hadto be undertaken within a tightprogramme, to ensure the site wascleared on time for construction ofthe Park venues and infrastructure tocommence. Health and safety, cost,sustainability and impacts on thelocal community from demolition andthe transportation of material all had

to be managed simultaneously. CLM(a consortium of CH2M Hill, LaingORourke and Mace) were appointedas the ODAs Delivery Partner, tohelp achieve these objectives.

This paper evaluates the methodsand processes in place to meet theODAs key sustainability targets fortwo key stages: pre-demolition during demolition

a CPO powers are granted to local authorities and other public bodies to enable themto assemble land required for major regeneration projects where there is a compellingcase in the public interest.

Health and safety, cost,sustainability andimpacts on the localcommunity fromdemolition and thetransportation of material

all had to be managedsimultaneously.

The Park site had a smallnumber of cultural andhistoric features whichthe ODA sought to retain.


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Demolition and Site ClearanceMaterials Management PlanIn preparation for the demolitionworks, a Demolition and SiteClearance Materials ManagementPlan was produced (issued November2006), which set out the strategy forrecovering and recycling demolitionmaterials. The plan took intoconsideration the ODAs sustainabilityobjectives (before publication of theODAs Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy), the Institution of CivilEngineers (ICE) Demolition Protocoland the Mayors Municipal WasteManagement Strategy.

The plan stated that demolitionand site clearance materials shouldbe managed in this order andconsideration of each activity mustbe exhausted before moving down

the hierarchy, for example, thepotentialto re-use a material shouldbe fully deliberated before recycling.The plan also included arecommended route for each of thedemolition material categories (forexample concrete, metals, and wood),prioritising options at the top of thewaste hierarchy where feasible.

Pre-demolition auditsPre-demolition audits are

recommended by the Waste andResources Action Programme (WRAP)and ICE as best practice. They helpto improve the potential for obtaining

maximum value from materials to bedemolished. The Demolition and SiteClearance Management Planrequired contractors to undertakepre-demolition and site clearancesurveys to identify the type of wastematerial on site, estimate quantitiesof each material and its recoverypotential (the percentage that canbe reclaimed or recycled).

The ODA and Delivery Partnerworked with Hyder Consulting,BioRegional and Masco, designadvisors, to trial four sets ofdemolition audit data, with the aim ofimproving sustainable outcomes andraising the profile of reclamation andthe re-use of demolition materials.The audits carried out were: pre-demolition audits reclamation surveys (non-invasive,

visual inspections) embodied carbon and recovery

potential report (for four workpackages)

key opportunities reports:proposals for reclaiming steelframes and bricks

The audits collected a range ofvaluable data. They included wasterecovery and recycling targets foreach demolition site. This approach

of integrating pre-demolition auditswith materials management planningwas innovative for such a large,complex project.

Hierarchy of recommendations for demolition/site clearance materials1 Reclaim (re-use components in their existing form)

a Store and re-use locally on the (demolition) siteb Store in the central processing area or in an Olympics designated

reclamation yard for re-use in the Park-wide construction worksc Off-site re-use (by other projects)

2 Recycle (including reprocessing, composting, on-site remediation)a Recycle, store and use locally on the (demolition) siteb Recycle and store in the central processing area for use in the

Park-wide construction worksc Off-site recycling (by other projects)

3 Incinerationa Off-site incineration for heat recovery

4 Landfilla Off-site disposal to landfill4

A Demolition and SiteClearance MaterialsManagement Plan setout the strategy forrecovering and recyclingdemolition materials.

The approach ofintegrating pre-demolitionaudits with materialsmanagement planning

was innovative for sucha large complex project.


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However, in hindsight, the auditscould have been more extensive. TheICE Demolition Protocol recommendsthat the demolition audit should resultin the preparation of a detailed Billof Quantities. Due to the size of thesite and the stringent timescalesavailable for auditing, a clear Bill ofQuantities detailing the quantities ofbuildings and external works to bedemolished was not produced as aresult of the audits undertaken on thePark site. This has caused the trackingand analysis of materials to be morecomplicated and meant that theoverall level of reclamation ofbuildings on the Park was not known.

Establishing the target for 90 percent (by weight) re-use or recyclingWhen the Enabling Works contractsfor the Park remediation and demolition

programme were awarded to BAMNuttall and Morrison Construction inJune 2006, the ODA expected that6080 per cent of materials fromdemolished buildings would be usedwithin the Park5.

The Demolition and Site ClearanceManagement Plan stated thatfollowing pre-demolition audits andsite clearance surveys, reclamationand recycling targets (expressed as

percentages) should be set for eachdemolition site, with the combinedtargets forming the overall demolition/site clearance works targets. Inpractice, an overall target for 90per cent, by weight, of the materialarising through the demolition worksto be re-used or recycled wasestablished.

The ICE Demolition Protocol6recognisesthe power of the planning process todrive the sustainability of the demolitionprocess. The 90 per cent target wasestablished as a section 106 planningcondition and was included in theODAs Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy and in contracts betweenthe ODA and demolition contractors.These were effective mechanisms forensuring the 90 per cent target wastruly established and clear to allstakeholders.

Specific reclamation and re-usetargets were not set. The effect of thisis discussed in the Achieving 90 percent re-use or recovery section ofthis paper. The 90 per cent targetwas established in conjunction withWRAP and Hyder. The target wasbased on industry best practice with

an aspiration for excellent practice,the contractors estimates of thematerials recovery potential(identified in the pre-demolitionand site clearance surveys), and theexpected capacity of the Park-widedesign and local companies to re-useor reprocess the demolition material.

According to the 2008 ICE DemolitionProtocol, recycling rates for demolitionwaste in the UK vary between 75 per

cent (standard practice), to 95 percent (good practice), so the 90 percent target was aiming to significantlyimprove on the industry standard.See the Re-use and Recycling on theOlympic Park report for valuableinformation about contractorresponsibilities and benefits relatingto reclamation and re-use.

Demolition of the long-disused University of East London accommodation blocks

90%Overall target, by weight, of thematerial arising through the demolitionworks to be re-used or recycled wasaimed at significantly improving onindustry standard.

215Buildings that had to be demolished,alongside a number of walls, bridgesand roads.


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There is currently debate in theindustry around the best metric to usefor demolition targets. Members ofthe UK Contractors Group and CivilEngineering Contractors Associationhave agreed to use tonnes as theirstandard metric7, as it was on thePark. Tonnage can be measured ona weigh bridge and is used widelyin the industry for invoicing purposes.Also, landfill tax is paid on tonnage.

However, soft strip materials whichare generally found in landfill arelighter in weight than other demolitionmaterials of comparable volume; sotheir significance can be misleadingif measured in tonnes.

Terry Quarmby, of the Institute ofDemolition Engineers, has highlightedthat many organisations are beginning

to prefer cubic metres (m3) topercentage particularly within the sitewaste management plans (SWMPs).

The ICE Demolition Protocolrecommends that target setting forthe re-use of buildings, deconstructionand reclamation should identify thefloor area (square metres (m2)) of abuilding/structure to be re-used/deconstructed.

Industry consensus and clearguidance on the most appropriatemetric to use is required.

Contractor site wastemanagement plansEach of the Tier One contractorsproduced an SWMP which detailedthe requirements for which waste andmaterials would be managed. Thisensured that optimum sustainabilitywas achieved, material/wastemovements were tracked, and Duty

of Care was complied with. TheSWMP helped contractors to identifyappropriate waste managementoptions for the waste types andtonnages expected to arise.

Methods and processes:during demolitionDemolition methodsThe demolition of buildings acrossthe Park was carried out by sixdemolition contractors and continuedfor about six months. Demolitioncontractors issued section 80 noticesto the local authority for all buildingsintended to be demolished. Asix-week notice period followedwithin which the local authoritywould issue a section 81 responseapproving the removal.

For optimum sustainability, buildingsshould be deconstructed and takenapart methodically rather thandemolished, with the building re-usedin its entirety if feasible, or the re-useof as many of the materials andcomponents as possible. The next

preferred option is recycling, withproducts being used in high valueapplications. The following internalpressures influenced the demolitionmethodology and process on the Park: Health and safety Stringent timescales and

immovable programme Budget Sustainability target for 90 per

cent (by weight) re-use andrecycling

Limited dedicated storage spacefor reclaimed materials (the landuses on the site were constantlychanging)

The majority of industrial buildingsand other structures had not beendesigned for deconstruction

Lack of detailed and extensivereclamation survey data

The demolition ofbuildings across the Parkwas carried out by sixdemolition contractorsand continued forapproximately six

months.


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The methods employed on thePark utilised a process designedspecifically to maximise materialrecovery and minimise landfill.Specialist subcontractors wereemployed by Park contractors for thecareful deconstruction of some portalframed buildings. See the Re-useand Recycling on the Olympic Parkreport2for a case study on thereclamation of a portal framedbuilding from the Olympic Park.

For the other buildings, the initialsoft strip stage involved the removalof furniture, lighting and electrics.Asbestos was surveyed and removed.Segregation of materials prior todemolition was carried out (but thisdid not happen in all cases) forexample, roof tiles were removedand palletised, bricks were carefully

recovered and timber was separatedwhere possible.

Once complete, the building couldbe demolished to ground level andthe teams were able to mobilise andseparate the remainder of theconcrete, brick and blockwork,steel and timber. Materials weresegregated and stockpiled for futureuse. The key stockpiles were concrete,masonry, timber, metals and asphalt.

Where appropriate, materialsunderwent primary crushing andscreening and were tested to enablean assessment of their potentialapplications.

Dismantling of electricity pylonsThe 52 electricity pylons, each up to65 metres high, that dominated thelandscape in and around the Park,were dismantled to enable the majorphase of construction for the Park tobegin. All pylons within the Park

boundary were removed byDecember 2008. This resulted in1,300 tonnes of steel, all of which

was recycled8. Before the pylonswere dismantled, 130 kilometres (km)of overhead cables were relocatedunderground into two tunnels up to30 metres deep, each six km long.

Achieving 90 per cent (by weight)re-use and recyclingThe overall re-use and recycling rateachieved was 98.5 per cent aboveindustry good practice (95 per cent)and also exceeding the original targetfor 90 per cent. This was a notablesuccess. The re-use and recyclingrate is based on the quantities ofmaterials logged on SMARTWaste(see the data collection andreporting section of this documentfor more information on the use ofSMARTWaste).

Figure 1 shows the breakdown of

recycled materials on the Park. Thistotalled 434,203 tonnes. It is clearthat the vast majority of demolitionmaterials were concrete, hardcore ormasonry. All of this was processedand used on site, with none taken offsite for further processing or disposal.

This is a very impressive achievement,particularly considering the limitedstorage space available on the Park.This achievement can be accredited

to execution of the plans in place tomanage the demolition material, andthe dedication of those involved. It isworth noting here that it is commonfor demolition contractors to regularlyrecycle high levels of aggregates andscrap metals as these have an inherentresidual value. However, the pictureis different for soft strip materialswhich are generally found in landfill.The extent of soft strip material is notclear because the ODA have usedtonnes as the unit of measurement

(soft strip materials bulk up increasingvolume rather than weight).

Figure 1: Breakdown of recycleddemolition materials on the Park,in tonnes

The forefront of industry practiceBoth the Environment Agency and the Department for Environment, Foodand Rural Affairs (Defra) confirmed that the practice and achievement of98.5 per cent re-use and recycling represents the forefront of industrypractice. This advanced previous industry best practice experience fromHeathrow Terminal 59.

ConcreteHardcore/masonryMetalAsphaltTimberOther

%

The methods employedon the Park utilised aprocess specifically tomaximise material

recovery and minimiselandfill.


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High value applications for recyclateThe Demolition and Site ClearanceManagement Plan not only had anobjective to recycle waste, but torecycle it for use on the highestpossible engineering purpose. Forexample, demolition concrete shouldbe crushed and reprocessed asrecycled concrete aggregate ratherthan being used in a low valueapplication such as general fill.However, all of the demolitionaggregate was downcycled intoengineering fill due to the demandfor this material, and therefore thisobjective was not achieved.

Recycled aggregates produced onsite from demolition materials wererequired to meet the requirements ofthe Quality Protocol forAggregates10, and the relevant

highways agency specifications forhighways work and British Standardsfor aggregates. See the section onclosing the materials loop for furtherinformation.

Keeping material on siteThe ODA also had an objective tomaximise re-use and recycling onsite, to limit the export of waste andthe import of aggregates. This alignswith the ICE Demolition Protocols

ideal scenario for processingdemolition waste into aggregates onsite. Material was processed locallyat the demolition site or at the central

processing area, in line with theEnvironmental Permitting andExemptions regime for the storageand processing of materials on site.Concrete, brick and masonry werescreened down to various grades(including 75mm and 40mm) andstored on segregated piles untilrequired for use on the Park, in thenew venues and infrastructure. Theprocessing and use of recycledmaterials on site saved over 20,000lorry movements, massively reducingtraffic loading on local roads2.

Storage space for reclaimedmaterials is necessary to maximisere-use. The reclamation specialistsinvolved were keen to establish areclamation centre early on. MASCoand Hyder Consulting advocated theuse of the bus station in the northern

half of the Park. However, due to thelarge volumes of soil and aggregatesstored for recycling at the Park,storage space was at a premium.

This led to the Delivery Partnerdeciding that storage could only bejustified for products that would bere-used on site. This may have limitedthe viability of re-use by reducing therange of end users. In November2007, an on-site storage area was

created within the Park. The storagearea included a secure perimeterand a part -time yard manager, andwas inventoried quarterly.

Workers climbing a PKD chain EDF pylon to dismantle it using the CSS technique

The ODA had anobjective to maximisere-use and recyclingon-site, to limit the exportof waste and the importof aggregates.


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Reclamation for re-useDirect re-use of materials is moredesirable than recycling inenvironmental terms. Re-use strategiestypically lead to a greater reductionin waste to landfill, greater savings incarbon emissions, and more jobs inthe construction and waste industriesthan recycling alone11. However,compared to mechanical demolition,reclamation requires increased healthand safety processes to be put inplace, and is more labour intensiveand time consuming. However, it canbe a very valuable procedure thatreaps profits from sale of the structures,as well as supporting the reclamationindustry in the UK and of course theenvironmental agenda.

The generalised target for 90 percent re-use and recycling and no

specific target for re-use was a factorthat led to high levels of recycling,and negligible levels of reclamationfor re-use. Another factor was thelack of detailed reclamation surveys.Of the total 98.5 per cent re-used orrecycled, it is estimated that only 0.5per cent was re-used, which equatesto 2,171 tonnes. 1,305 tonnes of thiswas re-used on site.

However a more comprehensive

reuse strategy was piloted by onewaste management contractor in2010 that involved creating a storagefor contractors to deposit or takeupreusable materials. The success ofone pilot led to this being fullyimplemented. This improved reuseof construction waste.

The pre-demolition surveys on thePark identified a total of 34 buildingscontaining reclaimable steel: 26 steelportal frame buildings and eightbuildings containing elements ofstructural steel; of these, nine werereclaimed for re-use. Three of thesewere removed from the Park by theowners before the CompulsoryPurchase Order was issued on thePark site. Once the ODA took controlof the site from the LDA, specialistsubcontractors were employed byPark contractors for elements ofreclamation works on another sixsteel portal frame buildings2.

While this is positive, the ODA didnot have processes in place to trackwhat happened to all these buildings.Future projects are recommended toimplement processes for keeping track

of the end destination of reclaimedbuildings and materials. The steelportal framed buildings were soldat a profit, which is an incentive forfuture projects to reclaim and re-usesimilar structures.

Where there was a clear demandfrom the Park design teams for sitewon re-usable materials, the ProjectManager issued a Project ManagersInstruction (PMI) for the careful

deconstruction and storage of thematerials.

A concrete crusher producing recycled aggregates on the site

Direct re-use ofmaterials is moredesirable than recyclingin environmental terms.

Future projects arerecommended toimplement processes forkeeping track of the enddestination of reclaimedbuildings and materials.

20,000Lorry movements saved due toprocessing and use of recycledmaterials on site.


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BioRegional had estimated, throughvisual site surveys focused onbuildings, that around 8,601tonnes of materials could have beenreclaimed and re-used. Around 14per cent of potentially re-usablematerial from buildings was actuallyre-used, the rest was recycled.

The carbon saved through the re-useof the items surveyed can be estimatedat around 1,300 tonnes. The carbonlost through recycling re-usablematerials can be estimated ataround 7,700 tonnes2.

However, these are reclamationfigures based on a theoreticalscenario; realistically, factors suchas cost, time, space, market demandand health and safety all influence aprojects reclamation potential. Inaddition to materials surveyed, someconstruction products from theexternal works were reclaimed andre-used. The percentage re-use in thisarea is unknown as there was no fullpre-demolition audit for these items.

Midway through the dismantling process of a building which is to be re-usedelsewhere (November 2007)

Reclaimed materialsThe following materials were reclaimed from the demolition process onthe Park. These were stored on site with the intention that they could beused to create aesthetic and practical features for the Park:

80 lampposts 160 manhole covers and 187 gulleys 18m2of clay and slate roof tiles Two tonnes of red bricks 500 tonnes of Yellowstock bricks 117 tonnes of Yorkstone bricks 100 tonnes of cobble/granite 41 tonnes of paving bricks 35 tonnes of paving slabs 1,200m of granite kerbs 4,200m of concrete kerbs2

The majority of these have been reused both on and off the Park.


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The level of re-use was low on theprogramme however, there wereexternal influences (as well as theinternal pressures previouslyidentified in this paper), which shouldbe acknowledged: Re-use in the construction and

demolition industry has declinedover the last decade. This wasconfirmed by two recent BigREcsurveys, which show that 25 percent less material was beingreclaimed in 2007 than 1998, andthat reclamation was becomingmore difficult11.

Modern buildings (1950s onwards)do not generally contain materialsor products that lend themselveseasily to reclamation or re-use.This is particularly prevalent inindustrial and commercialstructures as well as medium height

to high-rise domestic structureswhere soft wood frames, doorsand architraving etc have noaesthetic or re-worked value.

Demolition machines are nowmanufactured as bespokeequipment and fitted with an arrayof attachments, such as shears,grapples, pulverisers, grabs andhammers which are hard edgedtools and make individual selectionof components within a structure

more difficult to achieve withoutdamage. The demolition industry has made

a concerted effort over the lasttwenty years or so to remove theman from the workplace andreplace with the machine to reducethe instances of accident and orinjury occurring. This has had animpact on the amount of materialsand products being reclaimed andor re-used.

Contract periods, in general,remain very tight for demolitionoperations which makereclamation activities less likelyas they generally take longer thantraditional demolition methods.This is a common theme andwill only be addressed when theplanning and development of newbuilds integrates the demolitionprocess fully, as well as stipulatingthe use of materials and productsthat are reclaimable and orrecyclable at the end of abuilding life cycle.

Policy in the European Union (EU)and the UK is failing to prioritisere-use above recycling and energyfrom waste. By classifying re-usableconstruction materials as waste,policy may have contributed tothe decline of re-use in the last

decade11. Due to the large quantities of

material generated by demolitionon the Park site, the localreclamation and re-use sector wasnot resourced to cope with thesevolumes. There was a lack ofcapacity in terms of reclamationworkers, storage and end userswhich hampered attempts toenable re-use.

25%Less material was being reclaimedin 2007 than 1998 and reclamationis becoming more difficult.


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In addition to the above, on the Park,the ODA retained possession of allbuildings and materials during thedemolition phase, which may haveadversely affected financialincentives for re-use comparedto common practice. In commonpractice, ownership passes to thereclamation specialists and demolitioncontractors. In a case where the clientretains ownership of buildings, thereis less reason for contractors tomaximise the sales revenue frommaterials by selling those for whichthere is a ready market as reclaimedproducts.

Contractor ownership of materialslike inerts, or their use as recycledaggregates, can be an importantapproach to make sure they are usedin the most effective way. If ownership

had passed to the specialists then thematerials may have been immediatelyprocessed for recycling rather thanconsidered for reclamation or re-use.

Experience on the Park suggeststhat the market was not necessarilyprepared to accept all of thepotentially reclaimable materialsavailable in the limited projecttimeframe. The 2008 ICE DemolitionProtocol recommends that

understanding the likely demandand supply of materials for a site,particularly a complex scheme witha number of phases, will allow theclient team to decide if ownership ofdemolition arisings is the preferredapproach, with tenders and contractsthen set out to reflect this. The

subsequent plans developed willidentify if there are locations for thestorage and reprocessing of materialson site6.

Recommendations in the Reuse andRecycling on the London 2012Olympic Park report2help to showhow future projects can achievehigher levels of reclamation. Withoutorganisations like Hyder Consulting,MASCo and BioRegional workingwith the ODA and demolitioncontractors to encourage reclamationand salvage, it is likely that the levelsof re-use would have been even lower.There are many other organisationsin the salvage and re-use industryand it would have been beneficialfor them to also be engaged in thisprocess, to help drive the mostsustainable outcomes.

Tyres waste to energyEdmund Nuttall investigated a numberof disposal and re-use options for thewaste tyres and contacted variousstakeholders including the ODA,WRAP and the design team.Unfortunately, the on-site and legacysolutions discussed for the re-use oftyres were not considered to bepractical. The old tyres were sentto an energy-from-waste plant and

incorporated into the cementmanufacturing process.

This process makes the most of theenergy locked within the tyres andreduces the amount of fossil fuelsrequired to produce cement, which inturn helps to reduce CO2emissions.

Disused tyres stockpiled within Thorntons Field an area used for many years as railsidings prior to clearance to make way for the Olympic Park

The old tyres were sent

to an energy from wasteplant and incorporatedinto the cementmanufacturing process.


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Data collection and reportingAs required by the materials andwaste management plans, demolitioncontractors recorded the quantityand classification of all waste arisingand where it was transferred to,using material transfer notes. Abespoke version of the BuildingResearch Establishments (BREs)SMARTWaste tool was developedfor the Enabling Works phase of theproject, to track type of material,tonnages, source location, enddestination and whether it wasre-used/recycled, or landfilled. Datawas input into the system from WasteTransfer Notes, weighbridge ticketsor a materials tracking spreadsheet.

Research for the Reuse and Recyclingon the London 2012 Olympic Parkreport2discovered that many

contractors felt that SMARTWastecaptured the information needed,but it was complicated to collateinformation from multiple sources andit was sensitive to data quality. It wasalso noted that data collection wouldhave been improved if there had beenan extensive system of weighbridgeson site. The data was quality assuredby the BRE on a monthly basis. Atkinsamalgamated the data from Morrisonsand Nuttalls, and provided the client

with a monthly report showingperformance against the waste re-use/recycling target. See the report formore analysis of SMARTWaste.

Closing the materials loopThe use of demolition material hasconsiderable potential to improveresource efficiency and reduce theenvironmental impacts of producingvirgin materials. The ODA aimed toclose the materials loop betweenthe demolition of existing buildingsand the construction of the newvenues and infrastructure. Thefollowing targets were established inthe ODAs Sustainable DevelopmentStrategy and were subsequentlyembedded into briefs and contractsfor design and construction teams: At least 25 per cent recycled

aggregate, by weight, for thepermanent venues and associatedPark-wide infrastructure.

At least 20 per cent, by value, ofconstruction materials will be froma re-used or recycled source.

Various methods were adopted toraise designers awareness ofopportunities to use recovereddemolition materials, such asdesigners workshops, design teamvisits, a dedicated CLM Sustainabilityresource to manage and coordinatethe process, and a materials database(see the Reuse and Recycling on theLondon 2012 Olympic Park reportfor more information). A protocol

was agreed for materials testing tosecure Environment Agency approvalfor use on site. Future learning legacyindustry bulletins will investigate howthe recycled aggregate and recycledcontent targets were achieved.

Truck laden with steel from a dismantled building

The ODA aimed toclose the materials loopbetween the demolitionof existing buildings andthe construction of thenew venues and

infrastructure.


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AchievementsThe strategies and processes in placeto ensure the demolition of the Parksite was sustainable have resulted insome significant successes: 98.5 per cent (by weight) of

demolition material was re-used orrecycled, clearly exceeding the 90per cent target. This equates toover 425,000 tonnes of wastediverted from landfill. This is at theforefront of industry good practice(95 per cent) and was achievedon a project of significant scale,within stringent timeframes.

The processing of 400,000 tonnesof concrete, brick and masonryinto recycled aggregates for useon site saved over 20,000 lorrymovements, which significantlyreduced impact on the localcommunity, as well as CO2

emissions and other environmentalimpacts.

Nine steel portal framed buildingswere reclaimed for re-use.

Some materials were reclaimedand stored for re-use as aestheticand practical features for the Park,including 660 tonnes of variousbrick types, 176 tonnes of pavingmaterial and 5,400m of kerbs.

The ODA and CLM set up variousmechanisms to close the materialsloop of demolition material into thenew Park, including setting targetsfor recycled content and recycledaggregates in the new build.

The Enabling Works project(demolition and remediation)achieved a Civil EngineeringEnvironmental Quality Assessmentand Award Scheme (CEEQUAL)Excellent, demonstrating theprojects commitment toenvironmental quality andsocial performance.

Please see the Reuse and Recyclingon the Olympic Park Report2formore detailed lessons learned andrecommendations for future projects.

It is important to note that the

demolition industry is constantlyimproving and standards havechanged since the demolition of thePark started in 2007. Future projectsshould follow current best practiceindustry guidance for demolition (forexample from the ICE DemolitionProtocol, WRAP, BRE and ConstructionIndustry Research and InformationAssociation (CIRIA)).

Recommendations Future projects should aim to achieve higher levels of reclamation and

re-use of demolition material. This can be achieved through: early andlonger programming of demolition; engagement with designers andcontractors (the new project on site and other construction projects inthe vicinity); appointing specialist re-use/salvage contractors during thepre-demolition and demolition stages (not just a demolition contractor);carrying out detailed reclamation surveys and an estimation of theembodied carbon of materials; and establishing a storage area forreclaimed materials on or near site or using a local salvage/re-usecentre.

The planning authority and client should set clear requirements and/or

targets to drive reclamation and re-use. Setting a specific re-use targetrather than just a combined 90 per cent re-use and recycling targetwill focus attention on reclamation. However, CLM/Atkins/BioRegional2have concluded that it is almost impossible to determine what targetwould have been appropriate on the Park due to the lack of a detailedreclamation survey. Targets for reclamation will be project-specific anddependent on the buildings being dismantled, the quality of thereclamation survey undertaken, time, resources and market demandfor the reclaimed materials.

Designing future buildings for deconstruction is vital for facilitatinghigher levels of reclamation and re-use.

400,000Tonnes of concrete, brick andmasonry processed into recycledaggregates for use on site.


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References1 London Development Agency. Compulsory Purchase Orders. London;

2010. Available from: www.lda.gov.uk/our-work/2012-games/site-preparation/cpo.aspx(accessed 31 August 2011).

2 BioRegional, CLM & Atkins. Reuse and Recycling on the Olympic Park.London; 2010.

3 Olympic Delivery Authority. Sustainable Development Strategy. London;2007. Available from: www.london2012.com/documents/oda-publications/oda-sustainable-development-strategy-full-version.pdf(accessed 31 August 2011).

4 Olympic Delivery Authority. Demolition and Site Clearance MaterialsManagement Plan. London; 2006.

5 London 2012. Clean up teams for Olympic Park appointed. London; 2006.Available from: www.london2012.com/press/media-releases/2006/06/clean-up-teams-for-olympic-park-site-appointed.php (accessed 31 August 2011).

6 Institution of Civil Engineers. Demolition Protocol. London; 2008. Availablefrom: www.ice.org.uk/getattachment/eb09d18a-cb12-4a27-a54a-651ec31705f1/Demolition-Protocol -2008.aspx(accessed 31 August 2011).

7 WRAP. Waste to Landfill Reporting Portal. Available from: www.wrap.org.uk/construction/tools_and_guidance/reporting_portal.html(accessed 31 August 2011).

8 London 2012. Project of the year award for groundbreaking Olympic Parkpower lines project. London; 2009. Available from: www.london2012.com/press/media-releases/2009/10/project-of-the-year-award-for-groundbreaking-olympic-park-powerlines-project.php(accessed 31 August 2011).

9 Commission for a Sustainable London 2012. No Time to Waste. London;2010. Available from: www.cslondon.org/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2010/03/2010_Waste_Review.pdf(accessed 31 August 2011).

10 WRAP. Aggregate Quality Protocols. Available from: aggregain.wrap.org.uk/quality/quality_protocols/(accessed 31 August 2011).

11 BioRegional & Salvo. Pushing Reuse. Surrey; 2009. Available from:www.bioregional.com/files/publications/PushingReuse.pdf(accessed 31 August 2011).

AcknowledgementsThe following people were either interviewed, or assisted with the provisionof information and review of this industry bulletin: Dan Epstein (ODA) Richard Jackson (ODA)

Kirsten Henson (CLM) Jill Savery (BioRegional Development Group) Judith Sykes (MustRD) Supported by the London ERDF 20072013 Programme

Peer reviewers Terry Quarmby, Director of Dorton Group and President of the Institute of

Demolition Engineers Brian Menzies, Enscape Consulting and principal author of ICE Demolition

Protocol Dr Phil Longhurst, Senior Lecturer in Waste Strategy, Cranfield University

Centre for Resource Efficiency and Management

John Barritt, Aggregates Technical Advisor, WRAP James Hurley, Technical Director, Hyder Consulting
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2011 Olympic Delivery Authority. The official Emblems of the London 2012 Games are London Organising Committee of the OlympicGames and Paralympic Games Limited (LOCOG) 2007. All rights reserved.

The construction of the venues and infrastructure of the London 2012 Games is funded by the National Lottery through the Olympic LotteryDistributor, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, the Mayor of London and the London Development Agency.

Produced in association with:

For more information visit: london2012.com/learninglegacy Published December 2011ODA 2011/031
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