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Department of Humanities Department of Humanities Degree course in Degree course in Communication Sciences Communication Sciences Contemporary history Contemporary history Teachers: Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013 Academic year 2012-2013

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Page 1: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Department of Humanities Department of Humanities

Degree course in Degree course in

Communication SciencesCommunication Sciences

Contemporary history Contemporary history

Teachers: Teachers:

G. Battelli and A. FontanaG. Battelli and A. Fontana

Academic year 2012-2013Academic year 2012-2013

Page 2: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Entrance textEntrance text

1) Con quali espressioni latine si indicano gli eventi storici e il loro studio? 1) Con quali espressioni latine si indicano gli eventi storici e il loro studio? a) Historia, studium a) Historia, studium

b) Res gestae, historia rerum gestarum b) Res gestae, historia rerum gestarum

c) Historia magistra vitae, vae victis c) Historia magistra vitae, vae victis

  

2) Il “terminus post quem” dell’età contemporanea2) Il “terminus post quem” dell’età contemporaneaa)Inizio Novecentoa)Inizio Novecento

b)Seconda metà del Settecentob)Seconda metà del Settecento

c)11 settembre 2001c)11 settembre 2001

  

3) Il “terminus ante quem” dell’età medievale3) Il “terminus ante quem” dell’età medievalea) 1789a) 1789

b) 1492b) 1492

c) 476c) 476

  

4) Cosa significa periodizzare4) Cosa significa periodizzarea) Dare il nome a un dato periodo storicoa) Dare il nome a un dato periodo storico

b)Decidere se un evento storico appartiene o meno a un dato periodob)Decidere se un evento storico appartiene o meno a un dato periodo

c) Formulare una ipotesi di suddivisione del tempoc) Formulare una ipotesi di suddivisione del tempo

  

5) La proposta di periodizzazione “europea” è universalmente accolta come valida?5) La proposta di periodizzazione “europea” è universalmente accolta come valida?a) Sì e costituisce il modello per ogni tipo di approccio storiograficoa) Sì e costituisce il modello per ogni tipo di approccio storiografico

b) No ed è in particolare contestata dagli esponenti della “global history”b) No ed è in particolare contestata dagli esponenti della “global history”

c) Il problema non esistec) Il problema non esiste

  

6) Cosa intendiamo per “global history”6) Cosa intendiamo per “global history”a) Una ricostruzione della storia mondiale che tiene conto di tutte le singole storie nazionalia) Una ricostruzione della storia mondiale che tiene conto di tutte le singole storie nazionali

b)Un approccio alla storia che considera come oggetto di studio i fenomeni interculturali accertati nelle diverse epocheb)Un approccio alla storia che considera come oggetto di studio i fenomeni interculturali accertati nelle diverse epoche

c)La storia mondiale negli anni recenti della “globalizzazione”c)La storia mondiale negli anni recenti della “globalizzazione”

  

7) Completa il classico motto di L. von Ranke: wie es… 7) Completa il classico motto di L. von Ranke: wie es… a)… gibt mir ein Apfela)… gibt mir ein Apfel

b)… bleibt ohne Stimmeb)… bleibt ohne Stimme

c)… eigentlich gewesen istc)… eigentlich gewesen ist

  

8) In cosa è consistito il passaggio alla storiografia novecentesca delle Annales?8) In cosa è consistito il passaggio alla storiografia novecentesca delle Annales?a)Nel superamento della centralità delle fonti per il lavoro storiograficoa)Nel superamento della centralità delle fonti per il lavoro storiografico

b)Nell’allargamento dell’approccio: dalla storia politico-diplomatica alla storia dal basso, alla storia materiale…b)Nell’allargamento dell’approccio: dalla storia politico-diplomatica alla storia dal basso, alla storia materiale…

c) Nell’introduzione dell’informatica nello studio della storiac) Nell’introduzione dell’informatica nello studio della storia

  

9) Su cosa si fonda il principio della centralità delle fonti nello studio della storia?9) Su cosa si fonda il principio della centralità delle fonti nello studio della storia?a) Sul fatto che solo a partire da esse si può tentare la ricostruzione del passatoa) Sul fatto che solo a partire da esse si può tentare la ricostruzione del passato

b) Le fonti ci offrono una visione oggettiva di quanto è accadutob) Le fonti ci offrono una visione oggettiva di quanto è accaduto

c)Sono le fonti a fornire la base per la periodizzazione di un’epocac)Sono le fonti a fornire la base per la periodizzazione di un’epoca

  

10) Il compito dello studioso di storia10) Il compito dello studioso di storiaa) Raccogliere elementi sicuri per giudicare le vicende del passatoa) Raccogliere elementi sicuri per giudicare le vicende del passato

b) Trovare analogie tra precedenti storici e situazioni del presenteb) Trovare analogie tra precedenti storici e situazioni del presente

c) Conoscere e capire il passatoc) Conoscere e capire il passato

  

Page 3: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

The question of The question of periodizationperiodization

Materials used during classesMaterials used during classes

J.H. Bentley, J.H. Bentley, Cross-cultural interaction Cross-cultural interaction and periodization in world historyand periodization in world history

Page 4: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

How studying historyHow studying history

Identity as normal element of Identity as normal element of human selfbelievinghuman selfbelieving

Its change into prejudiceIts change into prejudice The main goal of historical The main goal of historical

study: to know, to understand, study: to know, to understand, not to judgenot to judge

Page 5: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Text after part AText after part A

1) Con quali espressioni latine si indicano gli eventi storici e il loro studio? (46)1) Con quali espressioni latine si indicano gli eventi storici e il loro studio? (46)a) Historia, studium a) Historia, studium b) Res gestae, historia rerum gestarum b) Res gestae, historia rerum gestarum c) Historia magistra vitae, vae victis c) Historia magistra vitae, vae victis   2) Il “terminus post quem” dell’età contemporanea (36)2) Il “terminus post quem” dell’età contemporanea (36)a)Inizio Novecentoa)Inizio Novecentob)Seconda metà del Settecentob)Seconda metà del Settecentoc)11 settembre 2001c)11 settembre 2001  3) Il “terminus ante quem” dell’età medievale (20) 3) Il “terminus ante quem” dell’età medievale (20) a) 1789a) 1789b) 1492b) 1492c) 476c) 476  4) Cosa significa periodizzare (37) 4) Cosa significa periodizzare (37) a) Dare il nome a un dato periodo storicoa) Dare il nome a un dato periodo storicob)Decidere se un evento storico appartiene o meno a un dato periodob)Decidere se un evento storico appartiene o meno a un dato periodoc) Formulare una ipotesi di suddivisione del tempoc) Formulare una ipotesi di suddivisione del tempo  5) La proposta di periodizzazione “europea” è universalmente accolta come valida? (40)5) La proposta di periodizzazione “europea” è universalmente accolta come valida? (40)a) Sì e costituisce il modello per ogni tipo di approccio storiograficoa) Sì e costituisce il modello per ogni tipo di approccio storiograficob) No ed è in particolare contestata dagli esponenti della “global history”b) No ed è in particolare contestata dagli esponenti della “global history”c) Il problema non esistec) Il problema non esiste  6) Cosa intendiamo per “global history”(35)6) Cosa intendiamo per “global history”(35)a) Una ricostruzione della storia mondiale che tiene conto di tutte le singole storie nazionalia) Una ricostruzione della storia mondiale che tiene conto di tutte le singole storie nazionalib)Un approccio alla storia che considera come oggetto di studio i fenomeni interculturali accertati nelle b)Un approccio alla storia che considera come oggetto di studio i fenomeni interculturali accertati nelle diverse epochediverse epochec)La storia mondiale negli anni recenti della “globalizzazione”c)La storia mondiale negli anni recenti della “globalizzazione”  7) Completa il classico motto di L. von Ranke: wie es… 7) Completa il classico motto di L. von Ranke: wie es… (48)(48)a)… gibt mir ein Apfela)… gibt mir ein Apfelb)… bleibt ohne Stimmeb)… bleibt ohne Stimmec)… eigentlich gewesen istc)… eigentlich gewesen ist  8) In cosa è consistito il passaggio alla storiografia novecentesca delle Annales? (35)8) In cosa è consistito il passaggio alla storiografia novecentesca delle Annales? (35)a)Nel superamento della centralità delle fonti per il lavoro storiograficoa)Nel superamento della centralità delle fonti per il lavoro storiograficob)Nell’allargamento dell’approccio: dalla storia politico-diplomatica alla storia dal basso, alla storia b)Nell’allargamento dell’approccio: dalla storia politico-diplomatica alla storia dal basso, alla storia materiale…materiale…c) Nell’introduzione dell’informatica nello studio della storiac) Nell’introduzione dell’informatica nello studio della storia  9) Su cosa si fonda il principio della centralità delle fonti nello studio della storia? (33)9) Su cosa si fonda il principio della centralità delle fonti nello studio della storia? (33)a) Sul fatto che solo a partire da esse si può tentare la ricostruzione del passatoa) Sul fatto che solo a partire da esse si può tentare la ricostruzione del passatob) Le fonti ci offrono una visione oggettiva di quanto è accadutob) Le fonti ci offrono una visione oggettiva di quanto è accadutoc)Sono le fonti a fornire la base per la periodizzazione di un’epocac)Sono le fonti a fornire la base per la periodizzazione di un’epoca  10) Il compito dello studioso di storia(34)10) Il compito dello studioso di storia(34)a) Raccogliere elementi sicuri per giudicare le vicende del passatoa) Raccogliere elementi sicuri per giudicare le vicende del passatob) Trovare analogie tra precedenti storici e situazioni del presenteb) Trovare analogie tra precedenti storici e situazioni del presentec) Conoscere e capire il passatoc) Conoscere e capire il passato

Page 6: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Sources

A classical example

Inaugural address of President

John F. Kennedy (January 20th 1961)

Page 7: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Sources

Woman iconology

1) Renoir, Bal au Moulin de la Galette

2) La triplice Intesa

3) Millet, Des glaneuses, ou Les glaneuses

4) Pellizza da Volpedo, Quarto stato

Page 8: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

SourcesSources

An unusual exampleAn unusual example

Page 9: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Europe and the other world Europe and the other world areas during 19° century: areas during 19° century:

the shape of a solar systemthe shape of a solar system

9

Page 10: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Europe on 1815Europe on 1815the «european concert»the «european concert»

Page 11: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

The Monroe doctrineThe Monroe doctrine

Of events in that quarter of the globe, with which we have so much Of events in that quarter of the globe, with which we have so much intercourse and from which we derive our origin, we have always been intercourse and from which we derive our origin, we have always been anxious and interested spectators. The citizens of the United States anxious and interested spectators. The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly in favour of the liberty and happiness cherish sentiments the most friendly in favour of the liberty and happiness of their fellow-men on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the of their fellow-men on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so. It is only when our any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense. With the movements in this hemisphere we preparation for our defense. With the movements in this hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes which must are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. The political be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candour and to the amicable relations existing between the therefore, to candour and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their and shall not interfere. But with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have, on independence and maintain it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States.United States.

Page 12: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

The Great Bulgary and The Great Bulgary and the Berlin congress Ithe Berlin congress I

Page 13: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Africa Africa and and

Berlin congress IIBerlin congress II

Page 14: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Africa on 1914Africa on 1914

Page 15: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Europe’s geopolitical map Europe’s geopolitical map close before First World Warclose before First World War

Page 16: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Austrian declaration of war to Serbia

Page 17: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

The Balfour declarationThe Balfour declaration

Page 18: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

League of NationsLeague of Nations

Page 19: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Europe’s geopolical map Europe’s geopolical map after First World Warafter First World War

19

Page 20: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

19191919--19451945A A multipolarmultipolar systemsystem

1

Page 21: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

World war II World war II european allianceseuropean alliances

Page 22: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Yalta meetingYalta meeting

Page 23: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

United NationsUnited Nations

Name of general Name of general secretariessecretaries

Trygve Lie (Norvegia: Trygve Lie (Norvegia: 1946-1952)1946-1952)

Dag Hammarskjold Dag Hammarskjold (Svezia: 1953-1961)(Svezia: 1953-1961)

U Thant (Birmania: U Thant (Birmania: 1961-1971)1961-1971)

Kurt Waldheim (Austria: Kurt Waldheim (Austria: 1972-1981)1972-1981)

Javier Perez de Cuellar Javier Perez de Cuellar (Perù: 1982-1991)(Perù: 1982-1991)

Boutros Boutros-Ghali Boutros Boutros-Ghali (Egitto: 1992-1996)(Egitto: 1992-1996)

Kofi Annan (Ghana: Kofi Annan (Ghana: 1997-2006)1997-2006)

Ban Ki-Moon Ban Ki-Moon (Corea del Sud: 2007-(Corea del Sud: 2007-

20162016  

Number of States Number of States members:members:

1945-1955: 511945-1955: 51 1955-1965: 761955-1965: 76 1965-1975: 1171965-1975: 117 1975-1985: 1441975-1985: 144 1985-1995: 1591985-1995: 159 1995-2005: 1851995-2005: 185 2005-2013: 1932005-2013: 193

Page 24: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

The late XX centuryThe late XX century

bipolar systembipolar system

24

Page 25: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Berlin wallBerlin wall

Page 26: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Cold war bipolar systemCold war bipolar system

Page 27: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

The iron curtain

Page 28: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

BBalance of terroralance of terror

28

Page 29: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

The collapse of Soviet Union and of the european The collapse of Soviet Union and of the european communist States system (1989-1991)communist States system (1989-1991)

29

Page 30: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

1991-20011991-2001A new “imperial” ageA new “imperial” age

30

Page 31: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

The XXI centuryThe XXI century

Toward a further multipolar systemToward a further multipolar system

31

Page 32: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Montesquieu modelMontesquieu model

32

Montesquieu’s

tripartite system:

the separation of powers

Legislative power Executive power Judicial power

To legislate To govern To judge and punish

Page 33: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Hegel model

Bellum omnium contra omnes (Th. Hobbes)

French revolution and freedom: a great but dangerous achievement

From individual freedom to Ethical State

Society and State in the postrevolutionary age of first 19th century

Page 34: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

LiberalismLiberalism

Origins: John Locke and others Origins: John Locke and others (since the end of 17(since the end of 17thth century) century)

Main aim: individual freedomMain aim: individual freedom Political liberalism: Political liberalism:

constitutionalism, division of constitutionalism, division of powers, light Statepowers, light State

Intellectual liberalism: tolerance Intellectual liberalism: tolerance toward ideas, religion, race toward ideas, religion, race

Economical liberalism (that’s to Economical liberalism (that’s to say: liberism): laissez-faire, leading say: liberism): laissez-faire, leading role of the marketrole of the market

Page 35: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

MarxismMarxism

From utopistic socialism to historical From utopistic socialism to historical materialismmaterialism

K. Marx’s roleK. Marx’s role Structure and superstructure in the Structure and superstructure in the

historyhistory Society over State (against Hegel)Society over State (against Hegel) Mankind history based on the struggle Mankind history based on the struggle

among social classes to control among social classes to control production meansproduction means

During 19° century this struggle During 19° century this struggle concerns two classes: bourgeoisie concerns two classes: bourgeoisie and proletariatand proletariat

Main aim: no social differencies Main aim: no social differencies system, classless and Stateless system, classless and Stateless societysociety

Page 36: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Fascism-NazismFascism-Nazism

Origin of the phenomenon: european Origin of the phenomenon: european postwar crisis of Liberal Statepostwar crisis of Liberal State

Italy and Germany as principal cases: Italy and Germany as principal cases: historical surveyhistorical survey

Main aim: totalitarian control of the Main aim: totalitarian control of the societysociety

Political Nazi-Fascism: State supremacy Political Nazi-Fascism: State supremacy (Italy); people (Volk) centrality (Germany)(Italy); people (Volk) centrality (Germany)

Basic elements: homeland, race, leader Basic elements: homeland, race, leader … (“Fűhrer” in Germany, “duce” [from … (“Fűhrer” in Germany, “duce” [from latin “dux”] in Italy)latin “dux”] in Italy)

Antiliberal and antidemocratic systemsAntiliberal and antidemocratic systems Italy: semitotalitarian outcome (other Italy: semitotalitarian outcome (other

institutional protagonists stood: Monarchy institutional protagonists stood: Monarchy and Vatican)and Vatican)

Germany: totalitarian outcome (nothing Germany: totalitarian outcome (nothing out of nazi system)out of nazi system)

Page 37: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

The slow movement The slow movement toward democracytoward democracy

• The aristocratic power The aristocratic power

• Middle class growth Middle class growth

• First political associations First political associations

• From electoral committees From electoral committees to mass parties to mass parties

• The educational task of the The educational task of the parties parties

• From the learning party to From the learning party to the machine-system party the machine-system party

• Over the parties? Over the parties?

Page 38: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Universal suffrageUniversal suffrage

Page 39: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Nowadays shapes of Nowadays shapes of government government

(see next slide)(see next slide)

Page 40: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

[see previous slide][see previous slide]

orange - parliamentary republicsorange - parliamentary republics green - presidential republics, executive green - presidential republics, executive

presidency linked to a parliamentpresidency linked to a parliament yellow - presidential republics, semi-presidential yellow - presidential republics, semi-presidential

systemsystem blue - presidential republics, full presidential blue - presidential republics, full presidential

systemsystem red - parliamentary constitutional monarchies in red - parliamentary constitutional monarchies in

which the monarch does not personally exercise which the monarch does not personally exercise powerpower

magenta - constitutional monarchies in which the magenta - constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power, often (but monarch personally exercises power, often (but not always) alongside a weak parliamentnot always) alongside a weak parliament

purple - absolute monarchiespurple - absolute monarchies brown - republics where the dominant role of a brown - republics where the dominant role of a

single party is codified in the constitutionsingle party is codified in the constitution beige - states where constitutional provisions for beige - states where constitutional provisions for

government have been suspendedgovernment have been suspended grey - countries which do not fit any of the above grey - countries which do not fit any of the above

systemssystems

Page 41: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Images about the first Images about the first industrializationindustrialization

Page 42: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Assembly lineAssembly line

Page 43: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

From assembly line From assembly line to lean productionto lean production

Page 44: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013
Page 45: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

GDP GDP (1929=100)(1929=100)

Stato 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935Stato 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935

Stati Uniti 83 69 55 63 69 79Stati Uniti 83 69 55 63 69 79

Gran Bretagna 94 86 89 95 105 114Gran Bretagna 94 86 89 95 105 114

Francia 99 85 74 83 79Francia 99 85 74 83 79

Germania 86 72 59 68 83 96Germania 86 72 59 68 83 96

Austria 91 78 66 68 75Austria 91 78 66 68 75

Italia 93 84 77 83 85Italia 93 84 77 83 85

U.R.S.S. 183U.R.S.S. 183

Page 46: Department of Humanities Degree course in Communication Sciences Contemporary history Teachers: G. Battelli and A. Fontana Academic year 2012-2013

Subprime loanSubprime loan