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Demystifying Big Data, Data Science and Statistics, along with Machine Intelligence and Learning Prof. Dr. Diego Kuonen, CStat PStat CSci Statoo Consulting Morgenstrasse 129, 3018 Berne, Switzerland @DiegoKuonen + [email protected] + www.statoo.info ‘Statistics at Nestl´ e in Switzerland’, Vevey, Switzerland — November 25, 2016

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Page 1: Demystifying Big Data, Data Science and Statistics, along ...€¦ · Demystifying Big Data, Data Science and Statistics, along with Machine Intelligence and Learning Prof. Dr. Diego

Demystifying Big Data, DataScience and Statistics, along withMachine Intelligence and Learning

Prof. Dr. Diego Kuonen, CStat PStat CSci

Statoo Consulting

Morgenstrasse 129, 3018 Berne, Switzerland

@DiegoKuonen + [email protected] + www.statoo.info

‘Statistics at Nestle in Switzerland’, Vevey, Switzerland — November 25, 2016

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‘Statistics has contributed much to data analysis. Inthe future it can, and in my view should, contributemuch more. For such contributions to exist, and bevaluable, it is not necessary that they be direct. Theyneed not provide new techniques, or better tables forold techniques, in order to influence the practice ofdata analysis.’

John W. Tukey, 1962

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About myself (about.me/DiegoKuonen)

� PhD in Statistics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.

� MSc in Mathematics, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.

• CStat (‘Chartered Statistician’), Royal Statistical Society, United Kingdom.

• PStat (‘Accredited Professional Statistician’), American Statistical Association, United

States of America.

• CSci (‘Chartered Scientist’), Science Council, United Kingdom.

• Elected Member, International Statistical Institute, Netherlands.

• Senior Member, American Society for Quality, United States of America.

• President of the Swiss Statistical Society (2009-2015).

. CEO & CAO, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland.

. Adjunct Professor of Data Science, Research Center for Statistics (RCS), Geneva School

of Economics and Management (GSEM), University of Geneva, Switzerland.

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.2

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About Statoo Consulting (www.statoo.info)

• Founded Statoo Consulting in 2001.

2016− 2001 = 15 + ε.

• Statoo Consulting is a software-vendor independent Swiss consulting firm

specialised in statistical consulting and training, data analysis, data mining and

big data analytics services.

• Statoo Consulting offers consulting and training in statistical thinking, statistics,

data mining and big data analytics in English, French and German.

Are you drowning in uncertainty and starving for knowledge?

Have you ever been Statooed?

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.4

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Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.5

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‘Normality is a myth; there never was, and never willbe, a normal distribution.’

Robert C. Geary, 1947

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.6

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Contents

Contents 7

1. Demystifying the ‘big data’ hype 9

2. Data-driven decision making 15

3. Demystifying the two approaches of ‘learning from data’ 18

4. Demystifying the ‘machine intelligence and learning’ hype 25

5. Questions ‘analytics’ tries to answer 30

6. Conclusion and key principles for success 39

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.7

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‘Data is arguably the most important naturalresource of this century. ... Big data is big news justabout everywhere you go these days. Here in Texas,everything is big, so we just call it data.’

Michael Dell, 2014

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.8

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1. Demystifying the ‘big data’ hype

• ‘Big data’ have hit the business, government and scientific sectors.

The term ‘big data’ — coined in 1997 by two researchers at the NASA — has

acquired the trappings of religion.

• But, what exactly are ‘big data’?

� The term ‘big data’ applies to an accumulation of data that can not be

processed or handled using traditional data management processes or tools.

Big data are a data management infrastructure which should ensure that the

underlying hardware, software and architecture have the ability to enable ‘learning

from data’, i.e. ‘analytics’.

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• The following characteristics — ‘the four Vs’ — provide a definition:

– ‘Volume’ : ‘data at rest’, i.e. the amount of data ( ‘data explosion problem’),

with respect to the number of observations ( ‘size’ of the data), but also with

respect to the number of variables ( ‘dimensionality’ of the data);

– ‘Variety’ : ‘data in many forms’, ‘mixed data’ or ‘broad data’, i.e. different

types of data (e.g. structured, semi-structured and unstructured, e.g. log files,

text, web or multimedia data such as images, videos, audio), data sources (e.g.

internal, external, open, public), data resolutions (e.g. measurement scales and

aggregation levels) and data granularities;

– ‘Velocity’ : ‘data in motion’ or ‘fast data’, i.e. the speed by which data are

generated and need to be handled (e.g. streaming data from devices, machines,

sensors and social data);

– ‘Veracity’ : ‘data in doubt’, i.e. the varying levels of noise and processing errors,

including the reliability (‘quality over time’), capability and validity of the data.

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• ‘Volume’ is often the least important issue: it is definitely not a requirement to

have a minimum of a petabyte of data, say.

Bigger challenges are ‘variety’ (e.g. combining different data sources such as

company data with social networking data and public data) and ‘velocity’, and most

important is ‘veracity’ and the related quality of the data .

Indeed, big data come with the data quality and data governance challenges of

‘small’ data along with new challenges of its own!

• The above definition of big data is vulnerable to the criticism of sceptics that these

four Vs have always been there.

Nevertheless, the definition provides a clear and concise framework to communicate

about how to solve different data processing challenges.

But, what is new?

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‘Scientists have long known that data could createnew knowledge but now the rest of the world,including government and management in particular,has realised that data can create value.’

Sean Patrick Murphy, 2013

Source: interview with Sean Patrick Murphy, a former senior scientist at Johns Hopkins University

Applied Physics Laboratory, in the Big Data Innovation Magazine, September 2013.

The 5th V of big data: ‘Value’.

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‘Data are not taken for museum purposes; they aretaken as a basis for doing something. If nothing is tobe done with the data, then there is no use incollecting any. The ultimate purpose of taking datais to provide a basis for action or a recommendationfor action.’

W. Edwards Deming, 1942

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2. Data-driven decision making

• Data-driven decision making : refers to the practice of basing decisions on

‘analytics’ (i.e. ‘learning from data’), rather than purely on gut feeling and intuition:

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.15

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‘One by one, the various crises which the world facesbecome more obvious and the need for hard facts[facts by analyzing data] on which to take sensibleaction becomes inescapable.’

George E. P. Box, 1976

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3. Demystifying the two approaches of ‘learning from data’

Data science, statistics and their connection

• The demand for ‘data scientists’ — the ‘magicians of the big data era’ — is

unprecedented in sectors where value, competitiveness and efficiency are data-driven.

The term ‘data science’ was originally coined in 1998 by a statistician.

� Data science — a rebranding of ‘data mining’ — is the non-trivial

process of identifying valid (that is, the patterns hold in general, i.e. being

valid on new data in the face of uncertainty), novel, potentially useful

and ultimately understandable patterns or structures or models or trends

or relationships in data to enable data-driven decision making.

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.18

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• Is data science ‘statistical deja vu’?

But, what is ‘statistics’?

� Statistics is the science of ‘learning from data’ (or of making sense out

of data), and of measuring, controlling and communicating uncertainty.

It is a process that includes everything from planning for the collection of data and

subsequent data management to end-of-the-line activities such as drawing conclusions

of data and presentation of results.

Uncertainty is measured in units of probability, which is the currency (or grammar)

of statistics.

Statistics is concerned with the study of data-driven decision making in the face

of uncertainty.

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What distinguishes data science from statistics?

• Statistics traditionally is concerned with analysing primary (e.g. experimental) data

that have been collected to explain and check the validity of specific existing ideas

(hypotheses).

Primary data analysis or top-down (explanatory and confirmatory) analysis.

‘Idea (hypothesis) evaluation or testing’ .

• Data science (or data mining), on the other hand, typically is concerned with

analysing secondary (e.g. observational or ‘found’) data that have been collected

for other reasons (and not ‘under control’ of the investigator) to create new ideas

(hypotheses).

Secondary data analysis or bottom-up (exploratory and predictive) analysis.

‘Idea (hypothesis) generation’ .

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• The two approaches of ‘learning from data’ are complementary and should proceed

side by side — in order to enable proper data-driven decision making.

Example. When historical data are available the idea to be generated from a bottom-

up analysis (e.g. using a mixture of so-called ‘ensemble techniques’) could be

‘which are the most important (from a predictive point of view) factors

(among a ‘large’ list of candidate factors) that impact a given process output

(or a given ‘Key Performance Indicator’, KPI)?’.

Mixed with subject-matter knowledge this idea could result in a list of a ‘small’

number of factors (i.e. ‘the critical ones’).

The confirmatory tools of top-down analysis (statistical ‘Design Of Experiments’,

DOE, in most of the cases) could then be used to confirm and evaluate this idea.

By doing this, new data will be collected (about ‘all’ factors) and a bottom-up

analysis could be applied again — letting the data suggest new ideas to test.

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.21

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Example. ‘Relative variable, i.e. factor, importance’ measures (resulting from so-

called ‘stochastic gradient tree boosting’ using real-world data on 679 variables):

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‘Neither exploratory nor confirmatory is sufficientalone. To try to replace either by the other ismadness. We need them both.’

John W. Tukey, 1980

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Do not forget the term ‘science’ in ‘data science’ !

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4. Demystifying the ‘machine intelligence and learning’ hype

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.25

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� John McCarthy, one of the founders of ‘Artificial Intelligence’ (AI) (now

sometimes referred to as ‘machine intelligence’) research, defined in 1956 the field

of AI as ‘getting a computer to do things which, when done by people, are said to

involve intelligence’.

AI is about (smart) machines capable of performing tasks normally performed by

humans ( ‘learning machines’).

� In 1959, Arthur Samuel defined ‘Machine Learning’ (ML) as one part of a larger

AI framework ‘that gives computers the ability to learn’.

ML explores the study and construction of algorithms that can learn from and

make predictions on data, i.e. ‘prediction making’ through the use of computers.

ML is closely related to (and often overlaps with) ‘computational statistics’ (

‘statistical learning’) and ‘optimisation’.

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.26

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‘In short, the biggest difference between AI then andnow is that the necessary computational capacity,raw volumes of data, and processing speed are readilyavailable so the technology can really shine.’

Kris Hammond, September 14, 2015

Source: Kris Hammond, ‘Why artificial intelligence is succeeding: then and now’,

Computerworld, September 14, 2015 (goo.gl/Q3giSn).

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.27

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Source: ‘Historical cost of computer memory and storage’ (hblok.net/blog/storage/).

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‘Old theories never die, just the people who believe inthem.’

Albert Einstein

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5. Questions ‘analytics’ tries to answer

Source: Jean-Francois Puget, Chief Architect, IBM Analytics Solutions, September 21, 2015 (goo.gl/Vl4l2d).

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Three key ‘business’ analytics questions

Source: Piyanka Jain, ‘Key analytics questions to ask your big data’, Forbes, August 2012 (goo.gl/UrQo4a).

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.31

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1. How am I doing?

Understand and agree on KPIs.

2. What drives my ‘business’?

Once you have KPIs identified, you need to understand what drives these

KPIs.

Which are the most important (from a predictive point of view) drivers

(factors) that influence a given KPI?

3. Who are my customers? What are their needs?

Understand customers and customise their offering, messaging, marketing

channel accordingly, delight the customers, securing their future revenue (or

KPI).

Drive a given KPI in the ‘right’ direction.

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.32

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KPIs tracked over time ( ‘process tracking’)

• KPIs tracked over time enable the analysis of a ‘business’ process as follows:

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‘Do not treat common cause variation as special cause variation!’

Example. Giving two numbers, one will always be bigger:

What action is appropriate?

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It depends:

Do not treat common cause variation as special cause variation ( ‘tampering’)!

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• The differences between special cause and common cause variation:

Special cause variation Common cause variation

Called ‘assignable cause of variation’. Called ‘chance cause of variation’.

Temporary and unpredictable. Always present and predictable .

Few sources but each has large effect. Numerous sources but each has small effect.

Often related to a specific event. Part of the ‘normal’ behaviour of the process.

Process is unstable. Process is stable.

The benefits of stable processes include:

– process performance is predictable; therefore there is a rational basis for planning;

– the effect of changes in the process can be measured faster and more reliably.

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.36

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• Monitoring KPIs independently can be very misleading:

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‘Confusing common causes with special causes willonly make things worse.’

W. Edwards Deming

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.38

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6. Conclusion and key principles for success

• Decision making that was once based on hunches and intuition should be driven by

data ( data-driven decision making, i.e. muting the HIPPOs).

• Despite an awful lot of marketing hype, big data are here to stay — as well as the

‘Internet of Things’ (IoT; a term coined in 1999!) — and will impact every single

domain!

• Statistical principles and rigour are necessary to justify the inferential leap from

data to knowledge.

At the heart of extracting value from big data lies statistics!

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.39

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• Lack of expertise in statistics can lead (and has already led) to fundamental errors!

Large amounts of data plus sophisticated analytics do not guarantee success!

Historical results do not guarantee future performance!

• The key elements for a successful (big) data analytics and data science future are

statistical principles and rigour of humans!

• Statistics, (big) data analytics and data science are aids to thinking and not

replacements for it!

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Technology is not the real challenge of the digital transformation!

Digital is not about the technologies (which change too quickly)!

Note: edge computing is also referred to as fog computing, mesh computing, dew computing and remote cloud.

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Source: ‘12 incredible IoT products — Why are these experts excited about the future?’,

Manthan, India, April 29, 2016 (goo.gl/ZymF7y).

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‘Digital strategies ... go beyond the technologiesthemselves. ... They target improvements ininnovation, decision making and, ultimately,transforming how the business works.’

Gerald C. Kane, Doug Palmer, Anh N. Phillips, David Kiron and Natasha Buckley, 2015

Source: Kane, G. C., Palmer, D., Phillips, A. N., Kiron, D. & Buckley, N. (2015). Strategy, not technology,

drives digital transformation. MIT Sloan Management Review (goo.gl/Dkb96o).

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My key principles for analytics’ success

• Do not neglect the following four principles that ensure successful outcomes:

– use of sequential approaches to problem solving and improvement, as studies

are rarely completed with a single data set but typically require the sequential

analysis of several data sets over time;

– having a strategy for the project and for the conduct of the data analysis;

including thought about the ‘business’ objectives ( ‘strategic thinking’ );

– carefully considering data quality and assessing the ‘data pedigree’ before,

during and after the data analysis; and

– applying sound subject matter knowledge (‘domain knowledge’ or ‘business

knowledge’, i.e. knowing the ‘business’ context, process and problem to which

analytics will be applied), which should be used to help define the problem, to

assess the data pedigree, to guide data analysis and to interpret the results.

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‘Business is not chess; smart machines alone can notwin the game for you. The best that they can do foryou is to augment the strengths of your people.’

Thomas H. Davenport, August 12, 2015

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‘Nothing — not the careful logic of mathematics, notstatistical models and theories, not the awesomearithmetic power of modern computers — nothingcan substitute here for the flexibility of the informedhuman mind. ... Accordingly, both [data analysis]approaches and techniques need to be structured soas to facilitate human involvement and intervention.’

John W. Tukey and Martin B. Wilk, 1966

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Source: openSAP’s online course ‘Enterprise machine learning in a nutshell’,

November & December 2016 (open.sap.com/courses/ml).

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‘In the anticipated symbiotic [man–computer]partnership, men will set the goals, formulate thehypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform theevaluations. Computing machines will do theroutinizable work that must be done to prepare theway for insights and decisions in technical andscientific thinking. ... In one sense of course, anyman-made system is intended to help man, to help aman or men outside the system.’

Joseph C. R. Licklider, 1960

Source: Licklider, J. C. R. (1960). Man–computer symbiosis.

IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, 1, 4–11.

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‘Most of my life I went to parties and heard a littlegroan when people heard what I did. Now they are allexcited to meet me.’

Robert Tibshirani, 2012

Source: interview with Robert Tibshirani, a statistics professor at Stanford University,

in the New York Times, January 26, 2012.

Copyright c© 2001–2016, Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.50

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Have you been Statooed?

Prof. Dr. Diego Kuonen, CStat PStat CSci

Statoo Consulting

Morgenstrasse 129

3018 Berne

Switzerland

email [email protected]

@DiegoKuonen

web www.statoo.info

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Copyright c© 2001–2016 by Statoo Consulting, Switzerland. All rights reserved.

No part of this presentation may be reprinted, reproduced, stored in, or introduced

into a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise), without the prior

written permission of Statoo Consulting, Switzerland.

Warranty: none.

Trademarks: Statoo is a registered trademark of Statoo Consulting, Switzerland.

Other product names, company names, marks, logos and symbols referenced herein

may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.

Presentation code: ‘Nestle/StatisticsInNestle.2016’.

Typesetting: LATEX, version 2ε. PDF producer: pdfTEX, version 3.141592-1.40.3-2.2 (Web2C 7.5.6).

Compilation date: 25.11.2016.