department of architecture and urban … · the municipality was established by merging the ... to...

TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

M.SC. URBAN PLANNING

Submitted by:

M.Sc. Urban Planning/ 072 batch

Submitted to:

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local

Development (MoFALD)

MUNICIPALITY PROFILEOF

RAINAS, LAMJUNG





Submitted by:


Submitted to:




RAINAS, LAMJUNG





Submitted by:


Submitted to:




RAINAS, LAMJUNG

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Chakrapani Sharma, Deputy Secretary,

Mr.Purna Chandra Bhattarai, Joint Secretary and Mr. Chranjibi Timalsina of Ministry of

Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) for financial support, Rainas

Municipality, Nepal Engineers’ Association (NEA) and University of New South Wales

(UNSW), Australia for their encouragement.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our course coordinator of Planning Studio -

I, Prof. Dr. Sudha Shrestha and also our tutor Ar. Nisha Shrestha for their generosity and

encouragement in completing this studio work. Their valuable guidance, suggestions and

enthusiastic support to complete this municipal profile is highly appreciable. We highly

appreciate timely guidance provided by Mr. Sanjaya Uperty, Mr. Nagendra Bahadur Amatya

and Mr. Ashim Ratna Bajracharya of IOE, Pulchowk for their valuable guidance and

suggestions to prepare this municipality profile. Also special thanks to Mr. Prem Chaudary

for his help throughout the field visit.

The study team is highly obliged to Er. Dinesh Panthy and Mr. Dharmendra Gurung for their

valuable help and support.

We would also like to thank Mr. Nur Raj Kadariya, Executive Officer, of Rainas

Municipality. Our special thanks to social mobilizers Mr. Bikash Gurung, Ms. Kala

Lamichane and Ms Pabitra Chiluwal. We are also grateful to all the residents of Rainas

Municipality for helping us by providing necessary information in preparing this municipality

profile.

Last but not the least we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all those who helped

us to prepare this report.

With Regards,

072/M.Sc. Urban Planning Batch

Table of Contents

Acknowledgement ..................................................................................................................

List of Figures.........................................................................................................................

1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1

1.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Rationale of Study ...................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Historical Background ................................................................................................ 2

1.4. Objectives .................................................................................................................. 3

1.5. Scope and limitations of the work............................................................................... 3

1.6. Parameters of the Survey ............................................................................................ 4

1.7. Methodology .............................................................................................................. 5

2.0. STUDY AREA .............................................................................................................. 8

2.1 Municipality's Geo-physical Characteristics ................................................................ 8

2.1.1 Location ............................................................................................................... 8

2.1.2 Administrative and Political Division.................................................................... 8

2.1.3 Physiography ...................................................................................................... 11

2.2 Main Festivals ........................................................................................................... 11

2.3. Road Accessibility.................................................................................................... 12

2.4. Demographic Features .............................................................................................. 13

2.4.1. Education Status ................................................................................................ 13

2.4.2. Major Ethnic Group ........................................................................................... 14

2.5. Ownership of Housing Unit .................................................................................. 15

2.6. Main Sources of Drinking Water .............................................................................. 15

2.7. Toilet Facilities and types ......................................................................................... 16

2.8. Land Use .................................................................................................................. 17

2.9. Settlement Pattern..................................................................................................... 17

3. Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 18

3.1 Demographic Characteristics ..................................................................................... 18

3.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics ................................................................................ 26

3.3 Infrastructure Development ....................................................................................... 32

4. PROBLEMS AND ISSUES ............................................................................................ 48

5. CONCLUSION............................................................................................................... 57

List of Figures

Table 1 Details of Survey Sample .......................................................................................... 8

Table 2 Table showing Population distribution ................................................................... 13

Table 3 Table showing Education Status ............................................................................. 13

Table 4 Table showing Population Distribution according to Caste .................................... 14

Table 5 Ownership of Housing Units................................................................................... 15

Table 6 Main Sources of Drinking water ............................................................................. 15

Table 7 Toilet Facilities and types....................................................................................... 16

Table 8 Table showing Family, Total Population and Average Household (Source: VDCProfile 2067) ....................................................................................................................... 18

Table 9 Table showing Male Female Ratio(Source: VDC Profile)....................................... 20

Table 10 Table showing Male and Female Population according to Age Distribution (Source:VDC Profile)....................................................................................................................... 21

Table 11 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Religion (Source: VDC profile)........................................................................................................................................... 22

Table 12 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Language (Source: VDC profile)........................................................................................................................................... 23

Table 13 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Caste/Ethnicity (Source: VDCProfile)................................................................................................................................ 24

Table 14 Table showing list of road name and its respective length ..................................... 32

Table 16: Table showing list of available bridge ,its connection , type and length . ............. 34

Table 17: Table showing electricity source . ........................................................................ 34

Table 18: Table showing various means of communication used in household. ................... 35

Table 19: Table showing number of household according to water supply source . .............. 35

Table 20: Table showing different toilet types , number of household without toilet and withBio gas system. ................................................................................................................... 36

Table 21: Table showing list of forest name and area covered . .......................................... 37

Table 22 Table showing list of Government institution........................................................ 38

Table 23 Table showing list of Child Club .......................................................................... 39

Table 24 Table showing list of Youth club .......................................................................... 39

Table 25 Table showing list of Community Based Organization.......................................... 41

Table 26 Table showing list of NGOs.................................................................................. 42

Table 27 Table showing list of Educational institution Source :VDC profile(2067 B.S)........................................................................................................................... 44

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Nepal has gone through rapid urbanization in past decade. The Government of Nepal had

declared 58 municipalities in 2053B.S. After 19 years, it has increased the number to 217

Municipalities in total. This was done in three different phases in very short periods of time.

This declaration of Municipalities increased the population in urban areas in Nepal from 17%

to 42%. In the process of this declaration, 26 new municipalities were declared in the final

phase among which three Municipalities belonged to Lamjung that are Karaputar, Madhya

Nepal and Rainas. Rainas is among the youngest municipalities declared on 19 September

2015.

Lamjung District is one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal. The district, with Besisahar as

its district headquarters, covers an area of 1,692 square kilometers and as of 2011 had a

population of 167,724. Lamjung lies in the mid-hills of Nepal with spanning from tropical to

trans-Himalayan geo-ecological belts. It has mixed habitation of different cast and ethnicity -

host probably the highest density of Gurung ethnic population in the country.

Rainas is a one of the newly formed municipalities of Lamjung with the Vision: “Rainas

Municipality: Agriculture, Tourism, Education and Environmentally friendly City”.

The municipality was established by merging the existing Tarkughat, Dhamilikuwa,

Chakratirtha, Bhalayakharkha, Pyarjung and Mohoriyakot village development committees

(VDCs) having a total of 73 square km. The center of the municipality is established in the

former Tinpiple Bazaar. After merging the six VDCs population it had a total population of

18,527 according to 2011 Nepal census. The population density of Rainas is 254 person/sq.

km. Rainas Municipality has altogether 14 wards.

Although many smaller municipalities continue to be settlements with rural characteristics,

urbanization in Nepal is often characterized by unplanned and haphazard growth. This

situation has resulted in a lack of basic infrastructure such as quality roads, sanitation, and

drinking water. In addition, this unplanned growth can cause environmental problems such as

air and water pollution, public space and riverbank encroachment, and unmanaged solid

waste disposal. Unless timely development interventions are made, many municipalities are

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destined to grow into large, crowded cities with poor quality of life for the inhabitants who

will be faced with inadequate infrastructure and amenities.

In accordance with the decentralization policy of Nepal, the Local Self-Governance Act

1999gives municipalities complete responsibility for local-level planning and decision-

making. Planning and management of resources and infrastructure at the local level need to

be based on accurate and up-to-date information and to use modern techniques that enable

complex analysis and assessment.

1.2. Rationale of Study

This municipal profile of Rainas Municipality has been prepared by the first year students of

M.Sc. in Urban Planning as the part of partial fulfillment of course of Planning Studio-I. The

report aims at covering the physical, social and cultural aspects of the area with main focus

on the demography, infrastructure, built-up structures, land use and the problems as well

includes the assessment of earthquake vulnerability.

1.3. Historical Background

Government of Nepal declared Rainas

Municipality in 2072 BS. Historical importance

of the municipality is connected to the Shah

dynasty, which has contributed in the

unification of the Nation Nepal. This dynasty

has the strong history of its origin from the

present Rainas Municipality. Drabya Shah who

is the first Shah King of Gorkha is supposed to

be the resident of Rainas. The two brothers, Narahari Shah, King of Rainas, and Drabya

Shah, King of Gorkha, had continuous fight to expand their reign. To manage the conflict

among two brothers, their mother went to the Chepe River, boundary of Rainas and Gorkha,

and flowed down her milk in the river and said, “no one of you should cross this river from

now to expand the reign” and thus the conflict was solved. This happened in Rainas

Municipality ward no 7. Thus, a point where the mother of Narahari Shah and Drabya Shah

poured her breast milk not to fight further for border lies in earlier Chakratirtha (Earlier:

Chakratirtha VDC Ward no 6).

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Narahari Shah once come down from the horse and walked along the bank of Chepe River.

The foot prints so formed were called as Chakra. Later on, the Chakreshowr Mahadev temple

was established there and then the Chakratirtha VDC was declared from the same.

The other historically important place Rainaskot is

the ancient fort and also had the Palace of Drabya

Shah before he went to Gorkha. This fort was in the

high altitude and was built to fight against the

enemy during that period.

1.4. Objectives

The main objectives of this study is to prepare Municipal Profile of the study area- RainasMunicipality in order to use this profile for the formation of Local Area Plan in future as wellas to bring many development projects to upgrade the current situation of this area.

General objectives of the study of municipality profile is as follows:

To familiarize with the onsite current situation of the municipality.

To prepare municipal profile which consists of whole spatial and non spatial data of

the present day with analysis using statistical tools to give clear information for all

stakeholders.

To collect socio-economic, cultural and environmental data from the sample

population through household survey.

To gather relevant information about the study area through the study of secondary

data and literature review.

1.5. Scope and limitations of the work

The main theme of this study is to give a true picture of existing scenario of the study area for

the formulation of the plans for the future development. The profile will cover the detail

information, prioritized problems and opportunity related to physical, social, economic and

environmental situation of study area. The settlement of the study area is undergoing physical

and social changes since last decade.

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The study will be limited to the collection of primary data from representative sample of

about 12% of the total households. So error that is inherent in the sample survey method is

expected. The data is collected by house to house data collection through primary survey,

interviewing people based on questionnaire. The authenticity of the data depends very much

on the facts provided by the public themselves during their response to the questionnaire. The

study of the municipality will not incorporate the influences from the neighboring

municipality. The scope of the work is limited within the municipality only.

The collection of survey data, editing, updating and preparation of the ward map is limited to

the sample survey. The map preparation is based on the digital form and it provides the basis

for the future retrieval information, updating and in use.

1.6. Parameters of the Survey

The parameters of the survey taken for the formulation of Municipality profile are as follows:

- General Information

- Salient Feature of the Municipality

- Demography

- Municipality Office Information

- Socio-Economic Indicators

- Physical Infrastructures

- Social and Cultural Institutions

- Environmental Institutions

- Health and Educational Institutions

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1.7. Methodology

The process of preparation of municipality profile of Rainas follows a systematicmethodology which can be classified in following three major steps-

Figure 1 Methodology

Stage I: Study and Discussions

Class Study and Group Discussions

After the site for preparing municipality profile has been decided for around some days,groups were formed. Then group discussions and class study were done to prepare thestrategy of how to start and schedule our work. In this, our course coordinator Prof. Dr.

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Sudha Shrestha and Ar. Nisha Shrestha also gave guidance to how to initiate and perform ourwork and the requirements which need to be there in our study.

Review of the Existing Literature

After getting some ideas regarding the process and requirement details, some of the groupmembers were dispersed for collection of literatures available. Similarly, Library search andonline searches were performed in parallel manner.

The team reviewed the available literature gather from the Department of UrbanDevelopment and Building Construction, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,Lamjung district administrative office, Nepal Engineers’ Association and other relatedinstitutions. The internet search was also carried out to find the further details of the site andother related topics.

Meeting Discussion with related institutions

Before starting our Survey, initially we had a meeting with different related institutions to letthem notify of our scope and objective of preparing municipality profile, in order to get therequired official support and permission from them.

We were immensely supported by MoFALD, MoUD, Nepal Engineers’ Association (NEA),Regional and Urban Planners’ Society of Nepal (RUPSON), UNSW Australia.

Preparation of Questionnaire

Questionnaire incorporating all the pertinent questions viz. Demography, Socio-economicand Physical characteristics were developed to extract the required information. TheQuestionnaire was developed in English language for the ease of coding. The entirequestionnaire was developed explicitly for the computer coding system, which was essentialfor the SPSS package. Apart from the questionnaire, a checklist for key informants was alsoprepared and administered.

Stage II: Investigation and Site Survey

Meeting with chief executive of municipality, locals and related authorities

On the second day of our site visit, a meeting was conducted as an interaction with theexecutive chief, locals and associated authorities to notify them about the objective of ourvisit and to get the support and required information needed for us for our study. Survey wasthen conducted with the available map of the municipality and boundary of the municipalitywas also made clear with the concerned technical person. This was further corrected andenhanced in the meeting with the chief executive of the municipality.

Field Investigation and Visual Survey

Field investigation was carried out to assess the existing physical infrastructure interims oftheir locations, existing conditions and other relevant issues. Apart from this investigation of

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general trend of development, local construction techniques, land type and other engineeringand pertinent architectural aspects were carried out. Tentative surveys, for missing detailswere also carried out.

Door to door survey

Door to door survey was conducted to determine the actual physical situation of themunicipality in terms of utility distribution and other relevant information. Information ontype of shop by construction along with types of business was collected using prescribedformat.

Stage III: Compilation and Analysis

Data Processing

The collected data was extensively reviewed for any fallacies before entering them into thecomputer. Photographs were used for proof reading. Packages especially SPSS and MS Excelwere used for the basic analysis. In order to avoid the error, all the parameters have beencross tabulated with help of the SPSS Package.

Data Compilation

A dummy table, to organize collected data from the household survey was developed beforethe analysis of the data.

Data Analysis

The SPSS package was used to analyze the data. Both basic parametric statistics andrelational statistics have been used to better analyze the data. In order to see the consistencyand error in the data, cross tabs of all collected data were prepared.

Preparations of Maps

All the maps were prepared in AutoCAD which was then transferred to ArcGIS 9.3 forpreparation of final presentation maps, drawings and charts.

Total sample selected for our studies is 586 i.e. around 12 % of the total 4751 household inthe municipality. The sample selection is done on the random basis.

For the study, we divided our site in two zones; ten members in each zone were involved forthe survey. The details of which has been listed as below-

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Details of Survey Sample

Table 1 Details of Survey Sample

Zone I

Name ofPlace

Mohoriyakot Tarkughat Dhamilikuwa Total

Ward no. 13 14 1 2 3 4 5

SurveyedHH

74 52 35 30 67 83 34 375

ZoneII

Name ofPlace

Pyarjung Bhalayakharkha Chakratirtha

Ward no. 11 12 9 10 6 7 8

SurveyedHH

32 20 20 35 21 61 22 211

586

2.0. STUDY AREA

2.1 Municipality's Geo-physical Characteristics

2.1.1 Location

Geographic Location

Rainas Municipality lies between the latitudes 28°03'21.49"N and 28°10'15.51"N andlongitudes 84°26''04.71"E and 84°33''15"E and is located at a mean elevation of about 600meters above sea level.

Relative Location

East, South- East: Chepe River, Gorkha District

South: Marsyangdi River, Tanahu District: Purkot VDC West: Marsyangdi River, Sundar Bazaar Municipality North: Bharte VDC, Gauda VDC, Kolki VDC

2.1.2 Administrative and Political DivisionDevelopment Region : WesternZone : Gandaki

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District Headquarter : BesisaharConstituency No. : 1Municipality Office Center: Tinpiple, ChakratirthaWard : 14

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2.1.3 Physiography

Total Area: 73 sq.km.

Average Annual Rainfall: Minimum 3mm (Jan, Feb, Nov), Maximum 129mm (July) (Datataken from 2000 to 2011, Lamjung)

Average Annual Temperature: Minimum 0°C (Jan, Nov, Dec), Maximum 21°C (April,August) (Data taken from 2000 to 2011, Lamjung)

Climate: Climate varies from tropical to sub-tropical

Main Rivers: Marsyangdi, Chepe

2.2 Main Festivals

People residing habitually in this municipality are Hindu and Buddhists but at some parts ofthe municipality Christians and Muslims can also be found. Muslim settlement was seen atTarkughat. People of this municipality celebrate a dozens of festivals which are generallycelebrated by all the Nepalese like Dashain, Tihar, Maghi Sankranti, Holi, Teej, Lhosar,Baisakh Purnima, Chaitya Dashain, Gai Jatra, Bisket Jatra, Lakhey Jatra, Ropai Jatra, JanaiPurnima, Eid, Easter day, Christmas, etc.

Special festivals celebrated by inhabitants of some wards of this municipality are mentionedbelow:

S.No. Name of Festival Description

1. Lakhe Nacch This is a special festival celebrated by some Newars ofTarkughat which is celebrated at Bhadra for a day. Due to somereasons, it isnot continue till date. This may be due to lack ofinterest of people towards their tradition and culture andinfluence from modern society.

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2. Ghatu Nacch This is specially celebrated by Gurungs of Mohoriyakot whichlasts for two days during the month of Baisakh (BuddhaPurnima). The person skilled at this form has grown old so thiswas not celebrated last year. It is believed that once this trend isbroken, this should not be continued for following two years somay be after two years this festival would again be celebrated.

3. Shivaratri mela This is celebrated by people all over Mohoriyakot in Rainaskotfor three days on the month of Falgun (Shivaratri)

4. Ekadasi mela This is celebrated by people of Tarkughat on month of Mangsirfor a day.

2.3. Road Accessibility

Rainas municipality is readily accessible from Gorkha and Bhoteodar. The Midhill highwayrunning east west from the mid hill is under construction. 45 km of this highway lies inLamjung district while almost 13 km of the overall length runs through Rainas municipalitywhich is on the process of black topping.

Nearest Black Topped Roads

i. Turture Bazar (Tanahu) to Borangkhola (Lamjung): 20 kmii. Nepal Danda (Tanahu) to Borangkhola (Lamjung): 17 km

iii. Baishjangar Bazar (Tanahu) to Borangkhola

Internal roads:

Dumre to Turture Bazar: 10 km, Turture to Nepal Danda: 5+ km Nepal Danda (Tanahu) to Tarkughat (Lamjung): 1 km Turture to Chepeghat: 4km Chepeghat (Lamjung) to Borangkhola (Lamjung): 16 km Dumre to Besisahar: 42 km Borangkhola to Besisahar: 42km (approx.)

Rainas Municipality is connected by 5 motorable bridges (Bhandarthok, Chepeghat,Baaisjangar, Tarkughat and Paundidhik)

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2.4. Demographic Features

According to census 2011, Rainas Municipality has a total population of 18527. The averagehousehold size of the municipality is 3.57 and the sex ratio is equal to 77.67. The malepopulation is 8099 and female population is 10428 as per CBS 2011. This shows that Rainashas more females than males. Out of 18527 population, 43.71% are male and 56.29% arefemale.

Figure 2 Population based on Gender

Table 2 Table showing Population distribution

2.4.1. Education Status

The literate population of Rainas Municipality is only 31.48%. Although there are schoolsproviding education up to secondary level, but there is no facility of higher education.Education is one of the major reason for migration in Rainas Municipality.

Table 3 Table showing Education Status

Population

Household Total Male Female AverageHousehold Size

SexRatio

Total 5453 18527 8099 10428 3.57 77.67

Population Literate (%) Illiterate (%)

18527 31.48 68.52

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2.4.2. Major Ethnic Group

The main ethnic group of Rainas Municipality are Brahmin, Gurung and Chhetri with apopulation of 3475, 3221 and 2968 respectively. Likewise, there are also other ethnic groupsin the Municipality such as Kami, Tamang, Sarki, Damai, Newar, Gharti, Magar, Kumal,Thakuri, Sanyasi, Muslim etc. The distribution of population based on caste are presented inthe table.

Table 4 Table showing Population Distribution according to Caste

Caste Population %

Gurung 3221 17.39

Chhetri 2968 16.02

Brahmin 3475 18.76

Kami 1649 8.90

Tamang 1211 6.54

Sarki 1872 10.10

Damai 800 4.32

Newar 907 4.90

Gharti/Bhujel 470 2.54

Magar 326 1.76

Kumal 656 3.54

Thakuri 337 1.82

Sanyasi 221 1.19

Muslim 184 0.99

Others 230 1.24

Total 18527 100

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2.5. Ownership of Housing Unit

Out of total 4751 households, 95.05% houses are owned by themselves, 3.75% are rented,and 0.29% are institutional and 0.91% others.

Table 5 Ownership of Housing Units

Own Rented Institutional Others

4516 178 14 43

2.6. Main Sources of Drinking Water

Out of 4751 households, 83.41% use tap water, 0.17% use tube well, 0.84% use covered well,5.30% use uncovered well, 8.74 % use spout water, 1.03% use river/stream and 0.51% useother sources of water.

Table 6 Main Sources of Drinking water

TapWater

TubeWell

CoveredWell

UncoveredWell

SpoutWater River/Stream Others

3963 8 40 1242 415 49 24

Figure 3 Ownership of Housing Units

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Figure 4 Main Sources of Drinking Water

2.7. Toilet Facilities and types

Table 7 Toilet Facilities and types

No Toilet Flush Toilet Ordinary Toilet Others

962 2575 1192 22

Figure 5 Toilet Facilities and types

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2.8. Land Use

Rainas Municipality can broadly divided into various land use category. The majority of theland in the municipality has land use of agriculture and Forests area, with compact settlementon various designated area, and water body as Marsyangdi, Chepe and Tarte River. The built-up areas can be divided into residential, commercial, institutional, industrial, and recreationalareas.

2.9. Settlement Pattern

The settlement of the Rainas have developed on the plain areas along the main road to theupper slopes of Rainaskot. The settlement cluster are emerging as the ribbon developmentalong the main roads connecting Dhamilikuwa to the Bhalayakharkha and nearby secondaryroads. The majority of the settlement have residential purpose with some concentration ofcommercial activities along the major roads. Some of the major emerging commercial areasare Tarkughat, Panchbhai Chautari, Syauli, Tinpiple, Alkatar, Borangkhola, Kundule andBorang, and these areas are emerging as the urban centers.

The agricultural areas area mostly located on the southern flat part of the municipality, withthe better facility of irrigation. The land on the slopes are used for agriculture on the form ofterraced farming, dependent on rainwater for the irrigation and the settlement cluster areexisting in a compact form.

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3. Data Analysis

3.1 Demographic Characteristics

3.1 Population Profile and Analysis

3.1.1 Population size

According to household survey (year 2016), total population of the municipality is 22728.The average household in the municipality is 5.6.

Table 8 Table showing Family, Total Population and Average Household (Source: VDC Profile 2067)

Total family TotalPopulation

AverageHousehold

Bhalayakharka 477 3187 6.7

Chakratirtha 1067 5877 5.5

Dhamilikuwa 948 4368 4.6

Pyarjung 487 2601 5.3

Mohoriyakot 490 2897 5.8

Tarkughat 688 3798 5.5

Total 4157 22728 5.6

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Figure 6 Graph showing Total Family in Each VDC (Source: VDC Profile 2067)

Figure 7 Graph showing Total population in each VDC (Source: VDC Profile)

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3.1.2 Basic Characteristics of Population

Male female ratio

Table 9 Table showing Male Female Ratio(Source: VDC Profile)

VDC Total malePopulation

Total FemalePopulation

Bhalayakharka 1638 1549

Chakratirtha 2920 2957

Dhamilikuwa 1992 2376

Pyarjung 1232 1369

Mohoriyakot 1487 1404

Tarkughat 1922 1876

Total 11191 11531

The composition is nearly even with almost equal number of male and female. Out of total11191 are male which is 49.25% and 11531 are female which is 50.75% of the totalpopulation.

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Figure 8 Male and Female Population in VDCs (Source: VDC Profile)

3.1.3 Age wise population

Almost half the population lies between the age of 16 and 44. So there is great potential ofdevelopment in this period because of youth dividend. Least people lies in the age group of 0-5.

Looking at the age group data we can conclude that, economic active population is high inthis area and Rainas is likely to develop.

Table 10 Table showing Male and Female Population according to Age Distribution (Source: VDC Profile)

Female Male Total Percentage0-5 1058 1088 2146 9.44%6-10 1283 1345 2628 11.56%11-15 1325 1218 2543 11.19%16-44 5317 5363 10580 46.55%>44 2548 2177 4727 20.80%Total 11531 11191 22728

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Figure 9 Male and Female Population as per Age group (Source: VDC Profile)

3.1.4 Population based on Religion

Almost three fourth of population is Hindu. After survey we found out, most Buddhist alsocelebrate festival similar to Hindu. The most common festivals celebrated in the region areDashain and Tihar. Apart from that Buddhist celebrate Loshar and Maghe Shankranti.

Table 11 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Religion (Source: VDC profile)

Hindu 75.81%

Buddhist 23.39%

Muslim 0.21%

Christian 0.58%

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Figure 10 Percentage of people as per Religion (Source: VDC Profile)

3.1.5 Population based on Language

Some of the major languages spoken in the municipality are Nepali, Gurung and Tamang.Among them Nepali is mostly spoken, 63%.

Table 12 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Language (Source: VDC profile)

Nepali 63.14%Gurung 23.61%Rai 0.01%Newari 1.61%Muslim 0.18%Magar 1.05%Tamang 6.25%Others 4.16%

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Figure 11 Percentage showing the spoken Language (Source: VDC Profile)

3.1.6 Population based on Caste/ethnicity

Most people in this place are Gurung with around 27% of total population. After that liesBrahmin and Chhetri with percentage of 20 and 18 respectively.

Table 13 Table showing Percentage of Population based on Caste/Ethnicity (Source: VDC Profile)

Caste Percentage

Brahmin 20.75

Chhetri 18.44

Newar 4.44

Gurung 27.15

Magar 2.05

Tamang 5.64

Bhujel 2.31

Majhi 0.2

Giri 0.31

Sunar 0.15

Sarki 7.78

Kami 6.46

Damai 2.46

Gandarva 0.43

Muslim 0.57

Thakuri 0.53

Limbu 0.02

Sanyasi 0.26

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Figure 12 Percentage showing Caste (Source: VDC Profile)

3.1.6 Population absentee

From the recent sample survey conducted, the reason population migration is as follows.

Figure 13 Reason for Migration

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3.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics

Figure 14 Education Level based on Gender

4.1 Education level

Figure 15 Education Level

27

4.2 Source of Income (Major Occupation)

Figure 16 Major Occupation

4.3 Respondent’s Caste and Religion

Figure 17 Respondent’s Caste

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Figure 18 Respondent’s Religion

4.3 Respondent’s Mother Tongue

Figure 19Respondent's Mother Tongue

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4.4 Family structure

Figure 20 Family Type

4.5 Property Ownership

Figure 21 Building Ownership

30

Figure 22 Land Ownership

4.6 Place of Origin

Figure 23 Place of Origin

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4.7 Migration Trend

Figure 24 In-Migration Trend

Figure 25 Out-Migration Trend

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3.3 Infrastructure Development

As an indicator of physical development municipality has various infrastructure such asroads, bridges, electricity, communication system, etc. There are basic facilities in themunicipality but the services are yet not satisfactory in the municipality. Some of thePhysical infrastructures developed are as follows :

Roads

Roads are basic mode of transportation. It connects the whole municipality area and helps infurther development. There are mostly earthen road in the municipality. Road has almostconnected whole part of the municipality but there is no frequent transportation facility andthe routes are limited. Most of the roads here , are of earthen type and many are underconstruction.Following table shows list of roads in use in Rainas Municipality along with itslength in km .

Table 14 Table showing list of road name and its respective length

Road Details Length in KM

S.N

Road Connected villageand road name

VDC Blacktoppedroad

GravelRoad

EarthenRoad

1Chepeghat-Dhamelikuwa-Borang Khola-Dudhpokhari Dhamelikuwa 47

2

Harrabot-Lupugau-Aapchaur-Bohoragaun-Panthedada-Pyarjung Dhamelikuwa 31

3 Syauli-Lupugaun-Rainaskot Dhamelikuwa 7

4 Borangkhola-Pyarjung Pyarjung 8

5Bhairabsthan-kudule-simghari-pyargunj Pyarjung 6

6Tarkughat-Mohariyakot-Pyarjung-Dudhpokhari Pyarjung 47

7

Harrabot-Lupugaun-Aapchaur-Panthedada-Pyarjung Pyarjung 31

8 Borang khola - Pyarung Bhalyakharka 8

9

Chepeghat,Dhamilikuwa,Borang khola,Dudhpokhari Bhalyakharka 47

10 Chepeghat-Borang khola Bhalyakharka 21

33

11

Harabot Lupu village ,Aapchor , Bohora village ,Dhadkhadka , Panthedad ,Pyarjung Bhalyakharka 31

12Chakratirtha MandirRainaskot Chakratirtha 11

13 Timure Chakratirtha Chakratirtha 11

14Chepeghat -Dhamilikuwa-Borangkhola -Dudhpokhari Chakratirtha

15

Harabot- Lupugau-Aapchaur-Bohoragau-Dhadhkhak-Pantheydanda-pyarjung Chakratirtha 47

16 Tinpiple Kumal Gau Chakratirtha

17 Tinpiple Kumal Gau Chakratirtha 31Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

Bridges

Bridges are important means of access across rivers. In hills suspension bridges are mostlybuilt for connecting across the rivers. Different bridges constructed in the municipality are asfollows:

S.NName ofBridge VDC Connection Wooden

bridgeSuspensionBridge

MotarableBridge Length

1 Okhle DhamelikuwaBhandarithokGorkha 1 63.7

2 Naringhat Dhamelikuwa Purkot Tanahu 1 124.6

3 Chepeghat DhamelikuwaPalungtarGorkha 1 91

4 Kaliraha DhamelikuwaPalungtarGorkha 1

5 Chilli Khola Pyarjung Kolki 1 36.5

6DhulpureBridge Pyarjung Kolki 1 35

7BorangKhola Bhalyakharka Bhalyakharka-7 - 1 -

34

8BorangKhola Bhalyakharka

Bhalyakharka 4-9 - 1 -

9BorangKhola Bhalyakharka

Bhalyakharka 4-Gorkha - 1 - 49

10 Soti BhalyakharkaBhalyakharka-Harmi Gorkha - 1 -

11 Dobhan BhalyakharkaBhalyakharka -Kolki 1 -

12Ekle Julungepool Chakratirtha Aapiple Gorkha 1

Table 15: Table showing list of available bridge ,its connection , type and length .

Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

Electricity

Electricity is one of the essential energy resource in today's era . Electricity is basic physicalinfrastructure and is indicator of development . Most of the people living here are facilitatedwith electricity from national electricity grid . Some use solar energy and gas plant forelectricity service . Many people of Pyarjung and Mauriyakot are deprived of electricityservice.

Following table shows the source of electricity in all six VDC :

Electricity

S.N Name of VDC Nationalgrid

SolarEnergy

gasplant

Withoutelectricity

1 Bhalyakharka 473 1 3

2 Chaktratirtha 907 26

3 DhameliKuwa 908

4 Pyarjung 13 137 1 246

5 Mauriyakot 145 35 280

6 Tarkughat all homeTable 16: Table showing electricity source .


35

CommunicationVarious means of communication is available in this district .Major means of communicationin the municipality is mobile phone. There is no landline in this municipality. More details ofuse of various communication means are given as in the table given below .

S.N Name of VDC

HH with radioand cassette

HH with TV HH withTelephone

Computer Internet

1 Bhalyakharka 318 188 468 7

2 Chaktratirtha 890 404 863 11

3 DhameliKuwa 908 601 431 653 2

4 Pyarjung 305 66 199

5 Mauriyakot 430 61 320

6 Tarkughat 438 126Table 17: Table showing various means of communication used in household.


Water supply and Sanitation

Clean , pure and healthy drinking water is basic needs and fundamental rights of human being.Sanitation is the precondition of healthy life . Access to pure drinking water and sanitationarea important for healthy life survival . Most people are fascinated water through pipes .Following table shows number of family facilitated with water supply through various source.

Water supply Number of family using

S.N VDC Pipedwater Tube well

Well/Kuwa River/Pond/Canal


2 Chakratirtha 593 332 115

3 Dhamelikuwa 770 85 51 26

4 Pyarjung 422 21

5 Mauriyakot 453 0 30 7

6 TarkughatTable 18: Table showing number of household according to water supply source .


36

Toilet type With ToiletWithouttoilet

Bio GasConnected

S.N VDC name Permanent Temporary


2 Chaktratirtha 243 342 256

3 DhameliKuwa 578 258 60 2

4 Pyarjung 162 111 168 2

5 Mauriyakot 251 183 464 23

6 Tarkughat

Table 19: Table showing different toilet types , number of household without toilet and with Bio gassystem.


Forest and Environment

Forest

Forest is one of the main resources of Rainas municipality. People’s livelihood is dependenton the forest resource. Forests help to keep ecosystem in balance. Most of the forest area iscovered with trees such as Bankarela , Harro , Bari , Tetepati , Bet , Gurjo , Gurjango etc .Following table shows name of forest and area is shown below:

S.N Name of Samudaek Ban VDC Name

Area

(Hector )

1 Rani ban Bhalaikhadka 34.25

2 Odalpato Bhalaikhadka 14

3 Kaprechaur Bhalaikhadka 54.15

4 Suryodaya Bhalaikhadka 31.78

5 Satidevi Bhalaikhadka 136.45

6 Dundure Dhanpakha Bhalaikhadka 16.25

7 Pangate Community Forest Pyarjung 40.54

8 Lama gaun Community Forest Pyarjung 57.54

9 Samlekot Community Forest Pyarjung 54.43

10 Mandali Community Forest Pyarjung 16.1

37

11 Sani Pokhari community Forest Pyarjung 21.47

12 Silapathar Community Forest Pyarjung 7.26

13 Manichakra Community Forest Pyarjung 17.24

14 chakratirtha forest Chakratirtha 64.55

15 Deworali Chakratirtha 37.91

16 Jhakri than Chakratirtha 119.85

17 Aapchaur Dhamelikhuwa 122.5

18 Lupu Gaun Dhamelikhuwa 137.19

19 Salfedi Dhamelikhuwa 21.11

20 Simalchau Ranighat Dhamelikhuwa 61.84

21 Garambesi Dhamelikhuwa 23.55

22 Chamfawoti Dhamelikhuwa 37.7

23 Gauritar Dhamelikhuwa 28.14

24Shree Marshyandi CommunityForest Maghigaun

25Shree Kataharbari CommunityForest Harrabot

26 Shree Nabojotyi Community Forest Harrabot

27 Shree Kalika Community Forest Sika

28 Shree Mahadev Community Forest Sika

29Shree Ananpurna CommunityForest Sika

30 Shree Taleju Community Forest Sika

31 Shree Pipaltari Community Forest Pipaltar

32 Shree Kalamata Community Forest TarkughatTable 20: Table showing list of forest name and area covered .


38

Bio Diversities

Tropical climate and rivers have made the municipality rich in diversity in terms ofbiodiversity. Major animals found in the municipality are leopard , bear , fox , squirrel , bat ,monkey , wild cat etc. Major birds found in the municipality are crow , dove , owl , eagle ,crane , duck , swan . Main crops available here are rice , millet , maize , wheat, lentil ,mustard .

Governance and Institutions

Institutions are the organization founded for religious , educational , professional or socialpurpose.Institutions are identified with a social purpose , transcending individuals and

intentions by mediating the rules that govern living behaviour.Various types of institution

have been established with different set of objectives .

Government institutions

S.N Name of Sastha VDC Name Number

1 Health post / Sub health Post Chakratirtha 4

2 Post Office Chakratirtha 4

3 Ayurved Chakratirtha 2

4 Pashu Sewa Kendra Chakratirtha 3

5 Health post / Sub health Post Bhalaikhadka 4

6 Post Office Bhalaikhadka 3

7 Krishi Bikash Bank Tarkughat

8 Jila Aayurbed Aausadhalaya Tarkughat

Table 21 Table showing list of Government institution


Non Governmental organizations

A. Child Club

S.NO Name VDC Name

1 Raginas Jharana Bal Club Dhemelikuwa

2 Namuna Bal Club Dhemelikuwa

3 Sunaulo Bal Club Dhemelikuwa

4 Samaj Sudhar Bal club Dhemelikuwa

39

5 Aadarsha Namuna Bal club Dhemelikuwa

6 Balchutari Bal Club Dhemelikuwa

7 Pratibha Bal club Bhalaikhadka

8 Makhamali Bal club Bhalaikhadka

9 Manakamana Bal club Bhalaikhadka

10 Baludhar Bal club Bhalaikhadka

11 Gaurishankar Bal club Bhalaikhadka

12Mahendra Balbikash Highersecondary council Bhalaikhadka

13 Pratishya Bal club Bhalaikhadka

14 Shivashakti Bal club Bhalaikhadka

15 Nawa Jyoti Bal club Bhalaikhadka

16 Surodaya Bal club Bhalaikhadka

17 Himshikhar Bal club Bhalaikhadka

18 Kalika Balmanch Bal club Bhalaikhadka

19 Srijansheel Bal club Chakratirtha

20 Birota Bal club ChakratirthaTable 22 Table showing list of Child Club


B.Youth Club

S.NO Name VDC Name

1 Samaj Kalyan Yuwa Club Dhemelikuwa

2 Navikaran Yuwa Club Dhemelikuwa

3 Savya Srijan Yuwa Club Dhemelikuwa

4 Sunaulo Bihani Yuwa Club DhemelikuwaTable 23 Table showing list of Youth club


40

C. Community Based Organization (CBO)

S.NO Name VDC Name Est. Date

1 Aakakrit Mahila Samuha Dhemelikuwa

2 Rainas Bikash Samiti Dhemelikuwa

3 Aanusandhan tatha Bikash Kendra Dhemelikuwa

4 Chiluwan Kalyankari Samaj Dhemelikuwa

5 Champawati Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka

6 Samridhi Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka

7 Janjyoti Mahila Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka

8 Srijanshel Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka

9 Himachuli Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka

10 Khadka Devi Raniban Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka

11 Bridha Aama Samuha Bhalaikhadka

12Pragatisheel Janjagaran Tarkari tatha KrishiSahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha

13 Janhit Coffee Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha

14Chakratirtha Bachat Tatha Reen SahakariSanstha Chakratirtha

15 Janshakti Bachar Tatha Reen Sahakari Chakratirtha

16Pashu Tatha Bahuudeshiyae SahakariSanstha Chakratirtha

17 Janhit Upabhokta Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha

18 Sunrise Youth Club Chakratirtha

19 Nawajyoti Club Chakratirtha

20 Sachetana Youth Club Chakratirtha

21Rudra Devi Bachat Tatha Rin SahakariSanstha Tarkughat 2054

22Marsandi tarakari wotpadan Samuha

Tarkughat 2062

23 Balchetana Sil Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 2058

24 Jana Kalyan Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 2059

25 Himalaya yuva club Tarkughat

26 Rudra Devi Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

41

27 Samaj Kalyan Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

28Namuna Bachat tatha Rin Bakhra PalanMahila Samuha Tarkughat

29Kamana Bachat tatha Rin BakhrapalanMahila Samuha Tarkughat

30 Aayeaarjan Samuha( ka) Tarkughat 2048

31 Aayeaarjan Samuha ( Kha) Tarkughat 2048

32 Pragatisil Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

33 Milijuli Krishi Sahakari Santha Tarkughat

34 Namuna Mauri Palan Samuha Tarkughat

35 Srijansil Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 2058

36 MatriBhumi Aama Samuha Tarkughat 2059

37 Nawojyoti Mahila Samuha Tarkughat 2059

38 Santosi Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

39 Karola Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

40 Saraswoti Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

41 Manakamana Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

42 Kalika Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

43 Taleju Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

44 Sansari Devi Mahila Samuha Tarkughat

45Kaligandaki Bachat thatha Rin SahakariSanstha Tarkughat 2054

46 Samudayik Aadyen kendra Tarkughat 2054

47 Sarvodaya Sewashram Tarkughat 2059Table 24 Table showing list of Community Based Organization


D. Non - Government Organization (NGO)

S.N Name of Sanstha VDC Name Est. Date

1 Janhit Upabhokta Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha

2Pashu Tatha BahuUdeshiya SahakariSanstha Chakratirtha

42

3Chakratirtha Bachaat Tatha ReenSahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha

4 Janhit Coffee Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha

5Pragatisheel Janjagaran Tarkari TathaKrishi Sahakari Sanstha Chakratirtha

6Krishak Janagaran Bachat Tatha ReenSahakari Sanstha Limited Chakratirtha

7 Imapack Nepal Chakratirtha

8 Mahila Aapashi Chakratirtha

9Kalika Bachat Tatha Reen SahakariSastha Limited Bhalaikhadka 6

10Bhalaikharka Bachat Tatha ReenSahakari Sastha Limited Bhalaikhadka 6

11Gyanodaya Alumunni AssociationTatha Reen Sahakari Sastha Limited Bhalaikhadka

12 Gramin Sawalamban Bikash Kendra Tarkughat

13 Samagra Bikash Sewa Kendra Tarkughat

14 C.R.T Tarkughat

15Bal swastha ra Bataworan BachauSamaj Nepal Tarkughat 2054

16Janachetana aavibridri ra BikashAadyen Kendra Tarkughat 2047

17 Mahila Aapasi Sahayok Kendra Tarkughat

18 Dipross Nepal Tarkughat

19Tarkughat-Mauriyakot -GaidaDudhpokhari Haritsadak Tarkughat

20 Pagre- Harabot Faat Sichai Aayojana TarkughatTable 25 Table showing list of NGOs


Education Institutions

Education is one of the basic pillar of development .Key to skilled human ,is qualityeducation and training . For development of an area , human development is needed inseveral fields . Following table lists various schools established in all 6 district of RainasMunicipality .

43

S. N Name of School Establisheddate Address

VDC Tole

1Milan PrathamikBidhyalaya 2050 Dhamelikuwa Batase

2Mahendra JyotiPrathamik Bidhyalaya 2035 Dhamelikuwa

KadamKhola

3Sheilaputri HigherSecondary School 2030 Dhamelikuwa

4Saraswati PrimarySchool 2045 Dhamelikuwa Sal Dada

5 Chandi Primary School 2031 Dhamelikuwa Lupu Gaun

6Bir Shanti PrimarySchool 2048 Dhamelikuwa Aapchaur

7Birendra Deep PrimarySchool 2060 Dhamelikuwa Syauli

8Sarada Pre PrimarySchool 2012 Dhamelikuwa Garambesi

9 Gautam Primary School 2045 Pyarjung Kamibari

10 Ratna Primary School 2046 Pyarjung Simghari

11Siddhartha PrimarySchool 2044 Pyarjung

12 Devi Primary School 2032 Pyarjung

13Mahendra PrimarySchool 2013 Pyarjung Borang

14Buddha MilanSecondary School 2036 Pyarjung

15Gyanodaya HigherSecondary School 2011 Sahilitar

16Mahendra Bal HigherSecondary School 2033

17

Suryodaya PrathmikHigher SecondarySchool 2045

18Kalika HigherSecondary School 2020

19Samata Sikshya SadanBoarding School 2063

44

20Champawati PrathmikVidyalaya 2038 Timure

21Saraswoti PrathmikVidyalaya 2048

22Manakamana PrathmikVidyalaya 2033 Bora Gau

23Pragati PrathmikVidyalaya 2048

Regmi Dan-da

24 Bal Vidhya mandir 2045 Tinpiple

25Shishu Bishram HigherSecondary School 2012 Birauta

26Basantawati PrathmikVidyalaya 2052

27Rainas and GlobalBoarding school 2052 Dandkhataha

28Janchetana PrathmikVidhyala 2028

29 Shree Krishna pra.vi 2050 Maghi gaaun

30Shree Rudra Nimna Ma.Vi, Harabot 2025 Harabot

31Shree Santa Pra. Vi,Sikha 2050 Sikha

32Subhadaya Pra. Vi,Amale Dada 2009 Amale Dada

33 Sudarsan Pra. Vi 2030

34 Buddha Santi Pra. Vi 2055

35Amar Joti Pra. Vi.,Pipaltari 2048 Pipaltari

36 Bir Bhakta H.S.S 2019Table 26 Table showing list of Educational institution Source :VDC profile (2067 B.S)

45

SWOT ANALYSIS

SWOT analysis is one of the method for analysis that was developed for the business but wasadopted for the planning purpose too. Generally SWOT analysis is done and goal statement ismade. According to Wikipedia “SWOT analysis (alternatively SWOT matrix) is anacronym for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats—and is a structured planningmethod that evaluates those four elements of a project or business venture.”

After the process of data collection and gathering information, these information werearranged in the matrix call SWOT matrix as per following

Strengths: Characteristics of the municipality that give it an advantage over others Weaknesses: Characteristics the municipality at a disadvantage relative to others Opportunities: Elements that municipality could exploit to its advantage Threats: Elements in the environment that could cause trouble for the municipality

More clearly, we have classified the factors that could be controlled by itself as strength andweakness for positive and negative factors respectively. Factors that were presented by theenvironment to the municipality and cannot be controlled were classified as opportunity andthreats for positive and negative factors respectively.

Strength, Opportunities, weakness and Threats that were detected from observation andsurvey are listed below in the SWOT matrix and strategies are developed

Opportunity

Market of besisaharKathmandu andnearby towns

Tourism,paragliding

Locatedapproximately at themiddle of country

Virgin land fordevelopment

Threat

Pokhara andBandipur attractingmore tourist

Out migration to largecities

Barren agriculturalland

Haphazarddevelopment due tolack of bye laws

Besisahar as a threat

Strength

Agriculture Availability of water

for irrigation Natural beauty Presence of historical

places like mohariyakot and Rainas kot

Strength-Opportunity

46

Forest and medicalherbs

Greenery of themunicipality

strategies Strength-Threat strategies

Weakness

Lack of infrastructureslike water supply,health services,drainage system androad networks

Unemployment Improper waste

disposal Less no of schools Landline

telecommunication notavailable

High terraintopography

Low institutionalcapacity

Weakness-Opportunitystrategies

Weakness-Threat strategies

STRATEGIES

Following are the strategies that are developed after the use of SWOT matrix

Strength - opportunity strategies

In this part we are suggesting strategies which can maximize the opportunities ofmunicipality from identified strengths. Following are the suggestions

Supplying agricultural products to nearby towns

Developing historical places as tourism centers developing trekking routes on the upper part of municipality Supplying forest products and medical herbs to nearby towns These nearby towns can be used as base for exporting products mentioned in above

points Central location of Lamjung can be used for supplying local products all over Nepal Optimum use of land through land use planning

Strength - Threat strategies

47

Developing tourism center in municipality to attract some tourist going to nearbytowns so that their visit to can be prolonged in Nepal

Creating job opportunities from agriculture, herbs and forest products so as tominimize the out migration from municipality

Using job opportunities generated from tourism development to stop the outmigration form the municipality

Converting barren agricultural land back to agriculture land through the initiation oflocal government with participatory approach

Weakness - Opportunity strategies

Taking help from nearby towns to develop infrastructure Reducing unemployment from the jobs created through newly developed sectors

Weakness – Threats strategies

Initially providing home stay facilities for tourists so as to improve the initialcondition of municipality and developing tourist facilities on long run to developtourism on full capacity

48

4. PROBLEMS AND ISSUES

The problem and the issue of the study area were identified through the house hold surveyand its analysis. The real world problem which could be addressed through the physicalinfrastructure development and the social problem which could be addressed throughsoftware part were incorporate during household

Water supply problem

Out of 587 household surveyed 36.09% household responded that there is sever waterproblem and 25.18% people responded there is no water problem. Only Chakratirtha hashouse hold taps which has been installed from the local initiation which is about 38.56% oftotal and 21.65% of people use community tap.

For the purification of water 20.74 % of household responded as boiling, 17.16% of peopleresponded as filtration and 68.31% of people responded that they don’t use any kind ofpurification method.

50

Solid waste disposal problem

In Rainas municipality about 81.87 % household produce 1-3 kg solid waste and 14.79%household produce 3-6 kg solid waste. Most of population disposes the waste in their owncompound by burning and 96.83% of people buries in their own compound and 75.18%household converts it to compost. Only Pyarjung has few dustbins in public places.

51

Problem of health facilities

Out of total house hold 46.03% responded for using hospital and 49.03 % responded forusing clinic and health post. Although maternal health facilities are not enough in themunicipality 76.23% of household responded using maternal health service. In case of childvaccination municipality seem to be aware as all of the household responded positively forthe vaccination of children. Despite these facilities, few households are using traditionalhealers for medical purpose

52

Problem of educational facilities

Out of total population 20.60% are literate, 21.13% are illiterate, 5.28% have primaryeducation, 8.97% have lower secondary education, 27.46% have secondary education,10.74% have higher secondary education, 4.40% have bachelor’s degree, and 1.05% havemaster’s degree.

Problem of accessibility

In Rainas municipality there is no black topped road. 13.73% of road is stone paved 20.95%of road is graveled and 41.20 % of road is earthen, 23.94% of road is trial. According tosurvey 30.99% of road is < 1m and 36.80% of road is 1-3.5m. For future set backs are as23.24 % of 0-1m setback and 27.99% of 1-5m setback

54

Unemployment problem

Unemployment being a national problem Rainas is also suffering from same problem.Actually a vicious circle has been created due to this problem. To find employment 63%outside municipality and 37% migrated to outside country.

Migration problem

In Rainas, it was found that 35.66% of people migrating due to domestic reason9.79% peoplemigrated for education, 13.29% migrated due to employment, 11.89% migrated due tobusiness and 2.09% migrated due to mirage. All of these migrations are form upper part ofmunicipality to lower part of municipality. In other words we can say that upper part of themunicipality is experiencing negative population growth.

Apart from this 56.17% migrated to Kathmandu,4.53% migrated to besisahar, 3.02%migrated to Gorkha, 5.48% migrated to Pokhara, 0.56% migrated to Biratnagar,0.37%migrated to Birgunj, 0.56% migrated to Nepalgunj which is inside Nepal. And outside Nepal,58.36% migrated to Middle East, 16.09% migrated to India. 45.77% responded migration asa problem

57

5. CONCLUSION

Rainas is a one of the newly formed municipalities of Lamjung with the Vision:“Rainas Municipality: Agriculture, Tourism, Education and Environmentallyfriendly City”.

SWOT analysis showed that agriculture, tourism and central location of Lamjungas one of the strong factor that can help Rainas to self- sustain and developfurther

Water supply, solid waste, health facilities, educational facilities, accessibility,unemployment and migrations were detected as problems of Rainas municipalitywhich could be developed through social and infrastructure development.

SNO FACILITES PERCENTAGE

1 Water supply to house hold 38.65

23 People using water without filtration 68.31

4 Waste buried in compound by households 96.83

5 Household using hospital 46.03

6 Household using maternal service 76.23

7 Illiterate population 21.13

8 Earthen road 41.20

9 Road width less than 1 meter 36.80

10 Outside country migration 37

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