Demystifying the Benefits of Spa and Spa Therapies

Instructors Diane Trieste (principal, Strategic Spa Solutions)

and Ann Brown (spa director, Spa Shiki)

This course will cover ...

• The history and importance of spa

• The principles of hydrotherapy and thermalism

• The benefits of hot and cold compress applications (hands-on experience)

• The mechanical & biochemical principals of water

• The influence of temperature on the circulatory system.

• Thalassotherapy (hands-on experience)

• The principle of thermal constancy

• Health benefits of the marine climate and the emphasis on the use of mineral rich seawater and marine plants in spa treatments.

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History of Spa

! Spa means “sanitas per agua” or health via water. From Biblical times to today, water

has remained the quintessential component of a true spa experience. Cities that sprung up along the Nile depended on annual floods for survival and soaking was an important ritual

that connected people to the river, and ancient religious practices utilizing water have survived from centuries ago. The Muslim religion requires washing with water prior to

prayer to help prevent disease and cleanse the spirit. Christian baptism washes dirt from the body as well as sin from the soul.

! Romans and Greeks valued cleanliness and incorporated public baths into their infrastructure. Greeks, who emphasized physical health, took therapeutic baths after

exercising. Roman baths had many rooms and pools with a wide range of temperatures as well as space for libraries, art galleries and other cultural ranges. Turkish baths incorporated

massage with bathing, growing out of the Roman tradition. Russians developed a circuit of steam bathing followed by cold plunges as a means of invigorating the body. Later,

Europeans developed spas around thermal springs that were believed to have restorative powers based on rich mineral content.

! In the United States, spas in the 1950s and ʻ60s primarily focused on weight loss, but in the ʻ70s and ʻ80s, spas expanded to cover diet, exercise, body and mind. In the 1990s,

public demand expanded spa services again, giving rise to destination and day spas. Today, spas are entities devoted to enhancing overall well-being through a variety of professional

services that encourage the renewal of mind, body and spirit. Established in 1991 and representing health and wellness professionals in more than 70 countries, the International

Spa Association recognizes seven different types of spas today: club, cruise ship, day, destination, medical, mineral spring and resort/hotel.

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The body must be treated as a whole.

“If we could give every individual the right amount of nourishment and exercise, not too little and not too much, we would have found the safest way to health.”

“Natural forces within us are the healers of disease.”

– Hippocrates

Hippocrates was a Greek physician born in 460 BC on the island of Cos, Greece. He became known as the founder of medicine and was regarded as the greatest physician of his time. He based his medical practice on observations and on the study of the human body. He held the belief that illness had a physical and a rational explanation. He rejected the views of his time that considered illness to be caused by superstitions and by possession of evil spirits and disfavor of the gods.

Hippocrates held the belief that the body must be treated as a whole and not just a series of parts. He accurately described disease symptoms and was the first physician to accurately describe the symptoms of pneumonia, as well as epilepsy in children. He believed in the natural healing process of rest, a good diet, fresh air and cleanliness. He noted that there were individual differences in the severity of disease symptoms and that some individuals were better able to cope with their disease and illness than others. He was also the first physician that held the belief that thoughts, ideas, and feelings come from the brain and not the heart as others of him time believed.

Hippocrates traveled throughout Greece practicing his medicine. He founded a medical school on the island of Cos, Greece and began teaching his ideas. He soon developed an Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians to follow. This Oath is taken by physicians today as they begin their medical practice. He died in 377 BC. Today Hippocrates is known as the "Father of Medicine.”

From http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/hippoc.html

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Nature provides what we need.

“Nature has provided us generously with everything we need to remain in good health.”

– Sebastian Kneipp

Sebastian Kneipp (1821-1897), a naturopath and priest, created a life philosophy that sees man going about his daily habits and routines in his natural habitat as an inseparable entity. Kneippʼs holistic approach is still of increasing relevance today.

At the age of 28, Kneipp cured himself of a severe case of tuberculosis. At that time, the disease was usually fatal, but Kneipp came across an eighteenth-century book about hydrotherapy that inspired him to immerse himself several times a week in the icy Danube River. These brief exposures to cold water seemed to bolster his immune system. His tuberculosis went into remission and so he dedicated the rest of his long life to harnessing the healing power of water, specific plants and herbs.

His success in healing himself motivated him to combine and extend his tried and tested water treatments. This he did by observing and carrying out numerous tests on himself and his patients in order to create a successful preventative and curative concept with constantly improved and refined methods. His treatments included cold rinses, water stepping, hot and cold half and full baths, contrast baths as well as hot and cold wet packs and compresses.

Advanced in years, Sebastian Kneipp became friends and close partners with a Würzburg pharmacist who shared his conviction using naturopathic medicine and healing remedies. Using natural plant essences and other pure ingredients as a base, they created the formulas that still, to this day, constitute the basis for many of Kneipp products, one of the leading providers of effective body care, nutritional supplements and bathing products.

When Kneipp died in 1897 at the age of 76, he was one of the three most famous people in the German empire, together with Emperor Wilhelm II and Bismarck.

From http://kneippus.com/sebastian-kneipp.html

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The body heals itself.

“Modern scientific research has paced upon a sure foundation the great truth – dimly recognized by the earliest physicians, buy wholly lost sight of during the

dark ages – that healing power is not possessed by physicians nor by remedies, but that the curative process is simply a manifestation of the forces which dwell

within the body and which are normally manifested in creating and maintaining the organism: in other words, the body heals itself. Water, applied externally and

internally, and at such temperatures as healing powers of the body in resisting the onset of development of pathogenic processes. There is no there remedy by

which the movements of the blood and the blood supply, both general and local, and in fact every form of vital activity, may be so readily controlled by hydriatic

applications.”

— Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, 1899

! Dr. John Harvey Kellogg is perhaps best known for inventing corn flakes. A vegetarian and Seventh Day Adventist, Kellogg received his medical degree from Bellevue Hospital in 1875, but continued medical studies throughout his life in terms of extensive reading and trips to Europe to explore radical techniques in water cures and exercise therapy. But in 1876 he returned to his home state of Michigan; it would remain his base of operations for the rest of his controversial life.! Kellogg took over the Adventist sanitorium, which soon became a non-profit and non-sectarian health institute. For more than sixty years, Kellogg edited Good Health Magazine, which promoted vegetarianism in almost every issue. His dedication to fruits, nuts, and grains as the natural and best diet for man remained consistent throughout his life.! Kellogg wrote prolifically about his radical ways to treat sick people. In one book, The Miracle of Life, published in 1904, he describes his dietetic views in great detail. Chapters include "The Mystery of Life," "A General View of the Body," "The Miracle of Digestion," "Dietetic Sins: Shall We Slay to Eat?" "The Natural Way in Diet," "Drugs Which Enslave and Kill," and so forth.

From http://www.ivu.org/history/adventists/kellogg.html

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The U.S. Spa Industry - Fast FactsFrom the International Spa Association, www.experienceispa.com

Spa Locations At 2008ʼs year end, there were 21,307 spas in United States. In July 2007,17,937 spas. Growth from July 2007 to June 2008 was 24 percent. The number of spa locations in the U.S. has grown at a robust annual average of 20 percent in the last eight years.

Spa Visits 1 in 4 Americans has been to a spa. There are more than 32 million active spa-goers in the U.S.

Year Number of Spa Visits

2003 109 million

2008 160 million

RevenueIn 2008, $12.8 billion of revenue was generated by the U.S. spa industry.In 2007, $10.9 billion of revenue was generated by the U.S. spa industry.In 2006, $9.4 billion of revenue was generated by the U.S. spa industry. In 2005, $9.7 billion of revenue was generated by the U.S. spa industry.In 2003, $7.0 billion of revenue was generated by the U.S. spa industry.  Annual growth from 2006 to 2007 was 16% 

Employment In June 2008, there were 303,700 total employees. The total was comprised of 143,200 full-time employees, 112,000 part-time employees and 48,500 contract employees. In July 2007, there were 232,700 total employees. The total was comprised of 117,100 full-time employees, 73,100 part-time employees and 42,500 contract employees. In August 2006, there were 267,400 total employees.  The total was comprised of 124,500 full-time employees, 101,300 part-time employees and 41,600 contract employees.

Annual employment growth Annual growth from July 2007 to June 2008 … 31% for total employees, 22% for full-time employees, 53% for part-time employees and 14% for contract employees.

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What To Expect From a Spa CareerThe spa and resort industry is booming. Working in a spa offers the recent graduate a chance to get a lot of hands-on experience while making a pretty healthy income—the main appeal often being that all the marketing, paperwork and business planning is done by the spa.

That leaves the therapist free to practice the work they love without having to worry about the “business” of doing business. Spas are the first massage therapy employers to consistently offer full benefits, including 401k plans, paid vacation, and health insurance. Day spas may be less likely to offer benefits at first, but as their client base grows benefits packages may be added.

Most spas offer a pay structure based on experience, education, and time served with the company. The starting pay for a massage therapist at a spa or resort ranges anywhere from $17 to $40 an hour. The total amount earned per service can be a straight hourly rate or a combination of hourly pay plus commission. Tips are usually allowed, and therapists at top spas report earning as much as $15,000 or more per year from tips.

Five-star and four-diamond resorts retain their ratings by consistently providing outstanding service year after year. Much of their client base numbers are customers who come back to the spas each year to relive the wonderful escape they experienced previously. Spas need to ensure that the quality of services given are always consistent; therefore, it often takes anywhere from 1 to 3 years of experience to be hired at one of the nationʼs top-rated spas.

Spas also offer the therapist a chance to continue learning—usually training is offered in body and skin care. Learning these new services also allows the therapist to work an eight hour day, without having eight full-body sessions. Often, massages will be inter-mixed with body wraps or facials on a therapistʼs schedule. Selling retail products and up-selling services are also commonly part of a therapistʼs responsibilities.

Roles at a spa vary for massage therapists based upon experience. As a massage apprentice, a therapist is integrated into the spa environment before working as a full massage therapist. From that position, therapists may progress to department lead, in charge of answering questions and helping the spa manager work with the department, or staff trainer, responsible for the education of newly hired massage therapists.

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Within the spa, shifts vary according to business needs, but most staff members are almost always required to work weekends and/or holidays, busiest times for spas. Seasonal work may require on-call options, and you may be asked to work during special group or private events. You may expect to perform four to 10 massages per day, depending upon the length of your shift and the type of service performed (massage or body treatment).

Spas compensate massage therapists through a number of options: salary, hourly, commission, hourly plus commission, retail commission, or independent contractor. If viewed as an independent contractor, you may incur room rental and product usage fees. As a spa employee, you may expect additional benefits such as insurance (full or partial payments), paid vacations, 401K, and flex-spending insurance. Spa/clinic employed therapists average anywhere from $20,000 to $60,000 per year. This equates to roughly 30 to 50 percent of the massage value as payment per massage. Many spas/clinics pay a base rate ($9 to $15 an hour/massage with a 20% to 30% commission. Many of the spas/clinics that have been contacted by the Career Services Department of the Utah College of Massage Therapy Family of Schools pay between $25 and $40 per treatment. This includes the commission along with the base pay rate.) Tips can range anywhere from $10 to $100 … again depending on resort location and clientele.

Typical Pay Structures in the Spa Industry

1. Independent Contractor

• Commission based salary typically ranges anywhere from 30%-75% of service.

2. Hourly plus commission

• Therapists are paid an hourly rate i.e. $10-$12 per hour and that hourly rate changes if they are giving a treatment to a higher rate i.e. $28.00

• Therapists are paid an hourly rate and if giving a treatment also receive a percentage of the service usually 20-30%.

3. Flat Hourly Rate anywhere from $18-$15/hour

4. Tips

• Some spas will automatically include a gratuity charge with every treatment. This charge is usually between 15 and 20 percent.

• Some spas have a non-tipping policy.

• Some spas leave gratuity up to the clients.

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5. Benefits

Some additional compensations may include:

• Fun environment

• Training

• Health/Dental

• 401k

• Discount or free golf/hotel rooms if in a resort spa

• Inexpensive meals

• Supplied uniform

• Retirement plans

• Yearly/quarterly bonuses

• Commission on retail sales

• Let them chose their own perks

• Free/discounted treatments and/or friend and family discounts during downtime.

• Sign-on bonuses

6. Some spas offer different levels of compensation depending on any number of criteria. I.e. seniority, the number of modalities mastered, sales, etc.

As a massage therapist within a spa, you will be expected to uphold the spaʼs mission and complement the entire team with both your work and overall presence in the spa. Specific duties beyond massage may include the following: retail sales, a task mandated by almost all spas and rated as part of job performance; marketing, promoting the health benefits of massage and the other services available at the spa; and attending promotional events sponsored by the spa. In addition, you will be required to assist with housekeeping, as individual rooms are always the responsibility of the massage therapist. Smaller spas require heavy housekeeping beyond cleaning your individual room, but larger spas typically employ house staff to maintain common areas.

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Hydrotherapy and ThermalismFrom the American Spa Therapy Education and Certification Council, www.astecc.com

Hydrotherapy: The use of water in the treatment of disease.

Physiological Effects of Water

These physiological effects – not the water itself – creates a positive effect on the body.

1. Thermal

Water is applied at temperatures above and below skin temperature. As warm as necessary, or as cold as possible, or a minimum of 10 degrees Celsius difference is required to effect change. The temperature of the torso is 32-35 degrees Celsius (90-95F) and extremities are generally 26-27 degrees Celsius (79-81F)

2. Mechanical

The added stimulus of water pressure (i.e. Blitz Guss, whirlpools) or friction (dry brushing, cold mitten friction) can increase the effect.

3. Chemical

The use of additives can increase waterʼs stimulating, sedating or detoxifying effects. For example, rosemary or pine to simulate, chamomile or valerian to sedate, and Epsom salts, hayflower or juniper to detoxify.

Water Properties

Heat Capacity: Ability to absorb and store heat for a period of time. Water has the highest heat capacity of any liquid.

The body can tolerate temperatures from 0 to 44 degrees Celsius.

Heat Conductivity: Water can carry heat to or from the the body and radiates heat slowly. It can be used to remove excess heat or warm cold areas. Running water has a higher conductivity than standing water, so a knee affusion has a stronger effect than a foot bath.

Water Resistance: Water exerts a force against the muscles and helps increase the circulation (excellent for rehabilitating weakened muscles). Whirlpools encourage

Thermal produces the most profound effect upon the body.

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venous and lymphatic return. Exercising in water is recommended for strengthening. Salt water creates a greater resistance than fresh water because salt water is heavier.

Buoyancy: Natural buoyancy of water decreases the body weight of a person by 90 percent. The effects are gravity are lessened; therefore, it is easier to move in water. Salt water provides more buoyancy than fresh.

Hydrostatic Pressure: The deeper the water, the greater the pressure on the body. At 15 cm below the water, the pressure is equal to the venous system. Below this 300 ml of blood (which is normally in the extremities) is shunted back to the heart. Caution must be used when treating anyone with a cardiovascular problem or women in the late stages of pregnancy with a full bath.

Solubility: Water has the ability to dissolve added ingredients and therefore facilitates absorption into the body, combined with vasodilation caused by heat.

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The Influence of TemperatureFrom the American Spa Therapy Education and Certification Council, www.astecc.com

Heat applied to the skin conducts heat to the deeper tissues and joints, mainly affecting the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues with the reflex conduction of heat. Locally, blood flow increases to the surface through vasodilation of the blood vessels to the skin. (Process known as derivation) The accompanying hyperaemia is known as passive hyperaemia.

Locally, there is a marked increase in the capillary blood pressure as the blood flow comes from other parts of the body. Blood flow comes from the congested areas first, then from all other parts of the body.

Van Der Hoffʼs Law

The speed of chemical reaction (for example, the motility rate of red and white blood cells) increases 2 to 3 times for each rise in 10 degrees Celsius.

This reaction happens naturally when the body has a fever. The body attempts to deal with negative changes, i.e. the virus, by increasing its internal core temperature. Red and white blood cells migrate to the problem area, bring more oxygen and helping to breakdown, metabolize and improve nutrition and waste removal.

Hydrotherapists can artificially “create” a fever through Full Body (heat) Treatments that aid in the treatment of a weak condition and help detoxify the body.

Heat applications, locally and generally, increase the bodyʼs temperature. This heat is then carried internally. The skinʼs warm thermo-regulators, combined with the internal rise in temperature, stimulates the hypothalamus to trigger the “heat loss” center to protect itself from too great a loss in internal heat. This process is known as Physical Warmth Regulation. Heart rate increases because there is more blood directed towards the skin and less available internally. There is an increase in the respiratory rate, producing increased elimination of CO2.

When the internal temperature is increased, metabolism increases. For every 1 degree Celsius (1.8F) rise in temperature, metabolism increases 7 to 14 percent.

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Wet Sheet Pack (Heated)

This is a cold wet sheet wrap applied to the trunk and hips of the body. Considered one of the most important of Vincent Priessnitzʼs contributions.

Rationale: To stimulate the gastrointestinal tract organs and alleviate congestive disorders of the digestive system. There are several stages involved in this rationale: (1) cooling (5 to 20 minutes); (2) neutral (30 minutes to 1 hour); (3) heating (30 minutes to 1 hour); and (4) sweating (1 to 2 hours or more).

The cold stage results in constriction and dilation, increased tissue temperature and circulation, increased derivation and congestion, increased metabolism and increased elimination. This procedure has a tonic effect.

Indications: Fever; indigestion, digestive disturbances, chronic liver congestion; dyspepsia; reduced gastric motility; flatulence; nausea; vomiting; some psychiatric disorders, where reduced anxiety is the result.

Contraindications: Anemia (heating and sweating stages); chilled patient; extremely debilitated person; acute asthma; claustrophobia; skin conditions worsened by moisture; weak heart; severe colds and flue; diabetes or other circulatory problems.

Procedure

• Place a blanket across a bed, wide enough to cover from the patientʼs neck down to their hips. Soak a sheet in cold water and wring it out. Place the wet sheet on top of the blanket.

• Ask the patient to lie on his back on the wet sheet.

• Pull one side of the sheet under the arm, across the abdomen and secure it under the arm.

• Place a hot water bottle, heating pad or fomentation pack over the abdomen.

• Pull the other side of the wet sheet under the arm, across the abdomen and secure it under the other arm.

• Place the blanket snugly around the patient.

• Allow the patient to rest for 20 to 25 minutes.

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Equipment1 sheet

1 blanket

cold water

heated compress

Cold Mitten Friction

A friction massage using mitts, cloths, towels or a loofah sponge which has been dipped in cold water.

Rationale: To increase circulation when needed to promote the elimination of heat, resulting in a decrease in internal congestion. Increased circulation brings in more red and white blood cells, which aid in the elimination of inflammatory products and increases the patientʼs resistance to infections. It restores normal tone to tissues and muscles, and raises energy and endurance levels.

Indications: Poor circulation; anemia; poor resistance to infections; low thyroid activity; alcoholism; fever; cold and flu prevention; low energy and endurance; depression; drug or tobacco withdrawal; finish for hot treatments.

Procedure

• Have the patient lie on a blanket or towel, placing a dry towel under the area to be treated. Dip the mitt or washcloth in the cold water and wring it out.

• Start a back-and-forth rubbing motion at the fingertips, working up the arm to the shoulder and back down to the fingers until the skin becomes pink. Dip the mitt into the cold water as necessary.

• Dry the arm with friction movements using a towel.

• Repeat this procedure on the other arm, chest, abdomen and legs. Keep the areas not being treated covered and warm at all times.

• Ask the patient to turn over and repeat the treatment on the back, hips and legs. Make sure the patient is dry and covered.

• Allow him or her to rest for 30 minutes.

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EquipmentTowels

Mitts or washcloths

Bowl of cold water (50 - 75 degrees F)

Salt Glow

The application of moist salt with friction massage to the patientʼs skin. Labor-intensive treatment.

Rationale: The friction results in vasodilation and increased circulation with no increase in temperature. The mechanical effects cause chemical irritations which increase nerve and sebaceous activity and removal of superficial skin. The salt solution may cause osmosis of fluid toward the superficial tissues, softening the skin. It has a very tonic effect and does not rely on hot or cold. To intensify the effect in strong patients, salt may be softened in ice water.

Indications: To stimulate and soften the skin and muscles; stimulate the nervous system for increased vigor; chronic illnesses; sluggish circulation; low resistance to infections. As a general tonic, especially when patient cannot tolerate a cold sheet wrap.

Contraindications: Open skin lesions; skin irritation; same as the hot foot bath.

Procedure

• Moisten the salt enough to make the grains stick together, but not dissolve.

• Wet the patientʼs skin with water.

• Take both hands full of moistened salt and apply to an extremity, beginning a friction massage to the patientʼs tolerance.

• Apply treatment to the arms and legs first, starting with the fingers and toes respectively.

• After the extremities, apply the salt rub to the chest, abdomen, back, hips and buttocks.

• Wash all of the salt off and dry patient thoroughly and briskly with a towel.

• Have patient sit or lie with feet in hot bath during the treatment, if desired.

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EquipmentOne to two pounds of Epsom salts (common table salt or one with a coarser grind will do)

Water

Basin or container

Towel.

*Use a hot foot bath if desired (with chilled patient).

Poultice

Defined as a hot or warm, moist, soft mass applied to the skin between two pieces of muslin, to soothe, relax or stimulate aching or inflamed areas. The poultice should be large enough to cover a surface area twice as large as the area being treated. The substances used should absorb and hold water well.

Rationale: Counter irritants, such as a mustard poultice, increase blood flow to tissue; hypertonic material such as clay and flaxseed cause the fluid in tissue to move to the skinʼs surface by the process of osmosis and reduce congestion and pain.

Indications: Pneumonia, peritonitis and other deep-seated inflammations, arthritic joints, back aches, muscle spasm, congestion, abscesses, crusted lesions and inflammatory skin diseases.

Contraindications: Skin sensitivity, open wounds and debilitated individuals (special attention). Mustard can cause blistering or ulceration and appropriate cautions must be taken. Also, the poultice can encourage bacterial growth – if pus increases, discontinue.

Medicinal Substances: Various substances can be used that have medicinal properties, such as …Carrot – Grate one or more carrots.Clay & Glycerin – The moist clay is further moistened with several drops of glycerin. Flaxseed -- Grind one tablespoon in a seed mill or blender and mix with one cup boiling water.Hops – Fresh or dried leaves are moistened with hot water and then blended with a small amount of water to make a paste.Comfrey & Smartweed – Fresh or dried leaves are moistened and blended with enough water to form a paste.Mustard – One tablespoon of dry mustard and four tablespoons of wheat flour are mixed (adult dosage); one tablespoon of dry mustard and eight tablespoons of wheat flour are mixed (child dosage); one tablespoon of dry mustard and 12 tablespoons of wheat flour are mixed (infant dosage). Add enough tepid water to make a thin paste that can be spread.

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EquipmentMedicinal substance (see list on left)

Large mixing bowl, metal tray or platter

Blender or seed mill

Plastic, muslin, cotton cloth, gauze or paper towel

Alcohol or mineral oil

Ace bandage, towel, pins (to hold poultice)

Sponge or washcloth

ProcedureClay – Apply clay paste directly to skin surface. Cover with several layers of cotton cloth or gauze. Keep poultice moist for 6 to 10 hours, applying water as needed. Rinse thoroughly and dry. Wait 1 to 2 hours and re-apply moist dressing.

Carrot, flaxseed, hops, comfrey & smartweed – Take paper towel and spread mixture on towel. The mixture is then laid directly on the skin. Cover with a plastic sheet that extends one inch over the edges on all sides. Hold in place with Ace bandage. Leave poultice on 30 minutes to 8 hours. Remove and sponge the surface clean. Friction area with alcohol. Dry thoroughly.

Mustard – Warm a large platter or metal tray. Place the cloth on the heated tray or platter and spread the mixture from the center of the tray outward to the edges (leave a margin wide enough to lap over sides of area being treated). When the patient is ready, remove the poultice from the tray. Place one thin layer of cotton cloth between the patientʼs skin and the mustard paste. Cover the area with a plastic sheet. Place towel (folded and flat) and pin to hold poultice in place. Leave the poultice on 20 minutes. Caution: If the patient complains of stinging or burning, or if the skin becomes extremely red, remove the poultice. Wipe area with cloth dipped in mineral oil to remove all mustard traces. Cover area with towel and pin in place. Cover with a snug-fitting sweater or cotton shirt. Leave on all night.

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Hot Foot Bath

A hot foot bath requires soaking the feet and ankles in water ranging from 100 to 110 degrees F. It is one of the simplest, most frequently employed techniques. Often used as part of a treatment, such as the Russian bath.

Rationale: Causes local and reflex increases in blood flow through the feet and entire skin surface, producing decongestion in internal organs and brain.

Indications: Congestive headache, relieve pelvic congestion, nosebleeds (epistaxis), relieve congestion of internal organs (such as the lungs), produce a general warming of the body to get rid of a chill, help prevent or relieve the common cold, help reduce plantar warts.

Contraindications: Loss of sensation, diabetes, peripheral vascular disease - arteriosclerosis.

Procedure

• Have the patient relax comfortably in the chair.

• Fill the foot tub with water at the desired temperature. Test the water by touching it with your hand before allowing patient to place their feet into the tub.

• Have the patient place his or her feet in the water, making sure the water covers the ankles.

• Drape the blanket or towel over the patientʼs lap, and over the foot tub. Treatment time is between 10 and 30 minutes. Add more hot water as necessary to maintain the temperature.

• Apply the cold compress to the patientʼs forehead or to the back of the neck so their head does not become congested or over-heated.

• When the treatment is complete, have the patient remove their feet from the foot bath and momentarily rinse their feet with cool water. Pat dry.

• Allow patient to rest.

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EquipmentChair

Blanket or towel

Foot tub

Cold compress

Contrast Foot Bath

A contrast foot or local bath requires alternately soaking the feet and ankles in a series of hot (100 to 110 degrees F) and cold (40 to 70 degrees F) baths. A powerful therapy, yet simple in its application.

Rationale: Treatment may be used for any condition that requires an increase in circulation, or in conditions where the internal organs are congested and blood needs to be shunted to the lower extremities. The application of heat causes vasodilation, while short cold applications lead to immediate vasoconstriction, followed by reflexive vasodilation. The overall effect is one of a creating a pumping action.

Indications: Local infections, non-acute and chronic traumatic injuries, bruises, edema, venous stasis and ulcers.

Contraindications: Cancer, peripheral vascular disease (diabetes), diminished sensation or inability to report, and hemorrhage.

Procedure

• Fill the first tub with hot water (103 degrees F) and antiseptic if open wounds are present. Place body parts in hot bath for 3 minutes. Fill the second tub with cold water.

• Place body parts in cold bath for 30 seconds.

• Repeat step one, but increase hot water by 2 degrees to 105 degrees F. Repeat cold procedure for 30 seconds.

• Repeat previous steps, increasing each hot application by 1 to 2 degrees until a water temperature of 110 degrees F is reached.

• Each hot application should be 3 minutes in length and followed by 30 seconds of could. Use at least 3 hot/cold cycles, but no more than 6, as the intensity of the reaction decreases beyond that point.

• Dry thoroughly and have the patient rest for 30 minutes.

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EquipmentTwo tub or tanks of appropriate size

Hot and cold water

Bath thermometer, Towels

Disinfectant

About Thalassotherapy

Introduction: Algae

Algae is the name given to a class of plant life that live in our oceans and fresh waters around the globe. These plants are similar to plants and trees that grow on land. They use chlorophyll to harness the sunʼs energy to create the energy necessary to carry on life functions, i.e. metabolism, growth and reproduction. However, plant life on land differs from its ancient cousins that populate the continental shelf regions along our coastlines.

Plants and trees obtain their nutrients from the water and minerals found in our topsoils. Using an intricate network of roots and root hairs, these nutrients are transported to the plantʼs surface areas via a vascular system. They are then distributed to the areas of the plant for consumption.

Algae live in the oceanʼs mineral-rich waters and have no need for so intricate a vascular network. They have no need of roots. Water and minerals are in abundance all around. They are classified as thallophytes. The minerals and trace elements needed to nourish the algae are absorbed through another mechanism, osmosis. Minerals and gases such as oxygen that are suspended in seawater dissolve through cell walls and membranes of each algal cell. There, these minerals and gases then are passed to the chloroplasts which is a storehouse of chlorophyll. Using the sunʼs energy, metabolism occurs creating energy for the cell to grow, reproduce and flourish.

Other differences between algae and land plants should be noted. First, algae have no need for flowers and petals for reproduction. They exude no aromatic perfume to attract insects, nor do they emit pollen.

Unicellular Algae

Algae are divided into two major categories. The first is unicellular algae. Examples of this type of algae are the most abundant and include most forms of plankton found along the oceanʼs surface. There are some 30,000 species of unicellular algae, including many that dwell in fresh water lakes and rivers. Examples of this are spirulina found in the alkaline waters of Lake Chad in Africa and Lake Tezcoco in Mexico; Chlorella which is found in Lake Klamath in Oregon.

One-celled algae are further divided by their colors. The most primitive forms are blue-green algae (Cyano-bacteria) such as spirulina. These algae are different from all other algae in that they do not have a cell wall. The structure of this life form is similar to bacteria with only a cell membrane as its outer boundary. However, the presence of high amounts of chlorophyll and its ability to carry out photosynthesis categorize it as a primitive plant life form.

Green and red algae are found within the oceans. These plants, which are also called plankton, are at the base of the food chain. Seventy percent of the worldʼs oxygen is produced by these invaluable plants.

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Multi-Cellular Algae (Seaweed)

The second category of algae is multi-cellular plants, more commonly known as seaweed or kelp. Many of these plants resemble plants on land. Some are like trees of the forest (Laminarias and Macrocystis). They grow from 15 to 150 meters in length. They have a stem that connects the plant to the bottom called a holdfast. They are mostly green with shades of yellows, browns and reds. Diving underwater through these vast marine forests gives us the same sense of peace felt when walking among the giant redwoods of California.

Seaweeds are abundant along the coastlines of each continent. There are some 3,000 species of seaweed that range in size from a few centimeters upwards to 180 meters. As they are plants, they require sunlight to survive. Therefore, they are only found on the continental shelf. It is rare that seaweed can live much below 100 meters depth.

Four Families of Algae

Green Algae: Chlorophycophytes

Dwell along the shallow waters of the coasts in both brackish and fresh waters.

Rich in chlorophyll.

Include uni-cellular species such as Macro Selmis Seucica (used for antibiotic properties) and Ulva Lactuca or Sea Lettuce (used in cuisine as a salad garnish)

Brown/Yellow Algae: Pheophycophytes

Characterized by concentration of betacarotene which accounts for brown and yellow color.

Include the various laminarias (known as kombu in Japan), fusu, sargassum and ascophyllum, as well as the giant macrocystis kelp that grow up to 180 feet off the California coastline.

Dwell principally in the intertidal pools, attaching themselves to the rocks along the bottom. Proliferate when the tides reach 30 to 40 feet.

Rich concentrations of minerals and trace elements (including iodine) that are appreciated in cosmetic treatments as well as by the pharmaceutical industry.

Comprised of 40 percent polysaccharides such as alginic acid, mannitol and laminarine. Used in the textile, paper and wine industries.

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Red Algae: Rhodophycophytes

Dwell in the deeper waters of the continental shelf. The red dye is essential in capturing the scarce blue rays of the sun that penetrate deeper into the ocean. This red dye assists chlorophyll in the photosynthesis process.

Used extensively in the cosmetic industry and as gelifyers in the food industry.

Include Agar Agar, Lithothanium, Clacareum, Dulse, Nori and Caragheenan.

Blue-Green Algae: Cyanoschizophytes

An immense body of unicellular algae belonging to the family of procaryotes. Unlike other algae, these primitive algae have only a cellular membrane.

Probably the oldest life forms on earth, dating back some 3.8 billion years ago.

Useful in nutrition as a protein alternative to animal meat.

Include spirulina and chlorella.

Brittany: Blessed by NatureAn Environment of Plenty

The western most peninsula of France, Brittany is endowed with one of the richest concentrations of marine vegetation in the world. More than 800 species of seaweed cover the continental shelf. High tides, Gulf Stream and Arctic currents, and the low industrialization are factors that make this area of the world among the most productive in terms of number of species and total volume (bio-mass).

High TidesThe changing tides that irrigate the Brittany coast are among the highest in the world. Reaching an average of 38 to 40 feet, the high tide sometimes races in at the speed of a galloping horse. This irrigation every six hours assures a constant exchange of nutrients and prevents stagnation. It also creates aeration of the waters enriching it with oxygen.

Gulf Stream & Arctic CurrentsThe nourishing flow of the Gulf Stream mixes with the pure waters of the arctic to create a rich soup for marine life. The currents sweep northward along the English Channel and prevent pollution of the great industrial rivers of Northern Europe from spoiling the seaweed beds of Brittany.

No Industrial WasteThere has never been any industrialization of Brittany. There are no chemical plants nor smokestacks. No major rivers bring industrial waste from the interior of the country.

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However, the Brittany peninsula has endured the ravages of oil spills from super tankers that have sunk off the coastline. While these events have had a devastating ecological effect on animal and marine wildlife, oyster beds and contaminated the sandy beaches, algae have not been affected negatively. In fact, algae have flourished.Petroleum is in fact an organic liquid. It is the result of millions of years of pressure on plants and ferns that once populated the planet some 50 to 60 million years ago. Petroleum is a hydro-carbon. Reverse the order and you have carbohydrates. For algae and bacterial life forms, petroleum is food. Therefore, thanks to these microscopic life forms, the oils are consumed and the waters eventually purified.

Tests and ControlsSatellite photos for the Brittany region show dense concentrations of seaweeds along the continental shelf that borders this region. These underwater marine prairies offer a biomass measured in millions of metric tons. France is one of the worldʼs most important producers of red and brown algae. Each year more than 100,000 metric tons are harvested. Harvesting is controlled by regulatory agencies of the French government and the EEC.

Harvest SeasonSeaweed may only be harvested during the spring and summer months. Harvesting begins in May and ends in October. This ensures a richer harvest due to the fact that the mineral content of seaweed is greater during the summer than during the winter. Additionally, it assures that seaweed beds will not be depleted.

Testing the WatersEach week, teams of marine biologists from the University of Rennes and Brest take water samples to check on pollution levels. This testing is regulated by the French government in cooperation with EEC guidelines.

Methods of HarvestingThere are three principal ways to harvest seaweed: cultivation, harvesting in the wild, and diving. Perhaps the most important factor in harvesting seaweed is to collect only live plants. Seaweed that washes up on the shore is never considered for use by laboratories or food companies as they are dead and partially decomposed. Historically, dead seaweed has been used as fertilizer or as compost.

Cultivation: The organized cultivation of certain varieties of algae, particularly unicellular species as spirulina and chlorella. Long, shallow tanks of alkaline water serve a medium for the growth of these algae where they develop to maturity and are then dried and processed. Another form of cultivation is the “planting” of a species of floating brown algae known as Macrocystis Pyrifera. This algae is so prolific that it grows an average of six centimeters per day and reaches sizes of up to 180 feet in length. It is grown along long poles in much the same way as vines until it reaches maturity. It is then pulled in and processed.

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Random Harvest by Boat: This form of harvesting is ideal for the mineral-rich Laminarias that proliferate in the deeper intertidal pools off the coast. The boats are equipped with hydraulic cranes with large hooks that are dropped into the depths where they cling to the teams of the giant Laminarias. The crane then lifts them on board. Each boat can carry nine tons of Laminarias back to the plant for processing.

Diving: Diving is the most expensive manner to harvest seaweed. However, it is efficient in selecting rare species of algae used for the pharmaceutical industry in the creation of new drugs.

Marine Nutrition

Marine MineralsMinerals are the building blocks of life. Found in seawater, they form part of an intricate matrix of nutrients that sustain life as we know it. Mankind has traditionally obtained mineral nutrients from agricultural sources. However, as the top soils erode and agriculture turns more and more to artificial methods of growing food, the seawater and seaweed therapies have become more important in maintaining optimum health. Below are descriptions and benefits of some of the key minerals found in seaweed and sea water.

SodiumSurprisingly, despite the warnings of the harmful effects of sodium, Bernard Jensen, the famed iridologist, refers to this mineral as the “youth element.” While it is rare to find foods lacking this element, it is vital in a balanced diet to build muscle and fight fatigue. Sodium is found in abundance in seawater.

MagnesiumAccording to Dr. H. Ray Evers, “The average American consumes only 40 percent of the recommended daily allowance of magnesium…and 80 to 90 percent of the U.S. population is magnesium deficient.” This mineral is in constant demand by the body during times of stress. Excess sodium in the diet together with stress act to leech out this vital mineral which plays an important role in the functioning of the nervous system. Magnesium is indispensable in the assimilation of calcium and helps to prevent osteoporosis. The skin uses magnesium and silica to synthesize collagen. This mineral is found in abundance in white algae (Lithothanium Calcareum), most red algae such as Nori, and in Dead Sea Salts.

CalciumFound in abundance in white algae (Lithothanium Calcareum), calcium is an essential building block in the formation of connective tissue, as well as a regulator of water metabolism. Edema (water retention) is relieved when calcium is properly assimilated. Most symptoms associated with pre-menstrual syndrome are also relieved. Since calcium assimilation is difficult due to dietary incompatibilities, the transcutaneous assimilation of this vital mineral may be the most efficient method of transporting it to where it is needed most, in the bodyʼs connective tissues.

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PotassiumThis mineral is indispensable in the functioning of the nervous system and in maintaining the optimum efficiency of cellular metabolism (sodium-potassium pump). Yet, it is absent in most processed foods and is lost when using diuretics and other drugs. Potassium is found in abundance in most brown algae (Laminarias, Fucus and Ascophyllum) as well as Dead Sea Salts.

SulphurSulphur springs are noted for their foul smell. They are prevalent in Yellowstone National Park and French Lick, Indiana where their anti-infectious properties are well appreciated. Sulfur is vital in fighting brittle nails and improving the luster of hair. Its anti-infectious properties help clear up skin conditions such as dermatitis, eczema and psoriasis.

PhosphorousIt works in tandem with calcium in T-Cell formation to boost the immune system. Phosphorous is a great memory enhancer and anti-depressant.

Trace ElementsSimply defined, trace elements are metals such as zinc, copper, selenium and silica. They are present in infinitesimal amounts in the human body and are measured in terms of parts per million. Yet, as rare as they are, their presence is critical in the healthy functioning of the body. Lack of these elements results in serious disease. Seawater and seaweed contain every trace element listed in the periodic chart of elements. Of the two, seaweed is the most efficient source containing the richest concentration of these miracle metals. In fact, 1 kilo of Laminaria Digitata contains the trace element equivalent of 10,000 liters of seawater! Below are examples of some trace elements and their functions in the body.

Therapeutic Properties of AlgaeAlgae is perhaps the most nutritional food source the world knows. It is the base of the food chain and accounts for the production of most of the oxygen in the earthʼs atmosphere. Growing in the mineral-rich equilibrium that is the ocean, algae contains every nutrient needed by man in perfect balance. However, we will limit ourselves to the therapeutic properties of this noble family of marine plant as they are applied topically.

CirculationImproving circulation to the skinʼs tissues is vital to health and appearance. Seaweed helps to balance circulation which improves oxygenation and nutrition of the connective tissues. Thus, it can be stated that seaweed:Speeds up local metabolism allowing the bodyʼs own lipolytic (fat-burning) enzymes to access fat in hard-to-reach places. This is characteristic of cellulite and other figure disorders where the atrophying of the connective tissue prevents proper irrigation of infistitual fluid via the circulatory and lymphatic systems. Laminaria, Ascophyllum and Fucus Algae are rich in organic iodine which stimulates metabolism.

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Flushes out toxins and by-products of metabolism via the lymph system. This is valuable in the elimination of trapped fluids around the thighs, knees and ankles. White algae, which is rich in calcium and magnesium, plays an important role in the elimination of fluids and acts as an anti-inflammatory agent.In addition, the balancing effects of seaweed on circulation leaves the skinʼs complexion radiant with an even tone and coloring.

Transcutaneous NutritionAs a perfectly balanced nutrient, seaweed offers a powerhouse of vitamins, minerals and trace elements that nourish the skin and increase the circulation to the tissues. Metabolism is increased due to the presence of organic iodine. This remarkable trace element is also known to leech out inorganic iodine and radioactive iodine and helps to purify the digestive tract. Therefore, seaweed:Fortifies the immune system via the production of thyroxin. This hormone, in turn, stimulates the thymus gland, which is considered the master gland of immunity.Fights off stress because it contains high levels of magnesium while potassium improves all neural functions.Contains anti-oxidants such as beta-carotene, super phyco-dismutase and important amino-acids that include L-Lysine and L-Methionine. These combine to contribute to the anti-aging properties of brown algae. Selenium and ascorbic acid, also found in seaweed, add free radical scavengers which offer a comprehensive protective program.

Natureʼs EmollientThe presence of phyco-colloids in the seaweed, used topically in body masks and baths, offer elasticizing qualities while toning the most sensitive skins. Phyco-colloids are also used in hospitals for their wound-healing properties.

Detoxification The role of seaweed in detoxification of the connective tissues is essential to the health and proper functioning of the skin and the body. Nutrition without proper detoxification leads to a pollution of our inner ocean. Seaweed helps to protect the ecology of our inner ocean through a variety of processes, including those covered above. Others are the stimulation of the lymph system, the introduction of anti-oxidants and the abundance of free radical scavengers.

Concerned Questions

Many believe that the trace element iodine is an allergen and that it is comedogenic. This may be a misconception as iodine is indispensable for life. The answer may lie elsewhere. Here are some explanations:

Inorganic iodides are chemically synthesized substances that have been shown to be comedogenic. They are stored in the thyroid and when the body attempts to eliminate them, the result is rashes and breakouts on the skin.

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Shellfish are often the allergen associated with iodine. Many people have an allergy to these bottom feeders that nourish themselves on increasingly polluted sediments on the ocean floor.

Another negative association with algae are the infamous red tides. These are associated with pollution and death of marine wildlife. The incidence of red tides are a natural phenomenon that is part of the cycle of life.

Red tides are algae blooms that result in the opportunistic appearance of an unnatural abundance of food. Dumping our sewage and garbage into our oceans is the source of this abundance. Algae consume this waste and as a result, multiply. This phenomenon creates such a growth among the red algae that the waters appear red, hence the name red tide. However, as soon as the garbage and sewage are consumed, the food supply is exhausted, causing starvation of the red algae. As they die, the process of decomposition depletes oxygen from surrounding waters. Diminished oxygen leads to suffocation of fish who also die. More decomposition and de-oxygenation of waters until fresh currents replenish the red tide with oxygenated waters. Equilibrium is attained. Life resumes.

When red ties occur, it is a symptom of the abuse of manʼs environment. Using our life-giving ocean as our sewer poisons the fruit of the tree of life.

Medicinal Uses of AlgaeAccording to a report in Erde International, the use of seaweeds in medicine is limited to certain regions of the world and certain subdivisions of the drug industry. Their use in those fields has remained limited due to the preference in the pharmaceutical industry for synthetic and “patentable” remedies that can be sold for premium prices. However, in Asia and certain parts of Europe, the uses of seaweed are “still respected.”

Today, seaweeds are used regularly in China to treat circulatory and respiratory disorders as well as goiter. In the Chinese culture, seaweeds are used as preventive medicine. However, the pharmaceutical industry having isolated certain “extractable” ingredients from seaweed is showing that this abundant plant life, that is the base of the oceanic food chain, has a future indeed. Below are some examples of seaweed extracts and their nutritional/medicinal properties:

Antibiotic Properties: The function of antibiotics is to inhibit or destroy the growth of certain micro-organisms. Their function is partly related to their ability to disrupt the genic code of cells. Red seaweeds are the prime source of antibiotic substances due to the presence of cyclic polysulphides, phenol and acid types. As with essential oils, phenols are among the most powerful and natural antibiotic organic chemicals.

Anti-Viral Properties: Chondrus Crispus, used as a base in many cosmetic preparations for its gelifying properties, is also rich in Chondriol, which has been shown to have viral inhibiting properties.

Blood Coagulants: Red algaes such as carageenan, agar-agar and iridophcan are known for the presence of significant quantities of Vitamin K. As such, it is a primary

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source of this valuable vitamin and used in the treatment of spider veins and varicose veins.

Vermifuging Effects: Due to their high content of Kianic and Domoic acids, extracts of certain seaweeds have shown to expel intestinal worms in humans. Extracts from Alssidium, Corallina, Chondrun Crispus are used extensively in Asia.

Goitre: Laminara Digitata, Laminara Japonica and other brown algaes are exceptionally rich in organic iodine. This property makes Laminaral Algae the treatment of choice in both Europe and in Asia where it is more commonly called Kombu.

Obesity: The same algae used in goitre are appreciated for the slimming properties. The presence of iodine increases metabolism and is believed to help in the detoxification of the gastro-intestinal tract.

Anti-Fungal Properties: Extracts from brown algae such as Fucus Vesiculosis, Graciliara and Gelidiella have been found to be effective against fungal infections and gram positive bacteria such as staphlococcus aureus and salmonella. Applications are used in wound-healing preparations.

Cholesterol: The high presence of cycloartenol which is the precursor of all algal steroids such as dermosterol in red seaweed fucosterol, campesterol and sitosterol in brown seaweed are known for their cholesterol-regulating properties. Nutritional use of seaweed is also known for its cholesterol-regulating activity.

Wound Healing: Findings in a British study as reported in the Pharmaceutical Journal demonstrated that 73 percent of skin ulcers treated with seaweed wraps improved versus only 43 percent treated with conventional bandaging. Helps keep wounds clean and speeds up healing. The extract used was calcium alginate taken from brown algae.

Dentistry: Alginates taken from brown algae have been used to make impressions for dental work and crowns.

Anti-Radiation Properties: The internal use of brown algae has been shown to be effective in the elimination of radioactive toxic metals from the bloodstream. In studies reported by McGill University in Montreal, the EPA and Tanaka et al, the presence of strontium-90, cesuim and radioactive iodine were virtually eliminated after a three-day ingestion of 80 grams of seaweed daily.

Fluid Retention: The presence of organic calcium and magnesium in Lithothamnium Clacareum have been shown to reduce bloat and improve circulation in the lower limbs.

Constipation: Both red and brown species are known for gentle laxative properties when taken orally. Extracts are commonly used in suppositories and as surgical lubricants.

Anti-Oxidant Properties: The presence of super-phyco-dismutase, beta-carotenes and Vitamin C in brown algae make them especially powerful natural anti-oxidants.

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Anti-Coagulating Properties: Algal polysaccharides such as carageenan, agar and laminarine have been shown to have this effect. This property is attributed to the sulphate content which reacts with plasma proteins.

Rheumatism: In thalassotherapy spas and marine hospitals, cataplasms of seaweeds are used to treat inflammatory conditions such as rheumatic pain. Brown algae such as Laminarias are most commonly used.

Since the first symposium on marine pharmacology held by the New York Academy of Science in 1960, interest in the healing properties of seaweed has continued. Symposia are held every four years.

In order to understand the vast possibilities of the healing properties of seaweed and algae, it should be noted that less than 100 species have been studies and put to industrial and pharmaceutical use. When we consider that there are some 3,000 species of seaweed, 30,000 species of algae and 25,000 species of marine lichens – all of which have not yet come under scientific scrutiny – the task ahead is as vast as it is promising.

Sources

American Spa Therapy Education and Certification Council, www.astecc.com.

Barron, Patrick. Hydrotherapy Theory and Technique, Third Edition. Pine Island Publishers, Inc., 2003.

International Spa Association, www.experienceispa.com.

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