department of agriculture- nap combating desertification in the philippines

7/22/2019 Department of Agriculture- NAP Combating Desertification in the Philippines

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TheUpdatedPhilippine

NationalActionPlan

toCombat

Desertification,

LandDegradationandDrought(DLDD)

FY20102020

January2010

DepartmentofAgricultureBureauofSoilsandWaterManagement

DepartmentofAgrarianReform

DepartmentofEnvironmentandNatural

Resources

DepartmentofScienceandTechnology


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2

CHAPTER5.0.ImplementationArrangements

5.1ProjectManagementandCoordination

5.2TentativeScheduleofProgramsandProjectsImplementation

Chapter6.0. MonitoringandEvaluation

Chapter7.0

Expected

Outputs

7.1AttainmentoftheStrategicObjectivesintheLongTerm

7.2AttainmentoftheOperationalObjectivesintheShortTerm

ANNEXES

Annex1: Past,CurrentandContinuingEffortsRelatedtoPhilippineNAP20042010

Annex2: DroughtProneProvincesandAreasExperiencingSeasonalAridity

Annex 3: Relevant Laws, Legislations and Policies Addressing the Underlying Factors Causing

MassiveLandDegradationinthePhilippines

GlossaryofTerms

References

Acknowledgment


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3

Message

The Department of Agriculture through the Bureau of Soils and Water Management had reached

another milestone in addressing the triple challenges of food security, livelihood creation and

environmentalsustainability.Iamhonoredtopresentthiscrucialandupdatedblueprint,ThePhilippine

NationalAction

Plan

(NAP)

to

Combat

Desertification,

Land

Degradation

and

Drought

(2010

2020).

Inthepastdecades,ourstrategiestoenhanceproductivity in foodproducingareaswerecenteredon

themassiveusageofinorganicfertilizersthatresultedtovariousformsoflanddegradation.Inasmuchas

thegradualdeteriorationofourlandsaswellaswatersystemisalreadycreatinghavocinachievingour

targetproductionvolume,thusaffectingthenationalgoaloffoodsecurityandenhancedfarmincome,

it is imperative to take serious and doable actions now. We cannot afford to be on a wait and see

attitude.WhatisatstakeisnotonlythecurrentneedtoprovidefoodforeveryFilipinohouseholdbut

alsotoensurethatfuturegenerationscanhaveadequatefoodsupply,cleanenvironment,andahigher

qualityoflifethanwhatwehavenow.

I

have

always

believed

that

healthy

land

and

soil

is

the

foundation

of

agricultural

productivity

and

ecosystem balance. Healthy soils can produce safe food and feed crops that promote the health of

humans, animals, and other living things. With this as a guiding principle, the implementation of

sustainablelandandwatermanagement(SLM)programoftheNAPcanserveasthekeytoensurethat

agriculture can continue to perform its major function: to provide food for the current and future

Filipino population with less negative impacts to our finite land and water resources. One of the key

activities under the SLM program would include the promotion of organic agriculture and upland

development.

As I embark on my new challenging task, I look forward in immediately implementing this plan in

collaborationwithourthreecountrysidepartners:DepartmentofAgrarianReform(DAR),Department

of

Environment

and

Natural

Resources

(DENR),

and

Department

of

Science

and

Technology

(DOST).

I

therefore enjoin the active participation and support of other DA bureaus and attached agencies,

regional field units (RFUs), local government units (LGUs), farmers group, academe and civil society

organizations.Letusput thisplan intoarealaction for thebenefitoftheFilipinopeople,particularly

thosethatarevulnerabletodesertification,landdegradationanddrought.

Again,IcommendtheBureauofSoilsandWaterManagement,astheUNCCDPhilippineFocalAgency,

forspearheadingtheupdatingoftheNAPtocombatDLDD.Iwouldalsoliketothankourpartnersfrom

otherinstitutionswhoengagedactivelyonourseriesofconsultationmeetingsandworkshops.

Congratulationsandmorepower!

Hon.ProcesoJ.Alcala

Secretary

DepartmentofAgriculture


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4

Message

Greetings!!!

As we usher into a new decade, I am applauding the efforts of the Department of Agriculture,

particularlythe

Bureau

of

Soils

and

Water

Management

and

the

collaborating

agencies

in

coming

up

with the updated Philippine National Action Plan (20102020) in accordance to the 10Year Strategic

PlanandFrameworkoftheUnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification(UNCCD).

Theproblemcausedby landdegradation isaviciouscyclethataffectsourenvironment,economy,and

society. The loss of natural resources hampers the economic development and social stability of a

country. Unless we address these concerns, these conditions result to increasing level of poverty

incidenceandfoodinsecurity.

Withthealarmingstateofglobal landdegradation,theDepartmentofAgriculturethroughBSWMhas

continually pursued the fight against desertification, land degradation, and drought (DLDD). New

strategiesare

also

being

implemented

to

support

integrated

programs

of

land

and

water

management

thatwillhelpourfarmersimprovetheproductivityandsustainabilityoflandandwaterresources.

Our country has seen the havoc caused by El Nio which significantly affected our agricultural

productivity. We face the challenges of climate change and humaninduced land degradation. This

updatedNationalActionPlanisacalltouniteandstrengthentheconvergenceofactionsamongvarious

stakeholders to prevent desertification and land degradation and mitigate the negative impacts of

drought.Ourcombinedeffortswouldcertainlycontributetothereductionofpovertyandhungerinthe

countryside.

Again,Icommendthepeoplebehindthisimportantmilestone.Congratulationsandmorepower!

Hon.BernieG.Fondevilla

FormerSecretary

DepartmentofAgriculture


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5

Foreword

It ismyhonortopresenttheupdatedPhilippineNationalActionPlan(NAP)toCombatDesertification,

LandDegradationandDrought20102020.This document affirmsour continuedsupport to thegoals

andobjectivesoftheUnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification(UNCCD).

Like in the first NAP (20042010), this updated version emphasizes the need for synergy among the

three UN conventionsUNCCD, United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD), and the

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as well as the convergence of

actionsamongstakeholders nationalgovernmentagencies(NGAs),localgovernmentunits(LGUs),and

civilsocietyorganizations(CSOs).

Consideringthecountrys increasingvulnerabilitytodroughtand landdegradationonaccountofpoor

watershedand landmanagement, increasingpopulation,continuing lossofproductivityanddecline in

wateravailability,theNAP20102020provides aNationalDevelopmentFrameworktohaltthefurther

spread of desertification, prevent land degradation, and mitigate the impacts of drought in order to

contributetotheglobaleffortsonpovertyreductionandtoensureenvironmentalsustainability.

The NAP underwent various consultations and workshops nationwide, including islandwide

consultations inLuzon,Visayas,andMindanao.Thisdocument,therefore,representstheconsolidated

efforts of government agencies, academe, and civil society organizations in the country which are

workingonagricultureandnaturalresourcesuseanddevelopment.

WeattheBureauofSoilsandWaterManagement(BSWM)wouldliketothankandcommendallthose

who have contributed in the preparation of the updated NAP 20102020. We certainly are looking

forwardtoworkingwithyouintheimplementationoftheNAP20102020.

SILVINOQ.TEJADA,CESOIII

BSWMDirectorandUNCCDNationalFocalPoint


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6

ListofAcronyms

ACIAR AustralianCentreforInternationalAgriculturalResearch

ADB AsianDevelopmentBank

AFMA AgricultureandFisheriesModernizationActof1997(RepublicAct8435)

ARBs

AgrarianReform

Beneficiaries

ARCs AgrarianReformCommunities

ARRM AutonomousRegionforMuslimMindanao

ASEAN AssociationofSoutheastAsianNations

ASSOD AssessmentofHumanInducedSoilDegradationinSouthandSoutheastAsia

AWD AlternateWettingandDrying

AWS AutomaticWeatherStation

BAR BureauofAgriculturalResearch

BSWM BureauofSoilsandWaterManagement

BAS BureauofAgriculturalStatistics

BUCAF BicolUniversityCollegeofAgricultureandForestry

CAR CordilleraAutonomousRegion

CARP ComprehensiveAgrarianReformProgram

CBFM CommunityBasedForestManagement

CFS ClimateFieldSchool

CFV ConservationFarmingVillages

CHED CommissiononHigherEducation

CIS CommunalIrrigationSystems

COP ConferenceoftheParties

CRIC CommitteefortheReviewoftheImplementation oftheConvention

CSO CivilSocietyOrganizations

DA DepartmentofAgriculture

DAAFIS DepartmentofAgricultureAgricultureandFisheriesInformationService

DAITCAF DepartmentofAgricultureInformationTechnologyCenterforAgricultureandFisheries

DAR DepartmentofAgrarianReform

DENR

Departmentof

Environment

and

Natural

Resources

DILG DepartmentofInteriorandLocalGovernment

DLDD Desertification,LandDegradationandDrought

DOST DepartmentofScienceandTechnology

ENSO ElNioSouthernOscillation

ESSC EnvironmentalScienceforSocialChange

FAs FarmersAssociations

FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganization

FIS ForestryInformationSystem

FPLC FarmersParticipatoryLearningCenters

FWS FarmerWaterSchool

GAA GeneralAppropriationsAct

GEF GlobalEnvironmentalFacility

GFDRR GlobalFacilityforDisasterRiskReduction

GIS GeographicInformationSystem

GM GlobalMechanisms

IAs IrrigatorsAssociation

IACDLDD InterAgencyCommitteeonDesertification,Land DegradationandDrought

IEC Information,EducationandCommunication

InfRES InfrastructureforRuralProductivityEnhancementSector

IPs IndigenousPeoples


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7

ISCAF IfugaoStateCollegeofAgricultureandForestry

IWRM IntegratedWaterResourceManagement

JICA JapanInternationalCooperationAgency

LADA LandDegradationAssessment

LGU LocalGovernmentUnit

MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoals

MOU

Memorandumof

Understanding

MTPDP MediumTermPhilippineDevelopmentPlan

MTPIP MediumTermPhilippineInvestmentPlan

NAMRIA NationalMappingResourceandInformationAgency

NAP NationalActionPlan

NAPA NationalAdaptationProgramofActions

NAPC NationalAntiPovertyCommission

NBSAP NationalBiodiversityStrategyandActionPlan

NEDA NationalEconomicDevelopmentAuthority

NDS NationalDevelopmentStrategy

NGAs NationalGovernmentAgencies

NGOs NongovernmentOrganization

NIA NationalIrrigationAdministration

NIPAS

NationalIntegrated

Protected

Areas

System

NIS NationalIrrigationSystems

NPSC NationalProjectSteeringCommittee

NSCB NationalStatisticalCoordinationBoard

NWRB NationalWaterResourcesBoard

PAGASA PhilippineAtmospheric,GeophysicalandAstronomicalServicesAdministration

PCARRD PhilippineCouncilforAgriculture,ForestryandNaturalResourcesResearchandDevelopment

PhilRice PhilippineRiceResearchInstitute

PIA PhilippineInformationAgency

PIDS PhilippineInstituteforDevelopmentStudies

RS RemoteSensing

SAFDZ StrategicAgricultureandFisheriesDevelopmentZones

SLM

SustainableLand

Management

SOTER SoilsandTerrainDigitalDatabase

SSIPs SmallScaleIrrigationProjects

SSIS SmallScaleIrrigationSystems

SUCs StateUniversitiesandColleges

TPN ThematicProgrammeNetwork

TWG TechnicalWorkingGroup

UNCBD UnitedNationsConventiononBiologicalDiversity

UNCCD UnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification

UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange

UNICEF UnitedNationsChildrensFund

UPLB UniversityofthePhilippinesLosBaos

UPRIIS UpperPampangaRiverIntegratedIrrigationSystem

WB

WorldBank

WHO WorldHealthOrganization

WRI WorldResourcesInstitute

WST WaterSavingTechnologies


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8

ListofTables

Number

Title Page

1 SignificantEventsonNaturalResourceUseandAgriculturalDevelopmentinthe

Philippines

2 DistributionofErosionClassesbyIslandGrouping(inMHa)

3 TypesofLandDegradationBasedonSOTER/ASSODStudies

4 YearlyTrendandRatioofN,P,K,Utilizationfrom19801998

5 Areasaffected,DegreeofSeverityandDamagesofMajorENSO

InducedDroughtEventsinthePhilippines

6 Production Losses, Value of Damages and Area Affected Due to 19821983,

19911992,19971998ElNinoEpisodes

7 Percentage Change in Livestock and Poultry Population in 19971998 El Nino

Episode

8 ProductionLossesoftheFisheriesSectorDueto19971998ElNinoEpisode

9

Locationand

Drainage

Area

of

Major

River

Basins

in

the

Country

10 ListofPriorityProgramsandProjectsUnderthePhilNAP20102020

11 TentativeScheduleofImplementation,ProposedBudget,andAgenciesInvolved

perProjectperThematicCluster

12 PhilNAP20102020LogicalFramework


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9

ListofFigures

No. Title Page

1

Synergyof

the

Three

Conventions

within

the

Global

Context

2 EstimatedPercentForestCoverofthePhilippines1990,1998,2010

3 ClimateMapofthePhilippinesbasedontheModifiedCoronaClassification

4 ElNioEpisodesinthePhilippines

5 MapoftheMajorRiverBasinsofthePhilippines

6 OverallDevelopmentFrameworkofthePhilNAP20102020toEnhancethe

ImplementationoftheConvention

7 Synergy Among the Three Conventions at the Country Level, Overlaps

IndicatetheCommonThematicAreasforPossibleSynergy

8 Proposed Organizational Structure to Implement the Phil NAP 20102020

through

Synergy

among

the

UNCCD,

UNCBD,

UNFCCC

and

Convergence

of

ActionandStrategicAllianceAmongVariousStakeholders


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ExecutiveSummary

ThePhilippineSenateratifiedtheUNCCD(NationalActionPlantoCombatDesertification)onFebruary

10, 2000 and the final accession to the Convention came into full force in May 2000. To fulfill the

requirement of UNCCD under the Conventions Articles 9 and 10, the first Philippine National Action

Plan(NAP)

2004

2010

was

formulated

in

August

2004.

It

is

aworking

document

for

the

convergence

of

actions of the Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Environment and Natural Resources

(DENR),DepartmentofAgrarianReform(DAR),andtheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology(DOST).

Recentdevelopmentintheglobalarenaandtheconstraintsandchallengesduringtheimplementation

oftheprogramsandprojectsundertheNAP20042010bringabouttheneedforupdatingtheNAP.At

the eight session of the Conference of the Parties (COP8) to the UNCCD in September 2007, country

Parties adopted the 10Year Strategic Plan and Framework (The Strategy) 20082018 to enhance the

implementationoftheConvention.AsthePhilippinesexpressionofsupporttothisnewdevelopment,

the NAP 20102020 is formulated to more effectively implement programs and projects to combat

desertification and land degradation and, mitigate the effects of drought. The big challenge that the

NAP20102020intendstoaddressistheapproximately5.2M(million)hectares(or17%ofthecountrys

total

land

area)

of

severely

eroded

area

and

the

27.3%

vulnerable

area

to

drought,

alternating

with

floods and typhoons on a yearly basis. This situation may contribute to increasing level of poverty

incidence.

The NAP 20102020, therefore, is a working document for the synergy among the three Multilateral

EnvironmentalAgreements(MEAs)onbiodiversity,climatechangeandlanddegradationatthecountry

level,and theconvergenceofactionsamongnationalgovernmentagencies (NGAs), localgovernment

units (LGUs), and civil society organizations (CSOs) to contribute to hunger mitigation and poverty

reduction,andenvironmentalsustainability.

1. The geographical domain and priority landscapes are Desertification, Land Degradation and

Drought(DLDD)

vulnerable

areas

in:

highland,

hillyland

and

upland

ecosystems

in

which

climatic

driversandhumaninducedactivitiesresulttolanddegradationandlossofbiodiversity;and

2. Lowland ecosystems which experience seasonal aridity and drought that could result to low

productivityandreducedfarmincome.

Moreover,itisaland andwatercenteredactionplanconsistingofthreelongtermstrategicthematic

programs,namely:

1. Creationoflivelihoodtoaffectedpopulation;

2. Sustainableuseandmanagementofaffectedecosystems;and

3. Formulationofanationaladaptationplatformtoclimatechangeforfoodsecurityandimproved

resiliencetonaturaldisasters.

Thiswillbeachievedthroughshort tomediumtermoperationalthematicclusters:

1. SustainableLandManagement(SLM)TechnologiesincludingAdaptation;

2. CapacityBuildingandAwareness;

3. KnowledgeManagementandDecisionSupport;

4. DLDDandSLMMonitoringandAssessment;

5. Policy,Legislative,andInstitutionalFramework;

6. FundingandResourceMobilization;and


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7. Participation,Collaboration,andNetworking.

SomeoftheexpectedoutputsoftheNAP20102020include:

Generationof15,750hectares(ha)ofnewareasforuplandagriculturetobenefitabout7,500

upland farmers through the provision of rainwater harvesting in the uplands of Ilocos Region

andthe

Visayas

Islands;

Rehabilitation of 6,100 ha to benefit 4,200 farmers through the repair and improvement of

existingsmallscaleirrigationprojects(SSIPs)intheuplandecosystem;

Management of 130,000 ha of critical watershed areas of existing national irrigation systems

andcommunalirrigationsystems;

Establishment of 126 agrometeorological stations in strategic upland areas and 126 early

warningsystemsforlowlandpopulationpreparedness;

Reduction of usage of chemical fertilizers in about 200,000 ha through farm wastes recycling

andreuse,

and

on

farm

composting

technologies;

Watersavingsofabout15to30%inirrigatedriceproductionareasof1.5Mha;

NetworksofModelFarmscumFarmerParticipatoryLearningCenters(FLPC)in16Regionsofthe

countrytocatervulnerableareastoDLDD;

Compendium of indigenous knowledge and best practices and technologies relating to

sustainableresourceutilization;knowledgeproductssuchasbrochuresandmanualsondrought

mitigating measures and land degradation prevention; and flyers/bulletins on early warning

system and advisory on the occurrence, intensity and duration of El Nio effects and other

calamities;

Compendiumofbioreferences for theselectionofsuitableagriculturalcommodities foragro

biodiversityandforestdevelopment;

Optimum utilization of seasonal climate and water resources information and forecasts and

empowered farmers in affected areas through Climate Field School (CFS) and Farmer Water

School(FWS);and

DigitalmapsonDLDDhotspotsandlandusechangesduetoimpactsofSLMadoption.


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CHAPTER1.0

Introduction

1.0 UnitedNationsConventiontoCombatDesertification(UNCCD)andthePhilippinesasa

Party

to

the

Convention:

An

Overview

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), adopted on June 17, 1994, is a

specialUnitedNation(UN)agendaforpovertyreduction inthedry,arid,semiarid,anddrysubhumid

areas,particularlytheAfricanContinent.Themostvulnerableecosystemsandpeopleintheworldexist

inthisregion.AsofNovember2008,therewere193SignatoryStatesandPartiestotheConvention.It

was one of the three Rio conventions borned out of the 1992 United Nations Conference on

Environment and Development. The other Rio conventions were: the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity

(UNCBD).

WithinthecontextoftheConvention,desertification isdefinedasdegradationofdrylands. It involves

theloss

of

biological

or

economic

productivity,

and

complexity

in

croplands,

pastures,

and

woodlands.

It

isduemainlytoclimatevariability,andunsustainablehumanactivities.BydefinitionoftheConvention,

drylandshavelimitedfreshwatersupplieswhereprecipitationcanvarygreatlyduringtheyearwithwide

fluctuationsoccurringoveryearsanddecades,frequentlyleadingtodrought.

Through the intervention of the Philippines, the emerging climate phenomenon attributed to the

increasingrecurrencecycleofElNio,seasonalaridityorseasonalextremedryness,wasacceptedinthe

Conventionandwasconsideredastheprimarybasis fortheacknowledgmentofdesertification inthe

tropicalcountries,particularlyintheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations(ASEAN)countryparties.

ThePhilippineSenateandHouseofRepresentativesjointlyratifiedtheUNCCDonFebruary10,2000and

finalaccession

came

to

full

force

in

May

10,

2000.

2.0 LinkageofUNCCDtoOtherGlobalEfforts

2.1 UnitedNationsConventiononBiologicalDiversityandUnitedNationsFrameworkConventionon

ClimateChange

The UNCCD is closely linked with the other two UN Conventions: UNCBD and UNFCCC. The UNCBD

recognizes that biological diversity is about more than plants, animals, microorganisms, and their

ecosystems.Itisaboutpeopleandourneedforfoodsecurity,medicines,freshairandwater,shelter,

andacleanandhealthyenvironmentinwhichtolive.ThisConventionwassignedby150government

leaders at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. The Philippines joined the UNCBD in October 1993 and

formulatedits

National

Biodiversity

Strategy

and

Action

Plan

(NBSAP)

in

1997.

With192membercountries,theUNFCCCsetsanoverallframeworkforintergovernmentaleffortsto

tackle the challenge posed by climate change. It recognizes that the climate system is a shared

resource,whosestabilitycanbeaffectedbyindustrialandotheremissionsofcarbondioxideandother

greenhousegases.ThegovernmentsthatarePartiestotheConventionareexpectedtocarryoutthe

followingresponsibilities:


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Gather and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national policies, and best

practices;

Launch national strategies for addressing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to

expected impacts, including the provision of financial and technological support to

developingcountries;and

Cooperate

in

preparing

for

adaptation

to

the

impacts

of

climate

change.

As aParty to the Convention since August1994, the Philippines developed theNational Adaptation

ProgramofAction(NAPA)tomitigatetheeffectsofclimatechange.WiththeapprovaloftheRepublic

Act 9729 or the Climate Change Act of 2009, the Climate Change Commission in consultation with

variousstakeholders,formulatedtheNationalFrameworkStrategyonClimateChange(20102022).

It is recognized that land degradation and drought are influenced by climate change and create

detrimentalimpactonvariousformsofbiodiversityleadingtoachainofevents,includinglossofprime

lands for the production of food and fiber, opening of ecologically fragile lands, and destruction of

naturalvegetation.

Sincedesertification,

climate

change

and

biological

diversity

have

complex

and

inter

related

issues

and

concernsthatneedtobeimmediatelyaddressedandmanaged,thereisaneedforasynergyofefforts

ofUNCCDwithUNCBDandUNFCCC(Figure1).

2.2 UnitedNationsMillenniumDevelopmentGoals

The eight UN Millennium DevelopmentGoals (MDG) formacommon blueprint for allcountries

andworldsleadinginstitutionstoaddresstheneedsoftheworldspoorest.Theattainmentofthe

Desertification,

Land Degradation andPoverty (UNCCD)

Long Term Producti vity:

Inter-generational

Equity

Climate Change

Foundation forGlobal Economic

Diversification

Biodiversity

Global GeneticFoundation

Global

Food Security

Global Food

Systems

Natural Resource

Productivity

Global

Quality

of Life:

Global Peace

Figure1.SynergyoftheThreeConventions withintheGlobal Context

(Concepcion,2004).


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Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),

DepartmentofAgrarianReform(DAR),andtheDepartmentofScienceandTechnology(DOST).

The Phil NAP 20042010 is a watercentered action plan and is focused on sustainable

managementofcriticalwatershedareas located inseasonallydry/aridareassufferingfromfood

insecurity.Thesecriticalwatershedareashavehighlythreatenedriversystemsthatcutacrosstwo

or more municipalities and provinces where initiatives of local government units and theirrespective communities need to be guided and harmonized. These interrelated problems,

throughtheNAP,soughttheparticipationandcollectiveeffortsoftheDA,DENR,DAR,andDOST.

ThePhilNAP20042010hastwomajorthematicprograms,namely:SustainableAgricultureand

MarginalUplandDevelopmentandIntegratedEcosystemManagement.Thesethematicprograms

has five components, that is, Land and Water Technology Development; Local Governance and

Community Initiatives; Database Development and Harmonization; Information, Education and

Communication;andEnablingPolicy.

As planned, the important deliverables of the Phil NAP 20042010 within the implementation

periodare:

1. Establishment of 5,000 community learning centers for training 15,000 upland dwellers

andfordevelopingcommunityinitiativesonlocalareadevelopment;

2. Construction of 100,000 small water retention structures in critical watershed areas for

the period 20052010 to cover about 200,000 ha and benefit about 130,000 upland

dwellers;

3. Reductionby30%of farmersdependenceonchemical fertilizersatthe endof2010by

implementing balance fertilization strategy through the proper combination of organic

andinorganicfertilizers;and

4. Prevention of desertification and further expansion of land degradation through the

rehabilitation

of

approximately

200,000

ha

of

degraded

lands

in

seasonally

arid

areas

and

about250,000haofforestlands.

ThePhilNAP20042010facedseveralchallengesduringitsimplementation.Theseincludethelack

of institutional arrangement, inadequate information and financial and manpower resources, and

theoverlappingprogramsandprioritiesofgovernmentagencies.Despitethesechallenges,efforts

by both government agencies and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) have contributed in

achievingitsobjectivesthroughtheirvariousprojectsthatarealignedwiththePhilNAP20042010.

The detailed information regarding these projects is presented in Annex I and is summarized by

programcomponentasfollows:

ProgramComponent1:LandandWaterTechnologyDevelopment

1. Promotion of Water Saving Technology: AlternateWetting and Drying (AWD) in Upper

PampangaRiverIntegratedIrrigationSystem(UPRIIS)andGroundwaterIrrigationProjectin

Tarlac;

2. Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)Technical Cooperation Program I and II:

PromotionofWaterSavingTechnology;

3. SustainableSystemofIrrigatedAgriculture;

4. AgrikalikasanModifiedRapidCompostingProgram;


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5. NationalCoconutProductivityProgram;

6. HydrobiologicalAssessmentofLakeLanao;

7. WaterQualityMonitoringFocusingonIndustrialWastewater,RiverSystemsandCoastlines;

8. OrganicbasedAgricultureTamangAbonoProject;

9. MercuryAssessmentProject;

10.SiteSpecificNutrientManagementforCornAreas;

11. Communitybased Watershed Management Approach in Improving LivelihoodOpportunitiesinSelectedAreasinthePhilippines;

12.ConstructionofDopplerRadarProject;

13.EstablishmentofAutomaticWeatherStations(AWS);

14.MindanaoRuralDevelopmentProgram(MRDP)APLII(WorldBankfunded);

15. InfrastructureforRuralProductivityEnhancementSector(InFRES) AsianDevelopmentBank

(ADB)funded;

16.SupporttoEmergencyandLivelihoodAssistanceProgram;and

17.ConstructionandInstallationofFloodForecastingandEarlyWarningSystemforMaragusan,

CompostelaValley.

ProgramComponent

2:

Local

Governance

and

Community

Initiatives

1. Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Bohol Project 1

IntegratedWatershedManagementforSustainableSoilandWaterResourcesManagement

oftheInabangaWatershed,BoholIsland,Philippines;

2. ACIARBoholProject2 EvaluationandAdoptionofImprovedFarmingPracticesonSoiland

Water Resources, BoholIsland,thePhilippines;

3. Community Agricultural Technology Project: Increasing Income of Farmer Groups through

ImprovedPracticesofGoatProductionandPastureManagement;

4. Rajah Sikatuna Protected Landscape Biodiversity Conservation and Poverty Reduction

Project;

5. BilarBatuan

Eco

Toursim

Enhancement

Project;

6. NuevaVidaSurNaturalResourcesManagementProject;

7. Enhancing Bat and Dipterocarp Conservation through Research and Education in Selected

SitesinLoboc,Bilar,Sevilla,Danao,andGuindulman;

8. Capacity Building and Development of Farmers Associations and Cooperatives in Upland

BarangaysofBohol,Philippines(Phase3);

9. Dipterocarp Tree Domestication and Use on Public and Private Lands in Selected Sites to

ExpandandConservePhilippineForests;

10.CambigsiNaturalResourceManagementProject;

11.CapacityBuildingandDevelopmentofFarmerAssociationsinUplandBarangaysofBohol

12.ConservationofCaveSwiftletsandSustainableHarvestingoftheirNestsinKarstLandscapes

ofBoholIsland,Philippines;

13.OmjonNatural

Resource

Management

Project;

14.StrengtheningIntegratedNaturalResourceManagementandIncomeGeneration inEskaya

CommunitiesofBohol,Philippines;

15.StrengtheningSolidWasteManagementinBilar,Bohol;

16.PublicationofKarstInformationKitforEnvironmentalManagementDecisionMakers;

17.EstablishmentandRehabilitationofSmallScaleIrrigationProjects;

18.AbangSamaRiverIrrigationProject;

19.UpperSaugIrrigationProject;


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20.EnhancingAgriculturalProductionthroughSustainableUseofShallowGroundwater;

21.NationalProgram forSustainableUplandFarmingthroughtheEstablishmentofBarangay

SagipSaka ConservationFarmingVillages(CFV);

22.UplandDevelopmentProgram;

23. IntegratedSoil ConservationTechnoDemoGuidedFarm;

24.Farmer Field School: Seasonlong Participatory Training on Conservation Farming in

DifferentAgroclimaticZones;25.Alternative Energy, Food and Livelihood Sources towards Sustainable Management of the

BayugRiverWatershed,Brgy.Rogongon,IliganCity;

26.BiodiversityResearchProgrammeforDevelopmentinMindanao;

27.Soil Ecological Diversity and Relevant Interrelationships of Critical Resources in Mt.

Malindang,MisamisOccidental;and

28.SoilEcologicalDiversityand ConservationofCriticalResourcesinAgusandelSur.

ProgramComponent3:DatabaseDevelopmentandHarmonization

1. ForestryInformationSystem(FIS)Project;

2. Intelligent

Decision

Support

System

for

Environmental

Hazards

Management

Using

GeographicInformationSystem(GIS)andRemoteSensing(RS);and

3. AgrarianReformCommunities(ARCs)ResourceInventory(Boholprovince)

ProgramComponent4: Information,EducationandCommunication(IEC)

1. Production of audiovideo materials, articles, technical papers, manual, brochures, and

trainingmanualsthroughvariousBSWMimplementedProjects;

2. Watershedtours(CentralCebuProtectedLandscape);

3. Development and Support for Dipterocarp Information Materials Development in the

Philippines;

4. BuhisanDam

Watershed

Protection

and

Rehabilitation

Project;

and

5. 2005StatisticsonPhilippineProtectedAreasandWildlifeResources.

ProgramComponent5:EnablingPolicy

ForProgramComponent5,policyresearchprojectsandstudiesdirectedonmitigatingtheeffectsof

land degradation and drought have not been carried out comprehensively. However, several bills

havebeencraftedthataddressedtheunderlying factorscausing landdegradation (Annex1 forthe

listoflegislations).


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CHAPTER2.0

RationaleforPreparingthePhilippineNAP2010 2020

As emphasized in the 7th session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the

Convention(CRIC7),

NAP

represents

the

core

instrument

for

implementing

the

Convention.

There

is

a

need foranupdateofNAPthroughacontinuingparticipatoryprocessonthebasisof lessons learned

from fieldworksandknowledgedevelopment.AfteradecadeofUNCCD implementation, ithasbeen

recognizedthatlimitingfactorspreventedoptimaldeploymentoftheConvention.Amongthesefactors

are insufficient financing compared to its Rio sister conventions; a weak scientific basis; insufficient

advocacyandawarenessamongvariousconstituencies;and institutionalweaknessesanddifficulties in

reachingconsensusamongParties.

At the country level, as previously mentioned, one of the constraints encountered was the lack of

adequateinstitutionalarrangementsthatwouldenhancetheeffectiveimplementationofprogramsand

projectsindicatedinthePhilNAP20042010.TheproposedInteragencyCommitteeonDesertification,

Land

Degradation

and

Drought

(IACLDDD)

was

not

yet

created,

thereby

preventing

the

multiinstitutional program implementation. Therefore, it is imperative to create the IACLDDD and make it

operational starting 2010. Another challenge is inadequate financing for the NAPs programs and

projects. Although there was an effort to seek for assistance on project development through the

Operational Plan 15 (Sustainable Land Management) of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), this

initiativedidnotpushthroughbecauseofthechangeoftoplevelprioritiesaswellasleadership.

TheUNCCDoperatestodayinanenvironmentthathasevolvedconsiderablysinceitwasfirstnegotiated

and it faces different opportunities and constraints that will condition its implementation in the

forthcomingdecade.ToaddresstheConventionskeychallengesatthestrategicandoperationallevels,

atthe8thsessionoftheConferenceoftheParties(COP8)totheUNCCDinSeptember2007,Partiesto

the Convention adopted the 10year Strategic Plan and Framework or The Strategy 20082018 to

enhance the implementation of the Convention (ICCD/COP(8)/16/Add 1). The Strategy is a tool toeffectively respond to new challenges and opportunities in the global context. Its purpose is to

establishaglobalpartnershiptohaltandpreventdesertificationand landdegradationandtomitigate

the effects of drought in affected areas in order to support poverty reduction and environmental

sustainability.

TheStrategydefinesandproposesprioritiesfortheimplementationoftheConventionexpressed inthe

formoffourstrategicobjectives:

StrategicObjective1: Toimprovethelivingconditionsofaffectedpopulation

StrategicObjective2: Toimprovetheconditionofaffectedecosystem

StrategicObjective

3:

To

generate

global

benefits

through

effective

implementation

oftheConvention

StrategicObjective4: Tomobilizeresourcestosupportimplementationofthe

Conventionthroughbuildingeffectivepartnershipsbetween

nationalandinternationalactors

Withaviewofsupportingtheabovementionedstrategicobjectives,thefollowingoperationalobjectives

willguidetheactionsofallUNCCDstakeholdersandpartnersintheshortandmediumterm(35years):


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Operational Objective 1: Advocacy, Awareness Raising and Education To actively influence

relevant international, national and local processes and actors in adequately addressing

desertification/landdegradationanddroughtrelatedissues;

OperationalObjective2:PolicyFramework Tosupportthecreationofenablingenvironments

forpromotingsolutionstocombatdesertification/landdegradationandmitigatetheeffectsof

drought;

OperationalObjective3:Science,TechnologyandKnowledge Tobecomeaglobalauthorityon

scientificandtechnicalknowledgepertainingtodesertification/landdegradationandmitigation

oftheeffectsofdrought;

OperationalObjective4:CapacityBuilding To identifyandaddresscapacitybuildingneedsto

preventandreversedesertification/landdegradationandmitigatetheeffectsofdrought;and

Operational Objective 5: Financing and Technology Transfer To mobilize and improve the

targetingand

coordination

of

national,

bilateral,

and

multilateral

financial

and

technological

resourcesinordertoincreasetheirimpactandeffectiveness.

Affected country Parties, therefore, should align their NAPs to The Strategy. Consistent with The

Strategy,thisimpliestherevisionoftheNAP;thus,thereisaneedtoupdatethePhilNAP.

IntheupdatingoftheNAP20102020 insupporttoTheStrategy20082018ofUNCCD,aparticipatory

approachwascarriedoutinaccordancewiththeUNCCDrequirement. Articles9and10oftheUNCCD

statethattheaffectedcountrypartyshallprepareandmakepublictheNAPandspecifytherespective

rolesofgovernment, localcommunitiesand landusers,aswellastheresourcesthatareavailableand

needed.Inviewofthis,aseriesofconsultationmeetingsandworkshopswereheldindifferentpartsof

thecountry.

Three

island

wide

consultation

workshops

were

held

in

Luzon,

Visayas,

and

Mindanao.

In

addition, three national consultation meetings were carried out. Stakeholders such as the national

government agencies (NGAs), local government units (LGUs), civil society organizations (CSOs), and

academeactivelycontributedsignificantinputsfortheupdatingoftheNAP20102020.


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CHAPTER3.0

PhilippineScenarioonLandDegradationandDrought

3.1 BioPhysicalConditionofRelevantEcosystems

3.1.1 Land

About45%of thearable lands inthePhilippineshavebeenmoderately toseverelyeroded,triggering

themovementofsubsistencefarmerstomarginallandswiththehopeofmeetingtheirdaytodayfood

requirement. Approximately 5.2 M ha are severely eroded and 8.5 M ha are moderately eroded

resulting to 3050% reduction in soil productivity and water retention capacity. This situation will

predisposethedegradedlandstodroughtandotherwateravailabilityproblems.

3.1.1.1HistoricalAnalysisofLandDegradationScenario

The Philippines is well endowed with natural resources and is known to host many interesting

habitatsthatarebiologicallydiversecomposedofuniversallyuniquebiologicalplantsandanimallife.

However, becauseofcomplexconditions, ranging from increasingpopulation, isolatedsmall islands

anddiversecultures, intricatepoliticalcondition,stagnationoftheruraleconomy,andahostof

otherreasons,variousforms, sourcesandseverityofenvironmentaldegradationoccurredinthe

lastfivedecades(Table1).

1.)Forms,ExtentandDistributionofLandDegradation

a. SoilErosion

b.

The most common type of land degradation in the Philippines is soil erosion which poses a

detrimentaleffectonsoilphysicochemicalandbiologicalproperties.Thismakesthe land less

suitable to crop production or in some cases of severe erosion, resulting to total loss of soil

productivity.Moreover,itcandisruptutilizationofpublicutilities.

There are various classes of soil erosion, ranging from no apparent erosion to severe erosion

(Table2).

E0orNoApparentErosionaccountsfor24%ofthetotallandareaandoccurstypicallyin

broadalluvialplains,minoralluvialplains,residualterraces,plateaus,footslopeandplains

whichare

usually

found

in

Region

III.

These

areas

are

classified

as

prime

agricultural

lands.

E1 or Slight Erosion includes the formation of incipient erosion manifested by sheets,

rills and tiny incisions along trails and creeks (1 rill/100 m). Regions IV, V and VII have

morethan35%oftheirrespectiveareasunderthisclass.


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c.PolicyRelatedCauses

c.1Absenceofacomprehensivenationallandusepolicy

Inefficiencyand improper landutilizationcanbeattributed to the lackofa rationaland

comprehensivenationallandusepolicythatwillensureoptimumuseandmanagementoflandresourcesconsistentwiththeprincipleofsustainabledevelopment.AsofDecember

2009, the proposed National Land Use Act was not yet approved by the House of

RepresentativesandSenate.

Nondelineationoftheselandsresultedtoillegalconversionsofagriculturallandstonon

agricultural lands, displacements of rural communities, and entry of commercial

establishment insomeecologicallyfragile lands.Proving incourtthatthe land is illegally

convertedwouldrequireaverylongprocessoflitigation.

c.2 Poor enforcement of existing land use policies and on prohibition of land use

conversion

Boundary between forestlands and alienable and disposable lands are not clearly

delineated resulting tocomplication inenforcement of land use laws and monitoringof

landusechanges.WiththehelpoftheLocalGovernmentUnits(LGUs),theDAhasalready

delineated the Strategic Agriculture and Fisheries Development Zones (SAFDZs) as

required inthe implementingrulesandregulationsofRA8435(AgricultureandFisheries

ModernizationAct).

Illegal logging, shifting cultivation, and encroachment of dwellers in forested areas are

serious concerns. Negative effects would include low land productivity, squatting and

possible

establishment

of

industries,

and

settlements

within

ecologically

critical

areas.

In areas where zonings are in placed, zoning ordinances are not strictly implemented

partly because of the absence of police power of concerned government agencies in

enforcinglanduseandlandconversionlaws.

3.1.1.2 LandUseChangeandProductivity

Rapidurbanizationhasresultedtoindiscriminateconversionofagriculturallandstoresidential,

industrial, and commercial uses that may undermine food security. The annual average

conversion rate of agricultural lands to other uses from 19902007 is estimated at 2,561 ha

from the basic record extracted from DAR. This, however, has to be validated in view of

unaccountedlandconversionintheregionalareas.

Indiscriminateconversionofagriculturallandsledthefarmerstoencroachintovulnerableand

marginaluplandareas for farmingactivities,withoutsustainable landmanagementpractices,

therebyaggravatinglanddegradation.


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3.1.1.3 Deforestation

Clearing of forest areas to pave way for agricultural activities, indiscriminate logging and

harvesting of fuel wood,and poor managementof forestlandshave resulted to rapid loss of

forest cover. As of 2003, only about 7.2 M ha or 29% of the original forest cover remains

(NAMRIA, 2003) and is projected that only 6% (Figure 2) will remain by 2010 (ESSC, 1999).

Deforestationexposesmarginaluplandareastoaccelerated landdegradationanddestruction

ofwatershedareas.

3.1.2. Water

3.1.2.1

Drought

Droughtisanaturalphenomenonthatoccurswhenprecipitationorrainfallissignificantlybelow

therecordednormal levelsandconsequently,affectsthesurfaceandsubsurfacewatersupply.

Simplydefined,itisthelackofsufficientwatersupplytomeettherequirementsforagricultural,

economic,domestic,andenvironmentaluses.

1) DistributionandExtentofDroughtHotspots

Themostvulnerableareastodroughtarelocatedinthefollowing:

a.) Areasexperiencing

seasonal

aridity

and

recurrent

droughts

and

manifest

conditions

and effects of desertification processes (Annex 2). These are located in the

following:

Major rice, corn and other grainproducing and moisturedeficit areas

specificallyin:

o NortherntipofLuzon:

Figure2.EstimatedPercentageofForestCoverofthePhilippines1990,1998,2010(ESSC,1999).


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RegionI IlocosSurandIlocosNorte; and

RegionII CagayanValley.

o Mindanao:

RegionIX ZamboangadelNorte,ZamboangadelSur;

RegionX Bukidnon,LanaodelNorte,MisamisOriental;

RegionXI DavaodelSur,DavaoOriental; RegionXII SouthCotabato,GeneralSantos,Sarangani;and

ARMM Maguindanao,

ProvincesinthewesternportionsofthecountryexperiencingType1andType

III climate characterized by two pronounced seasons, dry and wet, with

maximumrainperiodfromJunetoSeptemberduetoprevalenceofSouthwest

monsoon(Figure3).

Provinces in the central parts of the country experiencing Type III climate

characterized byno verypronounced wetseason andwitha short dry season

lastingfrom

one

to

three

months.

This

closely

resembles

Type

Iclimate

(Figure

3).

The mean daily temperature in these areas,which, ranges from300 to350C and with relative

humidityof7080% inducedepletionofsoilorganicmatterandsignificantwater loss through

evapotranspiration.Thus,inprolongeddryperiods,soilandwaterresourcesintheseareasare

notabletosupportcropproduction.


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Seasonalaridity isexacerbatedbythe increasing incidenceofElNioSouthernOscillation(ENSO)orEl

Nio,which isnowoccurringata two to threeyearcycle from previous fiveyear interval (Figure4).

Thewaterstressperiodsintheseasonallyaridareasareextendedtofourtoninemonths,dependingon

theintensityofdroughtorElNio(sixtoninemonths).

Figure3.ClimateMapofthePhilippinesbasedontheModifiedCoronaClassification (PAGASA,2007).

Type I: Two pronouncedseasons, which is dry fromNovember to April and wetduring the rest of the year.

Type II: No dry season with a

very pronounced maximumrain period from December toJanuary.

Type III: No very pronouncedmaximum rain period, with ashort dry season lasting fromone to three months. This isin between the preceding twotypes, although it resemblesType I more closely since ithas a short dry season.

Type IV: Rainfall is more orless evenly distributedthroughout the year. This alsois in between Type I andType II, but it resembles TypeII more closely.


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DateofOccurrenceAreasAffectedandDegreeofSeverity

DamagesSevere Moderate

watersupplyin

MetroManila

Apr.

1994

Mar.

1995

Regions

1,

2,

3,

5,

NCR,andPalawan Visayas

and

Western

Mindanao

May1997Apr.1998 About70%ofthe

Philippines

experiencedsevere

drought

Productionlossof

622,106mtofrice

and1,187,346mtof

cornamountingto

aboutPhP12.3B

Watershortages,

forestfires,and

humanhealth

impactsMay 2002Mar.2003 RegionVI

WesternMindanao

Regions1, 2, 3

CentralMindanao

Bicol

EasternVisayas

SouthernTagalog

NorthernLuzon

0.8%reductionin

palayproductionin

thefirstquarterof

2003

Sources:PAGASA,undated;DeGuzman,undated;andPCARRD,2001.

b.)Islandandsmallislandprovinces/municipalities,particularlyintheVisayas,northern

andsoutherntipofLuzonandsoutherntipofMindanao.Theseareashavelimitedland

andwater

resources

given

the

geological

nature

of

most

of

these

islands.

2)HistoricalImpactsofDroughtandElNio

Droughtcanstrikeatanyregionatanytimewithvaryingdegreesofseverity,dependingonthe

intensity (degree of moisture deficiency), duration and scope. Increase recurrence of drought

andElNioresultedtolossoflandproductivityandcropfailure,lossofbiodiversityandfragile

ecosystems;andevenlossofhumanlivesandproperties.Asummaryofdamagesincurreddue

tomajorElNioinduceddroughtyearsarepresentedinTable5.

a.)AgricultureandFisheries

ProlongeddroughtsinducedbyENSOhavecausedseveredamagesandlossestotheagriculture

sector. For instance, aggregated agricultural production dropped by 6.6% as a result of the

19971998ElNio (PAWB,1999;deGuzman,undated).RecentstudiesbyLascoet,al., (2008)

revealed that, the estimated total damagesdue to 19902003ENSO events amounted toUS$

370.0M.


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a.1 RiceandCorn

Riceandcorn,thetwomajorfoodgrainsofthecountry,havehadthehighest lossesduetoEl

Nio.ResultsofastudyconductedbyPCARRD(2001)onthe impactsofthethreemajorENSO

episodes(1982

1983,

1991

1992,

and

1997

1998)

that

hit

the

country

showed

that:

TotalproductionlossforriceandcornamountedtoaboutPhP18.2B,resultingtoincreased

importationinordertomeetthefoodrequirementofFilipinohouseholdsandinthecaseof

corn,tomeetthesupplyrequirementsoffeedmillers;

Forrice,theestimatedproductionlosswas628,480tonsin19821983and622,106tonsin

19971998.ThemonetaryvalueofthelossincreasedtoPhP4.67Min19971998fromonly

PhP851,955in19821983(Table6);and

Cornproductionlosswashigherby65%comparedtolossesinriceproductionin19971998

(Table6).

Table6.ProductionLosses,ValueofDamagesandAreaAffecteddueto19821983,19911992,1997

1998ElNioEpisodes.

ElNioYears/CropsProductionLoss

(tons)

Value

(PhP000)

AreaAffected

(ha)

19821983

Rice 628,480 851,955 152,660

19911992

Rice

Corn

669,220

710,038

2,440,380

2,489,193

274,655

450,406

19971998

Rice

Corn

622,106

1,187,346

4,665,795

7,717,749

314,896

646,500

Source:PCARRD,2001.

ThemostrecentElNio(20022003),reducedpalayproduction inthefirstquarteroftheyear

by 0.8% compared to 8.7% growth recorded in the previous year. The prolonged dry spell

damaged major production areas in Central Visayas, Eastern Visayas, and Region XII (NSCB,

2003).

a.2 LivestockandPoultry

ResultsofthePCARRD(2001)studyalsorevealedthatduringthe19971998ENSOepisode,the

swine and poultry industries had the highest loss with 79% and 67% change in population,

respectively.

Percentchangeinpoultrypopulationwasattributedtoheatstrokeandavianpestwhileswine

andgoatpopulationdecreasedbecausetheywereimmediatelydisposedoftogeneratecashto

compensateforthelossinriceandcornfarming(Table7).Farmers soldtheircattleduetolack


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b.EnvironmentandNaturalResources

Drought also had tremendous impact on the environment and natural resources. There were

reports of loss and even death of several species of plants and animals, many of them were

classifiedas

endangered.

b.1MarineResources

Mass coral bleaching was observed during the 19971998 ENSO episode. The decrease in the

coralcoverrangedfrom46%toashighas80%inBolinao,Pangasinan(Guiang,2004;Rinconand

Virtucio, 2008). Other areas affected include Batangas, other parts of Northern Luzon, West

Palawan,andpartsoftheVisayas.

In addition, red tide outbreaks and fish kills occurred during El Nio periods such as in 1983,

1992,and1998.

b.2.ForestryResources

The 19971998 El Nio caused extensive destruction of watershed areas through forest fires.

Jegilloset,al.,(undated)reportedthatatotalof9,400haofsecondgrowthand/orloggedforest

burned in19971998. InPalawan province,home to many endangered species,70 pockets of

forestfiresoccurred.TheestimatedcostofdamagewasPhP150M.

Forest fires predispose the land to increased soil erosion coupled with sedimentation and

siltation in rivers and reservoirs. Forest fires further expose the land and watershed areas to

biodiversitylossanddecreaseinstreamflowandgroundwaterrecharge.

b.3 WaterResources

ElNioevents,particularlythe19971998episode,seriously impactedonthewaterresources

of the country. Water inflows into major watersheds and river systems were significantly

reduced due to lack of rain. This resulted to drying up of rivers, streams and reservoirs, and

declineofgroundwaterlevel.

At the heightofdrought,water level in theAngatdam, the majorsourceofwater supply for

Metro Manila, fell below the critical level. This forced the government to curtail delivery of

irrigationwatertosome25,000haofirrigatedlandsintheprovincesofBulacanandPampanga

tomeetthedomesticandindustrialwaterneedsofMetroManila.

Moreover,adecrease instreamflowwasobservedduringthe19821983and19971998ENSO

eventsinthePantabanganCarranglanwatershed,thatservicesatotalareaofabout103,000ha

across24municipalitiesinNuevaEcija,Bulacan,andPampangaprovinces(Lascoet,al.,2006).


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3.1.2.2WaterResourcesDistribution,UseandQuality

The critical role of water in mitigating the adverse effects of droughts and in combating land

degradationanddesertification isrecognized. Propermanagementofwaterresources isakey

factorinensuringsustainedsupplyoffreshwaterespeciallyinprolongeddryspellperiods.

WorldBank (2003) reportedthatagricultureaccounts for85.27%oftheavailablewaterwhile

theremaining15%issharedbythedomestic(7.27%)andindustrial(7.46%)sectors.

1)Surfacewater

The country is endowed with 421 river basins in 119 proclaimed watershed areas (WB,2003;

EMB,2007).Of these,20areconsideredmajorriverbasinswitheachonehavingat least990

squarekmbasinarea(Table9);8arelocatedinMindanao,7inLuzon,andonly3intheVisayas

(Figure9).However,only36%areclassifiedpossiblesourcesofwatersupply (WB,2003).The

mostrecentdatafromEMB(2007)showedthat,ofthe611classifiedinlandwaterbodies,only

208orabout34%aresuitableforwatersupply.OutofthefiveClassAA(requiringonlyminimal

disinfection)rivers,

two

are

located

in

Davao

(seasonally

arid

and

severely

eroded

area),

one

in

Cebu(droughtproneprovince),andtwoareintheCordilleraAdministrativeRegion(CAR)which

isseverelyerodedandhasthehighestconcentrationofindigenouspeoples(IPs).

Asof2005,theNationalWaterResourcesBoard(NWRB)hasgranted9,711abstractionpermits;

91%was foragriculturalpurposes (irrigationand fisheries),4%was fordomesticuse,and the

remaining 4% was divided for industrial, commercial, and recreational purposes. By regional

distribution,droughtproneareas ofRegions II, III, IV andXhad thehighest abstraction rates.

Interventionstopreventoverexploitationofthesecriticalwatershedandriversystemsarevital.

2)Groundwater

There is an approximately 50,000 square km of groundwater reservoir (EMB, 2007) and

contributesabout14%ofthetotalwaterresourcepotentialofthecountry(WB,2003).RegionsI

andVIIhavethehighestpotentialwhileRegionXhasthelowest.

In contrast, NWRB reported that as of 2005, the biggest consumer of groundwater was the

domesticsectorat49%andfollowedbytheagriculturesector (39%).The industrialandother

sectorsaccountedfor10%and4%,respectively.Regions IVand IIIhadthehighestabstraction

rate with 21% and 16%, respectively. However, unregulated abstraction, which account for

about60%andindiscriminatewithdrawalresultedtogroundwaterleveldecline(i.e.,Cebu)and

in some areas, seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers (WB, 2003). Saltwater intrusion was

reported

to

be

evident

in

nearly

28%

of

coastal

municipalities

in

Luzon,

20%

in

the

Visayas,

and

29%inMindanao(Rellinetal.,1999ascitedinPerez,2002).

Aside from over exploitation, pollution and contamination due to improper disposal of

household, industrial and agricultural wastes further threaten the countrys groundwater

resource.For instance,about50%of thewellsmonitoredby theEnvironmentalManagement

Bureau (EMB,2007) in 2005 were found contaminated with fecal coliforms. Regions II and

Region VI (seasonallyarid and droughtprone areas) have the most number of contaminated


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sites.Protectingthegroundwaterresource iscriticaltoensuresustainedsupplyof freshwater,

especiallyduringdroughtperiods.

Table9. LocationandDrainageAreaofMajorRiverBasinsintheCountry.

RiverBasin Region/Location DrainageArea

(squarekm)

1. CagayanRiver CagayanValley 25,649

2. MindanaoRiver SouthernMindanao 23,169

3. AgusanRiver NorthernMindanao 10,921

4. PampangaRiver CentralLuzon 9,759

5. AgnoRiver CentralLuzon 5,952

6. AbraRiver Ilocos 5,125

7. PasigLagunaLake SouthernLuzon 4,678

8. BicolRiver BicolRegion 3,771

9. AbulugRiver CagayanValley 3,372

10.TagumLibuganonRiver SoutheasternMindanao 3,064

11. IlogHilabangan WesternVisayas 1,945

12.PanayRiber WesternVisayas 1,843

13.TagoloanRiver NorthernMindanao 1,704

14.AgusRiver SouthernMindanao 1,645

15.DavaoRiver SoutheasternMindanao 1,623

16.CagayanRiver NorthernMindanao 1,521

17.JalaudRiver WesternVisayas 1,503

18.BuayanMalungunRiver SouthernMindanao 1,434Source: EMB,2007.


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3.2 SocioeconomicConditionofAffectedPopulation

3.2.1 PovertyIncidenceinthePhilippines

Themostobviousimpactofdesertificationispoverty,whichisgreatlymanifestedindegradedlands

and

seasonally

arid

areas

of

the

country.

People

living

in

these

areas

have

very

low

foodproduction, income generation, and savings enhancement capacities. As of year 2006,

povertyincidenceinthecountryortheproportionoffamilieswithpercapitaincomesbelow

the poverty threshold was placed at 28.4%. In the same year, 27.6 M Filipinos were living

below the poverty line. Most of them are in the rural, upland, and degraded lands. High

poverty incidence level could be observed in Mindanao since it is the most vulnerable to

drought and suffer most from extended dry spell brought by El Nio episodes, including

regions experiencing seasonal aridity and massive land degradation and those that are

classifiedunderType1climate(Table10).

Table10.PovertyIncidencebyRegion.

Region

Poverty Incidence Amongthe Population(%)

2000 2003 2006

Philippines 33.0 30.0 32.9

CAR 37.7 32.2 34.5

NCRNationalCapitalRegion 7.8 6.9 10.4

RegionI 35.3 30.2 32.7

RegionII 30.4 24.5 25.5

RegionIII 21.4 17.5 20.7

RegionIVA 19.1 18.4 20.9

RegionIVB 45.3 48.1 52.7

RegionV 52.6 48.5 51.1

RegionVI 44.5 39.2 38.6

RegionVII 36.2 28.3 35.4

RegionVIII 45.1 43.0 48.5

RegionIX 44.8 49.2 45.3

RegionX 43.8 44.0 43.1

RegionXI 33.3 34.7 36.6

RegionXII 46.8 38.4 40.8

ARMM 60.0 52.8 61.8

Caraga 51.2 54.0 52.6 Note:Highlightedareasareknowntoexperienceseasonalaridity.

Source: NSCB,2006.

3.2.2

FoodConsumption

and

Malnutrition

Contrary to increasing poverty incidence, food consumption of Filipinos has greatly increased

from2380kcalperperson/day in19951997to2470kcalperperson/day in20032005.Given

that the per capita poverty threshold has also increased, the increase in food intake may be

attributedtoproperallocationoffamilyincome/budgettofooditems/supply(FAO,2008).


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40

Malnutrition,whichalsomeansundernourishmentinthePhilippines,iscausedbyalotofinter

related factors such as health, physical, social, and economic. Improper distribution of food

supplyanditsconsumptionhasadetrimentalimpactonnutritionalstatus.Eventhoughreports

claim that there is/are sufficient food supply to sustain the country, a large portion of the

populationbecomeundernourishedduetoinsufficientfoodandnutrientintake.

Giventheeconomicsituationofthecountry,andhavingahighpovertyincidencerateof32.9%,undernourishment is expected to be a problem such that about 27.6 M Filipinos may find it

difficult to meet their food and nutritional requirements and other basic necessities.

Notwithstanding the reports suggesting that the prevalence of undernourishment has

diminishedfrom18%(19951997)to16%by2005(FAO,2008),itisstillabigissuethatmustbe

dealtwithvigilance.This isalsoconsideringthatabout27%orover3M05yearoldchildren

were underweightforage. Only 72% of the children population had normal nutritional status

basedonweightforage(NationalNutritionStatistics,2003).

3.2.3 AccesstoWaterSupplyServices

Intermsofwatersupplyservices,theNationalEconomicDevelopmentAuthority(NEDA2009)

reported that according to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations

ChildrensFund(UNICEF),overallaccessdeclinedto85%in2002from87%in1990.NEDA(2009)

furtherreportedthatbasedonthe2000datacompiledbytheDepartmentofInteriorandLocal

Government(DILG)in2007,only9MFilipinosarebeingservedbywaterproviders(eitherLGU

run,private,andNGOs).Thisimpliesthatmajorityandmost likelythose intheruralareasrely

on alternative water sources through pump and engine or open dug well and fetching from

rivers/springsystems.

3.3 Policy and Legislative Efforts to Address Desertification, Land Degradation and

DroughtIssues

Relevantlegislationshavebeenreviewedinordertoaddressunderlyingfactorsandcrucialissues

relevanttocombatinglanddegradationandmitigatingtheeffectsofdrought inthePhilippines.

Theselegislationsincludethefollowingandbriefdiscussiononthecontentofrelatedlegislations

asindicatedinAnnex3:

AgricultureandFisheriesModernizationActorRepublicAct8435;

TheLocalGovernmentCodeof1991,RepublicAct7160;

NationalIntegratedProtectedAreasSystem(NIPAS)orRepublicAct7586;

ComprehensiveAgrarianReformLaworRepublicAct6657;

CARPerLaworRepublicAct9700;

IndigenousPeoplesRightsActorRepublicAct8371; DepartmentofEnergyActorRepublicAct7638;

SpecialEconomicZoneActorRepublicAct7916;

UrbanDevelopmentandHousingActorRepublicAct7279;

ClimateChangeActof2009orRepublicAct9729;

RevisedForestryCodeofthePhilippinesorPresidentialDecree705;

TheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentSystemorPresidentialDecree1586;


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46

4.3 GoalsandObjectives

Consistentwith

the

scope

of

the

Convention,

The

Strategy

and

its

Objectives,

the

Phil

NAP

2010

2020hasthefollowinggoalandobjectives:

Goal

Tosupportandcontributetothenationaleffortsonpovertyreductionandensuringenvironmental

sustainability.

SpecificObjectives

1. To promote communitybased participatory learning and awareness campaign on the threats

and impacts of DLDDandcreateadvocacy among policyanddecision makers toaddress the

problems;

2. Toharmonizeenablingpoliciesand implementationstrategiestocontribute intheformulation

ofnewlawsand/oreffectiveimplementationsofexistinglawsrelatingtoDLDD;

3. Todevelopthescientificandtechnicalknowledgeofconcernedinstitutionsthroughcommunity

focused research, development and extension (RDE) on DLDD, including vulnerability

assessmentofexposedareasandtheestablishmentofecosystemfriendlytechnologies;

4. Toinstitutionalizecommunityinitiativesforlocalareadevelopmentandeffectivepreventionof

locationspecificdesertification,landdegradationandmitigationofeffectsofdroughts;and

5. Toformulateanddevelopmoreinnovativefinancingmechanismstoimplementtheprogramsto

combatdesertification/landdegradationandmitigatetheeffectsofdroughts.

The attainment of these objectives will be monitored and assessed in terms of operational

performance of relevant projects implemented for each thematiccluster. Longterm impacts will

bebased on theminimumset of impact indicatorsset to monitor progressof theattainment of

strategicobjectivesofUNCCDatthecountrylevel.

4.4 PriorityProgramsandProjectsbyThematicCluster

ThepriorityprogramsandprojectsunderthePhilNAP20102020(Table11)areclassifiedaccording

to the seven thematic clusters to address the operational objectives of the action plan. Best

practices,successstoriesandlessonslearnedfromtheimplementationofthevariousprogramsand

projects can beobtained through these clusters fromwhich the performanceandcontribution of

the Philippines as one of the Country Parties to UNCCD can be assessed during the national

reportingperiodeveryfouryears.


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THEMATICCLUSTER/

PROGRAMSANDPROJECTSDESCRIPTION

TENTATIVE

IMPLEMENTA

TIONPERIOD

areas.

1.5 EstablishmentofAgro

meteorologicalStationsinHighly

VulnerableAgricultural

Areas:

A

toolforClimateChangeAdaptation

andDevelopmentofLocalEarly

WarningSystem

Most of the natural disasters that hit the country for the last three

decadesthatseverelyaffectedtheagriculturesectorwereduetohydro

meteorological

phenomena.

With

the

threat

of

climate

change,

the

situationmaybeaggravatedbyextremeclimateevents.Astheagriculture

sectorformulatesclimatechangeadaptationstrategies,italsoneedstools

that could provide realtime and more localized agrometeorological

informationtohelpfarmersindecisionmakingandsolvingfieldoperation

problems.Thecurrentsituationthereforenecessitatesmorelocalizedand

accurate agrometeorological information that could be applied in a

temporalandspatialcontext.

Agrometeorological data and information are important in identifying

suitable crops and in crop planning to optimize agricultural production.

Thesedataarelikewisecriticalinwaterresourcesmanagementespecially

indeveloping

areas

for

water

storage

and

in

the

design

of

structures

for

irrigation, domestic water supply, and other agricultural uses. However,

thereareonly fewoperationalagrometeorological stationsandmostof

theirinstrumentsneedrepair/replacementtoensureaccurateandreliable

data. There is a need, therefore, for new and stateoftheart agro

meteorological instruments that will be installed in strategic areas (i.e.,

upland areasandcriticalwatersheds) toserveas tools forcrop planning

and as early warning devices. In addition, local people should also be

empowered to operate and maintain agrometeorological stations and

enhance their knowledge and skills on crop planning and disaster

management.

Thus,thisprojectproposestostrengthentheexistingagrometeorological

stations

of

BSWM

by

establishing

126

automatic

weather

stations

in

selecteduplandagriculturalareasandcriticalwatershedsin78provinces.

It also aims to capacitate upland communities to operate and maintain

these facilities and to effectively utilize climate information in their

farming activities through climate field school (CFS). The project will be

implemented in partnership with concerned LGUs with support and

20102014


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THEMATICCLUSTER/


TENTATIVE

IMPLEMENTA

TIONPERIOD

crop yield. It is, therefore, important to understand and monitor the

dynamics of soil organic matter to arrest further deterioration of the

countrys soil resource. This project therefore aims to measure the

changes

in

the

soil

organic

matter

and

other

soil

fertility

indices

under

different agricultural practices and evaluate the impacts of different

managementpracticesonsoilorganicmatterdynamicsindegradedagro

pedoecologicalzones.

4.7MeasurementandMonitoring

ofCarbonSequestrationand

MitigatingGreenhouseGases

(GHGs)inAgriculturalSoils

Soilbothactsas sourceandsinkofGHGsandsoilcarbonrepresentsthe

largest carbon pool of the terrestrial ecosystem. However, most studies

mainlyfocusonthecontributionoftheagriculturesectorasawholeand

relativelyfewstudieshavebeenconductedspecificallyonsoil.Thisstudy

thereforegenerallyaimstodeterminethecarbonsequestrationpotential

ofselectedsoilsinthePhilippines.

20102014

5.POLICY,

LEGISLATIVE,

INSTITUTIONAL

FRAMEWORK

5.1 MainstreamingSLMandDLDD

IssuesintoAgricultureand

EnvironmentPlanningandPolicy

Formulation

The Philippines is a party to the UNCCD and thus committed to address

issues of DLDD and ensure that appropriate technologies and

interventionsareadoptedasembodiedinitsNAP.Theinitialexperiencein

the formulationofthe firstPhilNAP20042010 isbesetwithchallenging

issues.Forone, theavailabilityof budget for thepurposehas constraint

NAP implementation that has become an attribution. Integrating the

budgetary requirement for the subsequent NAP into the GAA is needed

for implementation and thus ensure fulfillment of the countrys

commitment.

Secondly, the concerns embodied in the NAP inevitably must be

integrated into agriculture and environment planning and policy

formulation from the national, regional to local levels. Thirdly, theorganizationfortheNAPformulationandimplementationatvariouslevels

should be in place to ensure effective implementation of programs and

projects that addresses DDLD and to harmonize with other Philippine

commitment on climate change and biodiversity. Moreover, there is a

needtorevisit landusepolicytoprovideclearanddetailedguidelinesto

20102014


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THEMATICCLUSTER/


TENTATIVE

IMPLEMENTA

TIONPERIOD

StakeholdersandDeveloping

Countries

partnershipatthecuttingedgeof implementation(UNCCDSecretariat,

1995).Asastrategyof implementationatthecountry level,programand

projects should be implemented as Priority Implementation Partnership

(PIP)through

the

building

of

strategic

partnership

and

convergence

among

keystakeholders,concernedgovernmentagenciesandlocalcommunities,

includingindigenouspeople.Thisstrategycouldfacilitateknowledge,skills

and resources sharing and develop a sense of accountability among

partners.

At the regional level, affected developing countries (South) usually seek

assistance fromdevelopedcountries (North).Pastexperiences,however,

showedthatsharingknowledgeandexpertisewithintheSouth iscrucial

to finding relevant and effective solutions to common development

challenges (GFDRR, 2008). The approach could develop a knowledge

sharing network within the region and capitalize on the Souths existing

innovationand

initiatives

that

are

more

suitable

for

developing

countries

settingandculture.Thus,projectsimplementationwillbepursuedintwo

fronts.

At the country level, partnership agreements in the implementation of

projectswillbe workedoutandnegotiated withvariousstakeholdersso

thatprogramsandprioritieswillbecarriedoutinthespiritofpartnership

andallianceandnotimposedbyonegrouponanother.

At the regional level, the Philippines will be an active participant in the

regional and subregional forum to negotiate and possibly enter into

agreements with other developing countries particularly in the

implementationofcommoncountryprogramsthatwillmakepossiblethe

Southsouth

Cooperation

arrangement.

7.PARTICIPATION,COLLABORATION,ANDNETWORKING

7.1PromotingSynergybetween

andamongtheThreeUN

Conventions

TheUNCCD,UNCBD,andUNFCCC were intendedtoaddressthepressing

environmentalissuesofdesertification,threatstobiodiversity,andglobal

climate change. It was (and is) recognized that these factors are

interrelated:climatechangeaffectsdesertification;desertificationaffects

20102020


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THEMATICCLUSTER/


TENTATIVE

IMPLEMENTA

TIONPERIOD

biodiversity; climate change affects biodiversity; desertification affects

climate change. Moreover, they are closely linked to the issues of

sustainabledevelopmentandenvironmentalquality.

The complexity of the interactions of climate, land degradation and

biological diversity with sustainable livelihoods, particularly in areas

affectedbydroughtanddesertification,needstobesimplifiedthrougha

wellcoordinatedapproachatthecountrylevel.Astrongdevelopmentand

practiceofsynergyisrequiredinordertoavoidduplicationandrationalize

theavailableresourcesatthelocallevel.

Synergy isdefinedasthe interactionbetweenasetofcomponents ina

systemwhichreinforceeachother(Reijntjesetal.1992).Componentsof

a farm system are said to interact in synergy when, apart from their

primaryfunction,theyenhancetheconditionsforothercomponents.


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5.2 TentativeScheduleofProgramsandProjectsImplementation

ThetentativescheduleofimplementationofthepriorityprogramsandprojectsunderthePhilNAP2010202

below:

Table

12.

Tentative

Schedule

of

Implementation,

Proposed

Budget,

and

Agencies

Involved

per

Project

per

Programs/Projects/ActivitiesTentativeScheduleofImplementation(

09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1

ThematicCluster1 SustainableLandManagementTechnologies

1.1CombatingLandDegradationandPovertyinMarginal

AreasandCommunitiesinthePhilippines

X X X

1.2EstablishmentofSmallRainwaterHarvestingStructuresin

theSeasonallyAridareasofIlocosRegioninLuzonandin

SmallIslandEcosystemintheVisayas

X X X X

1.3 Enhancement of Home Gardens for Food and Wood

Sufficiencyand GeneticDiversity,especially inSandDune

AreasoftheIlocosRegion

X X X

1.4RehabilitationofUplandSmallScaleIrrigationSystemsfor

UplandProductivityandNaturalResourcesSustainability

X X X X

1.5CommunitybasedWatershedManagementfor

SustainableWaterResourcesandLivelihoodDevelopment

inCriticalWatershedsofSelectedIrrigationSystems

X X X X X X

1.6EstablishmentofAgrometeorologicalStationsinHighly

VulnerableAgriculturalAreas:AToolforClimateChange

AdaptationandDevelopmentofLocalEarlyWarning

System

X X X X X


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Programs/Projects/ActivitiesTentativeScheduleofImplementation(

09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1

1.7PromotionofFarmWastesRecyclingandReUsefor

OrganicbasedAgricultureDevelopmentinVulnerable

uplandandLowlandAreas

X X

1.8Promotion

of

Water

Saving

Technologies

(WST)

in

Irrigated

RiceProductionSystemX

X

X

X

X

ThematicCluster2 CapacityBuildingandAwarenessRaising

2.1SupporttotheDevelopmentandPublicationofDLDDand

SLMKnowledgeProductsandTrimediaMaterials

X X X X X X X

2.2EstablishmentofNetworkofModelFarms,FarmerExperts

andFarmersParticipatoryLearningCenters(FPLC)forthe

promotionandadvocacyofBestFarmingPracticeson

SustainableAgricultureandNaturalResources

ManagementandforTechnologyAdaptationand

Development

of

Understanding

Desertification,

BiodiversityandClimateChange

X X X X X X X

ThematicCluster3 KnowledgeManagementandDecisionSupport

3.1aCompendiumofIndigenousTechnologiesandFarmers

InitiativestoCombat Desertification,

LandDegradation,andMitigateEffectsofDroughtsin

VulnerableIslandProvinces

3.1b.CompendiumofCommunitydefinedUsefulPlants,Herbs

andWildlifeandtheirNiches,HabitatandDistributionin

SmallIslandProvincesVulnerabletoDLDD

X X X

3.2BridgingtheGapbetweenSeasonalClimateForecastand

Desertification,DecisionmakersinAgricultureandNatural

Resources

X X X X X X

ThematicCluster4 DLDDandSLMMonitoringandAssessment/Research

4.1SoilErosionandDroughtVulnerabilityAssessmentthrough

RemoteSensingandGeoSpatialAnalysis

X X X X X


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Annex1: Past,CurrentandContinuingEffortsAlignedwiththePhilNAP20042010.


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Phil NAP 2004-2010Program

Components andProjects

RELATED PROJECTS

Project Title

ImplementingAgency/

CollaboratingAgencies

Status

Brief Description ofthe Programs/Projects

including Locationand Sectoral

Beneficiaries

ProjectDuration

ToProCo

6. National CoconutProductivity

Program

7. HydrobiologicalAssessment of Lake

Lanao

PCA

MSU Marawi

City thru theLake LanaoFact Finding

Technica lCommittee

On-going

Complet

ed

The project aims toimprove and promote

coconut production inthe country throughparticipatory and

rewards systemapproaches, fertilization

program and inter-cropping in betweenspaces under coconut

trees

Conduct of a biological

and physico-chemicalassessment of LakeLanao in relation to its

Unusual Greening

Oct-Dec. PhP36,0

00


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Phil NAP 2004-2010Program

Components andProjects

RELATED PROJECTS

Project Title

ImplementingAgency/

CollaboratingAgencies

Status

Brief Description ofthe Programs/Projects

including Locationand Sector

department of agriculture- nap combating desertification in the philippines

Documents