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Technological Networks

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Page 1: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

TechnologicalNetworks

Page 2: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

TheInternet

Nodes arecomputersorcomputerroutersEdges arecablesoropticalfiberlineslinkingcomputers

CAIDAAnnualReport(1998)

Page 3: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

TheInternet

Page 4: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

TheInternetProtocol(IP)

AccountingsystemusedforpacketsofinformationontheinternetincludesanIPaddressforeachpacket.Thisisasequenceof4numbersseparatedbyperiods.Forexample:

142.201.098.179

ErrorcheckingattargetofmessageisdonethroughasoftwareprotocolcalledTransportControlProtocol(TCP), whichalsocaninitiateresubmissionoflostpackets.Alldoneautomatically!

Page 5: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

InternetNetworkStructure

ISP=InternetServiceProviders

Backboneroutersarethecoreofthenetwork,withhigh-performancerouterslinkedwiththefastestfiberopticconnectionsavailable.OperatedbyNetworkBackboneProviders(NBPs)suchasAT&T.

Page 6: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

InternetNetworkStructure

Interiorverticesarerouters,whicharespecial-purposecomputersatthejunctionsbetweendatalines.

Endusersarethecomputersandotherdeviceswealluse.

Page 7: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

AnEmergentNetwork

Emergentsystem:anumberofsimpleentitiesinteracttoproducecomplexbehaviors

Thestructureconstantlychanges,butcanbeprobedusingtraceroutes.

ThistakesadvantageofaportionofthepacketcalledtheTime-To-Live(TTL),whichisthenumberofhopsthatapacketcanmakegoingtoitsdestination.

Whodeterminesthestructureoftheinternet? Noone

Page 8: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

ConstructingaTraceroute

TTL=1

sourcecomputer

Page 9: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

ConstructingaTraceroute

TTL=1

TTL=2

sourcecomputer

Page 10: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

TaketheUnionofMultipleTraceroutes

Approximationofnetwork

Page 11: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

InternetasConnectedSubnets

Subnet =groupofIPaddresses

142.201.098.xxxisaclassCsubnet:allelementstypicallyownedbyoneorganization

142.201.xxx.yyyisaclassBsubnet

142.xxx.yyy.zzzisaclassAsubnet

TheinternetcanbedescribedasanetworkofclassCsubnets,sinceeachoftheseisusuallyownedbyasingleorganization.

EachnodeisaclassCsubnet.Eachedge isarouterconnectionbetweentwosubnets.

Thisisanexampleofcoarsegraining.

Page 12: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

InternetasConnectedDomains

Domain =groupofcomputersandrouterstypicallycontrolledbyoneorganization

fsu.edu isthedomainnameforFSU

Eachnode isadomain,eachedge isarouterconnectionbetweentwodomains

SincesomedomainscontainmorethanoneclassCsubnet,thisnetworkissmallerthanthepreviousone.Evenmoreextensivecoarsegrainingisused

Page 13: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

Over1MillionDomainRegistrationsPerYear

Domainnameregistry

Page 14: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

TransportationNetworksLondonsubwaymap

Nodes indicatesubwaystationsEdges subwaylines

Newmantext

Page 15: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

DeliveryNetworksGaspipelinesinWesternEurope

Nodesindicatestoragefacilities,refineries,etc.Edges indicatepipelines

Newmantext

Page 16: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

High-VoltagePowerGridsExample:Floridahigh-voltagepowergrid

Nodes:squaresarepowerstations,ovalsareswitchingstationsEdges:indicatepowerlines(thickerlinesmeanmorepowerlines)

PerRikvold group,FSU

Page 17: Department of Mathematics - Technological Networksbertram/lectures/Technological...Internet as Connected Subnets Subnet= group of IP addresses 142.201.098.xxx is a class C subnet:

TheEnd

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Configuring IP Addressing host addresses. Using secondary IP addresses on the routers or access servers allows you to have two logical subnets using one physical subnet. †Many older

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nil.com © 201 1 · © 2019 NIL, Security Tag: PROTECTED 18 SD-Access Fabric: Overlay Benefit Stretched Subnets allow an IP subnet to be “stretched” via the Overlay • Fabric

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