department of botany dr. h.s. gour … classifications of fungi 6. fungal systematics : different...
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DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Ph.D - I Semester
S.No. Course Code Name of the Course Credit
1. BOT-C-141 Ecology and Environment 03
2. BOT-C-142 Ecology and Environment (Practical) 01
3. BOT-C-143 Plant Breeding and Biostatistics 03
4. BOT-C-144 Plant Breeding and Biostatistics (Practical) 01
5. BOT-C-145 Molecular Biology 03
6. BOT-C-146 Molecular Biology (Practical) 01
7. BOT-C-147 Seed Technology 03
8. BOT-C-148 Seed Technology (Practical) 01
9. BOT-C-149 Project / Seminar / Field Work / Viva 08
Ph.D. Course – 2011
I Semester – (Botany) -
BOT-C-141 : Paper – I – Ecology and Environment Credit : 03
Ecology – Definition and Terminology, Environment : Definition and Terminology.
Ecological Systems – (Eco-system) – Concepts, types – Terrestrial, (Forest, Grassland,
Cropland and Desert etc.) and Aquatic (Marine and fresh water), Components of
ecosystems – Biotic and Abiotic, Functions of ecosystems – Cycling of materials and
Flow of energy. Food Chain, Food web, Ecological Pyramids.
Ecological succession – Concepts, Primary and secondary succession, Terrestrial and
Aquatic, Heterotrophic succession, concept of climax.
Ecological (Environmental) factors – Climate, Topographic and Edaphic. Gaseous
composition of Atmosphere, Global warming, Carbon Cycle, Sequestration, Carbon-
credits, foot points trading, Climatic change.
Environmental pollution : Air, Water, Soil, Noise, Radio-active etc.
Population Ecology : Growth curves inter-specific and intra-specific relationships.
Autecology of species
Synecology – Concept of community Qualitative and Quantitative characters.
Inventories : GIS, Remote sensing.
BOT-C-142 : Ecology and Environment Credit : 01
Practicals
Finding out structure and composition of a vegetational area – Forest. Grassland, Pond.
Environmental Assessment – Atmospheric temperature, Light Intensity, Relative
Humidity.
Study of Physico-chemical characteristics of soil and water.
Books Recommended
(1) Meuller – Dombois & Ellenberg (1974) Methods in Vegetation Ecology.
(2) J.S. Singh, S.P. Singh and S.R. Gupta (2006) Ecology, Environment & Resource
conservation, Anamaja Pub. New Delhi.
(3) Misra, R. (1968) Worybook of Ecology.
(4) Odum, E.P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology, Saunders Philadelphia.
(5) Smith, R.L. (2003) Ecology and field Biology.
Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Department of Botany
Ph.D. Course - 2011
I Semester – (Botany) -
BOT-C-143 :– Plant Breeding and Biostatistics Credit : 03
Breeding system : Aims and objectives of plant breeding. Breeding methods;
Introduction; Selection - mass selection, pureline or pedigree selection, clonal selection;
Hybridization : Technique of hybridization – anthesis, emasculation, pollution;
Incompatibility.
Methods for breeding self pollinated crops, cross pollinated crops, asexually propagated
crops; breeding for high yield, resistance to disease, pest and drought; somatic
hybridization.
Heterosis and Hybrid vigour : Theories on causes of heterosis.
Biostatistics : Central tendency – measures of central lendency,
Dispersion – variance, standard deviation and standard error.
Significance test : Student t test,
Chisquare (X2) Test, f test
Co-relation and Regression
Recommended Books :
1. Cytogenetics and plant breeding
by Chandrasekharan and Parthasarthy revised by Krishna Swamy and
Chandra Sekharan Varachary & Co. Madras.
2. Cytogeneties, Plant Breeding and Evolution
by Sinha & Sinha. Vikash Publishing house Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
3. Plant breeding and Genetics in India
by R.H. Richharia, Scientific Book Company Patna – 4.
4. Introductory Practical Biostatistics
by B.N. Mishra & M.K. Mishra, Naya Prakash Calcutta.
5. Statistics by O.N. Bishop.
BOT-C-144 Plant Breeding and Biostatistics Credit : 01
Practicals :
1. Dolermination of mean, Median & Mode.
2. Determination of standard deviation, standard error.
3. X2 test, t test & f test
4. Emasculation procedure.
5. Hybridization technique
Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Department of Botany
Ph.D. Course - 2011
I Semester – (Botany)
BOT-C-145 : Paper III- Molecular Biology Credit : 03
i. Classical concept of gene
ii. Premendalian and Mendalian theories of heredity.
iii. Modern concept of gene
iv. Protein vs. DNA debate
v. Deciphering the nature of gene : Role of Physicists and chemists
vi. Genetic code and its Elucidation
vii. DNA Replication, Prokaryotes and Eukaryotic systems.
viii. Transcription: Biosynthesis of RNA, Different types of RNAs.
ix. Translation: biosynthesis of proteins.
x. DNA Damage and Repair
xi. Transposition and Mutation.
xii. Genetic Regulation: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic systems.
xiii. RNA as enzyme and in gene Regulation.
xiv. Histone code Hypothesis and Epigenetics
BOT-C-146 : - Molecular Biology ( PRACTICALS) Credit : 01
6. Acquaintance with the instrument used in molecular biology
7. Demonstration of the first law of inheritance.
8. Demonstration of the Second law of inheritance.
9. Different exercises on biostatistics and their application.
10. Study of model organism Pisum sativum and Drosophila melanogaster.
Literature :
1. Molecular Biology of the Gene IV Edition
by . J.D. Watson etal.
2. Genes VIII ed.
by Lewin.
3. Genomes
by T.A. Brown
4. History of Molecular Biology
by Michel Morange
Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Department of Botany
Ph.D. Course - 2011
I Semester – (Botany)
BOT-C-147 : Paper – IV – Seed Technology Credit: 03
1. Definition, External and Internal structure of Seed, Seed-variability –
Dicotyledonous, Mono-cotyledonom, Endospermic, Non-Endospermics
Perispermic, Unitegmic, Bitegmic, Radiospermic and Platyspermic seeds.
Orthodox/Recalcitrant Seeds.
2. Importance of seed in the life of a plant and afforestation and reforestation
programs, Basic properties of seed – Vitality, Viability, Vigour, Seed Germination
– Epigeal, Hypogeal, semi-hypogeal and Viviparous; Photoblastism in seeds,
factors affecting seeds germination.
3. Primary Seed Dormancy – External, Internal Physical, Chemical, Mechanical
Biological and Physiological, Combined Morpho-Physiological, Induced or
secondary Dormancy, Methods to break seed dormancy, physical / chemical /
mechanical scarification.
4. Seed Germination Test : Germination potential, Germination Energy, Germination
Velocity Index, Germination Vigour, Field Tests Cutting / Floating Test,
Biochemical test – catalase activity Test, Electrical conductivity test, Tetrazolium
Staining Test, X-ray radiographic test.
5. Seed storage – short term, long term, Microbiotic, Mesobiotic and Macrobiotic
seeds, Seed Longevity, Production of High Quality Seeds with sustainability, Seed
Banking and Trading Seed certification, protection of seeds from insect and fungal
diseases.
BOT-C-148:Paper – IV – Seed Technology ( Practical) Credit: 01
1. External and Internal details of various types of seeds.
2. Study of seed dimension – Weight, Length, Width, Colour.
3. Study of germination behavior of seeds, Germination capacity, seedling Mortality,
Plant Percent, Reproductive capacity of a plant.
4. Seed storage containers and conditions.
Books Recommended
Prasad, R. and A.K. Kandya (1992). Handling of forestry seeds in India. Associated
Publishing Co. Karol Bagh, New Delhi, P. 420.
Barton, L.V. (1961). Seed preservation and longvity. Leonard Hill Publication, London, P.
216
Justice, O. L. and L. N. Bass (1979) Principles and practices of seed storage. Castle
House Publication Ltd. London, P. 275.
Kozlowski, T.T. (1972) Seed Biology Vol. I, II and III, Academic Press, New York .
P.317.
Hyedecker, W. (Ed.) (1973) Seed Ecology, Butterworth Publication, London, P. 462
ISTA (1985). International rules for seed testing. Seed Sci. and Technology, 13 (2) : 299-
520
Thompson, J.R. (Ed) (1981) Recent advances in research and technology of seeds Vol. 1-
6 Centre for agricultural publishing and documentation. Wageningen, Holland.
Khan, A.A. (1982) The Physiology and biochemistry of seed dormancy, development and
germination. Elsevier Bio-medical Press, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, P. 579.
Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Department of Botany
Ph.D. Course – 2011
I Semester – (Botany)
Credit: 08
BOT-C-149 : Paper – V : Project / Seminar / Field work / Viva
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Ph.D - II Semester
S.No. Course Code Name of the Course Credit
1. BOT-C-241 Taxonomy and Biology of Microbes 03
2. BOT-C-242 Taxonomy and Biology of Microbes (Practical) 01
3. BOT-C-243 Mushroom Biology 03
4. BOT-C-244 Mushroom Biology (Practical) 01
5. BOT-C-245 Biotechnology 03
6. BOT-C-246 Biotechnology (Practical) 01
7. BOT-C-247 Advances in Plant Biochemistry 03
8. BOT-C-248 Advances in Plant Biochemistry (Practical) 01
9. BOT-C-249 Project / Seminar / Field Work / Viva 08
Ph.D - II Semester
Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Department of Botany
Ph.D. Course - 2011
II Semester – (Botany)
BOT-C-241 : Paper – I - Taxonomy and Biology of Microbes Credit : 03
1. Classification of Plant diseases
2. General Symptomatology
3. Control measures : 1. Cultural practices
2. Physical practices
3. Chemical control
4. Biological control
4. Plant diseases : Some important bacterial, viral, fungal and
phyto plasmal diseases
5. Different classifications of fungi
6. Fungal systematics : Different institutions,
Dried reference collections and its importance
Recent terminology,
Recent literature
7. Nutrition of fungi
8. General account : Mastigomycotina,
Zygomycotina,
Ascomycotina
Basidiomyotina,
Deuteromycotina
9. Classification of Algae - Different Criteria :
Photo-synthetic pigments,
Researve food,
Flagella.
10. General account of different orders of Algae :
Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta
Rhodophyta
Cyanophyta
Bacillariophyta
11. Uses of algae & their products
Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar
Department of Botany
Ph.D. Course - 2011 II Semester
BOT-C-242-Paper – I : Taxonomy and Biology of Microbes (Practicals)
Credit : 01
Laboratory Exercises :
(1) Preparation of different media for the isolation purification, identification and
maintenance of fungi from soil and diseased materials
(2) Bacterial staining
(3) Mycological techniques
(4) Drawing of fungi with the help of Camera Lucida and to determine the scale of
magnification.
(5) Measurement of conidia of fungi with the help of occular micrometer.
(6) Survey, collection and study of plant diseases from local and nearby areas /
fields. Each student will submit a herbarium of 25 disease samples.
The collection should comprise of :-
Rust diseases, Blight diseases, Powdery mildews, Black mildews, Downy
mildews, Wilt diseases, Die bark diseases
(7) Other important diseases of Viruses, Bacteria and Mycoplasma.
(8) Culture and study of some common microbes.
(9) Survey for different types of algal forms.
(10) Collection of algal forms from different habitats.
(11) Preparation of different culture media, culturing techniques
(12) Study of some other important techniques use in algal research.
Suggested Literature :
- Lee, R.E. Phycology, Cambridge University Press, London (1973).
- Palmer, C.M. Algae and Water pollution, Castel House Publications, London
(1980).
- Kumar, H.D. Introductory Phycology, Affiliated East-West-Press Private
limited New Delhi (1988).
- Kumar, H.D. Phycotalk, Vols., I and II Rastogi Publications, Meerut (1989,
1990).
- Desikachary, T.V. Cyanophyta. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New
Delhi (1959).
Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar
Department of Botany
Ph.D. Course - 2011 II Semester
BOT-C-243 : Paper – II : Mushroom Biology Credit:03
Paper 1: Mushroom Science: Mushroom definition, characteristics of mushrooms, magnitude
of mushroom species, collection and classification of mushrooms, structural biology of
mushrooms: Biotechnology of mushrooms; mushroom conservation.
Paper 2: Tools and Techniques: Mushroom cultivation techniques; phases of mushroom
cultivation technology; fermentation; environmental engineering and waste management;
instrumentation. Biostatistics: Mean, mode, median, ANOVA, MANOVA, correlation,
regression, SD, LSD, CD.
Paper 3: Nutritional and Medicinal Properties: Mushroom composition: proteins, essential
aminoacids, fats, vitamins, carbohydrates, fibres, minerals, and nucleic acids. Medicinal
properties, pharmacognosy.
Dissertation
BOT-C-244:Paper–II:MushroomBiology(Practicals) Credit:01
Suggested Lab Exercises � Field survey and collection methods of mushrooms
� Identification for different types of mushrooms
� Ecological exercises
� Soil analyses, physico-chemical analysis of water and soil
� Isolation of fungi, gram staining
� Preparation of culture media
� Crystallization of media
� Serological test, measurement of fungal growth
� DNA isolation, characterization
� Enzyme activity(laccase, cellulose, lipase)
� Solid state fermentation, liquid state fermentation.
� Estimation of protein
� Estimation of carbohydrates, lipids
� Estimation of K, Na, Ca
� Amino acid separation(Chromatographic methods-TLC, open column chromatography, low
pressure liquid chromatography
� Spectrophotmetric analysis
� Effect of pH, relative humidity, salt concentration, different wavelengths of light on growth
of mushrooms
� Preparation of spawn mushrooms
� Cultivation of mushrooms
Suggested Readings
• Introduction to Mushroom Science (Systematics) by T.N. Kaul (1997).
• Mushroom Biology– Concise Basics and Current Developments by P.G. Miles and S.T.
Chang (1997).
• Handbook of Mushroom Cultivation, Processing and Packaging by Eiri (2007).
• Mushroom Production and Production Technology – Yadav, Pathak and Gour (1998).
• Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology by Aneja (2005).
• Mushrooms- Cultivation, Nutritional Value, Medicinal Properties and Environmental Impact
by S.T. Chang and P.G. Miles (1997).
• Edible Mushrooms- Nutritional and Medicinal Values by Dr. Memuna Haque (1985).
• Statistical Analysis by Gupta and Kapoor (1997).
• SYSTAT Software
• Advances in Mushroom Biology and Production by Rai, Dhar and Verma
• Advances in Mushroom Biotechnology by MC Nair, C. Gokulapalan, Lulu, Das
• Pharmaceutical Biology by SP Vyas and BK Dixit
Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Department of Botany
Ph.D. Course - 2011
II Semester – (Botany) -
BOT-C-245 : Paper – III – Biotechnology Credit :03
I. Gene Cloning: Tools and Techniques
II. Cloning Vectors, different kinds of Enzymes involved.
III. Purification and manipulation of DNA
IV. Introduction of DNA into cells
V. Gel Electrophoresis
VI. Spectrophotometry
VII. Centrifugation
VIII. DNA Sequencing
IX. PCR, Microarrays and other relevant techniques used in Gene cloning
X. Gene Cloning in Research and in Biotechnological applications
XI.
BOT-C-246 :PaperIII– Biotechnology (Practicals) Credit :03
:
I. To learn the basic techniques of SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel electrophoresis
(SDS-PAGE).
II. To learn the basic technique of Agarose gel electrophoresis.
III. Isolation of Genomic DNA from various sources such as Bacterial Cells,
Fungal Cells and from leaves.
IV. Isolation of Plasmid DNA from bacterial Cells using MINI & MAXI
Preparations.
V. Restriction mapping – Endonuclease digestion of plasmid DNA and analysis of
the DNA fragment to prepare a Restriction Map.
VI. Transformation of DNA – In-vitro DNA ligation & transformation to E. coli
cells.
Literature :
I. Molecular Biology of the Gene IV Edition
by . J.D. Watson etal.
II. Genes VIII ed.
by Lewin.
III. An Introduction to genetic analysis VI ed.
by Griffiths etal.
IV. Molecular Biotechnology
by Glick & Pasternok
V. Genomes
by T.A. Brown
VI. History of Molecular Biology
by Michel Morange
Dr. H.S. Gour University, Sagar
Department of Botany
Ph.D. Course - 2011 II Semester
BOT-C-247 : Paper – IV : Advances in Plant Biochemistry Credit : 03
Unit I : Molecular Components of cells
Chemistry as the logic of biological Phenomenon
Water: The Medium of life
Thermodynamics and its Relevance to life .
Protein: structure and biological functions
Lipids: structure and function
Carbohydrates: structure and function
Biomembranes: structure and function
Nucleic acid: structure and function
Unit II: Enzymes
Kinetics and specificity
Mechanism of action
Enzyme regulation
Molecular motors
Unit III :Metabolism
Fatty acids
Lipids
Nitrogen acquisition and amino acid metabolism
Carbohydrates
Unit IV: Secondary Metabolites :-
Flavinoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, strigolactones steroids , Phenolic compounds,
Polyketides.
BOT-C-248 : Paper – IV : Advances in Plant Biochemistry Credit : 01
Suggested laboratory exercise
1 Carbohydrates analysis
2 Protein estimation
3 Amino acid separation and profiling
4 Enzyme Isolation: Cellulases, Lipases, Ligases, Nitrate reductase, Acid and
alkaline Phosphate,
5 Extraction pf Secondary metabolites: alkaloids, terpenes, flavenoids, polyketides.
6 Assessment of secondary metabolites : I biocontrol agents, II Medicinal product
7 Instrumentation
Suggested Reading
Biochemistry: Leninger New Edition
Biochemistry: Garret and Grisham
Molecular Biology : Karp
Dr. H.S. Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar
Department of Botany
Ph.D. Course – 2011
II Semester – (Botany)
BOT-C-249 : Paper – V : Project / Seminar / Field work / Viva Credit : 08