EM 1110-2-4000DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYOffice of the Chief of Engineers

Washington, D. C. 20314

Engineer ManualNo. 1110-2-4000 15 December 1989

Engineering and DesignSEDIMENTATION INVESTIGATIONS OF RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS

Table of Contents

Subject Paragraph ~

CHAPTER 1, INTRODUCTION

Section I. GeneralPurpose ................................................ 1-1Scope ..................................................1-2Need for Sediment Investigation ........................ 1-3

Physical Processes .................................. l-3aImpact of Sediment onProj eats ...................... l-3bImpact of Project on Stream System Morphology ....... 1-3c

Project Formulation. ................................... 1-4Level of Detail for Sediment Investigation ............. 1-5Staged Sedimentation Studies ........................... 1-6

General ............................................. 1-6aStage 1. Sediment Impact Assessmen ................. l-6bStage 2. Detailed Sedimentation Study .............. 1-6cStage 3. Feature Design Sedimentation Study ........ l-6dRisks and Consequences .............................. l-6e

Section II. Reporting RequirementsGeneral ................................................ 1-7Feasibility Report ..................................... 1-8

Reconnaissance Phase... ............................. 1-8aFeasibility Phase ................................... l-8b

Design Memorandum ......................................1-9Analytical Techniques ............................... 1-9aReal Estate Requirements ............................ l-9bReporting Requirements .............................. 1-9c

Post-Construction Reports .............................. 1-10Continuing Authority Studies ........................... 1-11

Initial Reconnaissance ............................. l-haExpanded Reconnaissance ............................ l-llbDetailed Project Report. ............................ 1-llc

Sedimentation Reports.. ................................ 1-12

1-11-11-21-21-21-21-21-21-31-31-41-41-41-4

1-51-51-51-61-61-61-61-61-61-71-71-71-71-7

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Sublect Paragraph ~

CHAPTER 2. FORMULATION AND PLANNING OF SEDIMENT STUDIES

Section I. IntroductionGeneral ................................................Likelihood of Having Sediment Problem ..................

Stable Channel Historically. ........................Unstable Channel Historically .......................

Categories of Sedimentation Problems ...................Identification of Potential Problem Areas. .............

Section II. The Sediment Studies Work PlanPurpose for the Sediment Studies Work Plan(SSWP) .......Usage ..................................................Contents of Sediment Studies Work Plan .................

Problem Identification. .............................Approach ............................................Time and Cost Estimate .............................Schedule ............................................End Products ........................................Data Collection .....................................

Level of Detail to be Included in the SSWP .............Sequence of Tasks in Developing the SSWP ...............

Boundary of Study Area. .............................Objective ...........................................Problem Identification. .............................Data Inventory ......................................Recommended Approaches ..............................Time and Cost Estimate. .............................Review ..............................................

Data Sources ...........................................General .............................................U. S. Geological Survey (USGS) ......................National Weather Semice (NEWS ).....................Soil Conservation Service (SACS )....................Agricultural Stabilization & Conservation Service(ARCS) ..............................................Corps of Engineers. .................................State Agencies .....................................Local Agencies, Businesses and Residents ............

CHAPTER 3. SEDIMENT YIELD

Section 1. IntroductionPurpose and Scope ......................................Need for Sediment Yield Studies ........................

Reservoirs ..........................................Local Flood Protection Channel Projects .............

2-12-22-2a2-lb2-32-4

2-52-62-72-7a2-7b2-7c2-7d2-7e2-7f2-82-92-9a2-9b2-9c2-9d2-9e2-9f2-9g2-1o2-10a2-10b2-1OC2-10d

2-10e2-lof2-log2-10h

3-13-23-2a3-2b

2-12-12-12-12-12-1

2-22-22-32-32-32-32-32-32-32-32-32-32-32-42-42-42-42-42-52-52-52-52-5

2-52-52-62-6

3-13-13-13-2

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Subject Paragraph Page

Channel Projects for Navigation ..................... 3-2cAlternate Future Land Use Studies ................... 3-2d

Field Reconnaissance.. ................................. 3-3Methods for Determining Sediment Yield ................. 3-4

Section II. Sediment Yield Methods Based on Direct MeasurementsIntroduction ........................................... 3-5In-stream Sampling ..................................... 3-6

Published Long-Term Daily Discharge Records ........ 3-6aPeriod Yield Sediment Load Accumulation. ............ 3-6bFlow-Duration Sediment-Discharge Rating CurveMethod .............................................. 3-6cFloodwater Sampling ................................ 3-6d

Resenoir Sedimentation Investigations ................. 3-7Trap Efficiency ..................................... 3-7aSediment Size ....................................... 3-7bSettling Velocity of Sediment Particles ......... 3-7cConsolidation of Deposition ....................... 3-7dContributing Drainage Area .......................... 3-7eErosion Mechanism ................................... 3-7f

Transfer of In-Stream Data ............................. 3-8Transfer of Reservoir Deposition Data .................. 3-9Regional Analysis ...................................... 3-10

Dendyand Bolton Method. ............................ 3-10aPacific Southwest Interagency Committee (PSIAC)Method .............................................. 3-10bTatum Method for Southern California ................ 3-1OCTransportation Research Board Method ................ 3-10dOther Regional Studies ............................ 3-10eBasin Specific Regionalization .................... 3-10f

Section III. Mathematical Methods for Calculating Sediment YieldGeneral ................................................Sediment Transport Functions ...........................Universal Soil Loss Equation (USE)................... .

Calculations ........................................Points of Caution When Using the USE. ..............

Sediment Delivery Ratio ................................Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MULE)..........

Runoff ..............................................Confirmation ........................................

Gully and Stream Bank Erosion ..........................Stream Bank Erosion. ................................Gully Erosion .......................................Future Conditions ...................................

Computer Models of Watershed Sedimentation. ............

3-113-123-133-13a3-13b3-143-153-15a3-15b3-163-16a3-16b3-16c3-17

3-23-23-23-3

3-33-33-33-4

3-43-1o3-113-123-133-143-143-143-143-143-143-153-15

3-163-163-163-163-17

3-173-173-183-183-183-193-193-213-213-213-213-223-223-22

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Subject Paragraph P-

Section IV. Urban Sediment YieldUrban Sediment Yield ................................... 3-18Urban Yield Methods .................................... 3-19Adjustment Factors for Urbanization .................... 3-20

Section V. Report RequirementsTopics to Report ....................................... 3-21

CHAPTER 4. RIVER SEDIMENTATION

Section I. IntroductionPurpose ................................................ 4-1Scope .................................................. 4-2Philosophy of the Sedimentation Investigation .......... 4-3

Section II. Evaluation of the No-Action ConditionRegime of the Natural River ............................

Stream Characteristics. .............................Natural Changes .....................................Natural Forces ......................................Dependent Variables .................................System Behavior .....................................

Symptoms of Channel Instability in the Project Area... .Natural Sedimentation Processes ........................Bank Caving ............................................

Erosion Mechanism ...................................Erosion Rates and Quantities ........................Destination of Bank Sediment. .......................Field Reconnaissance.. ..............................

Channel Bed Scour and Deposition .......................Scour ...............................................Deposition ..........................................Field Reconnaissance.. ..............................

Methods for Calculating Channel Bed Scour andDeposition .............................................

General Scour and Deposition. .......................Head-cuts ...........................................Scour at Bridges .....,..............................

Design Features to Arrest Bank Erosion .................Direct Protection ...................................Indirect Protection .................................Grade Control .......................................Section 32 Program ..................................

Design Features to Control Aggravation .................Debris Basins .......................................Maintenance Dredging ....................,...........

Design Features to Control Degradation .................Drop Structure .........................................

4-44-4a4-4b4-4C4-4d4-4e4-54-64-74-7a4-7b4-7C4-7d4-84-8a4-8b4-8c

4-94-9a4-9b4-9C4-1o4-10a4-10b4-1OC4-10d4-114-ha4-llb4-124-12a

3-223-233-23

3-26

4-14-14-1

4-14-24-24-24-24-24-34-34-44-44-54-54-54-64-64-74-7

4-84-84-84-84-84-84-84-94-94-94-94-94-94-9

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Subject Paragraph Page

Low Weirs ..............................................4-12b

Section III. Flood Protection Channel ProjectsSedimentation Problems Associated with FloodProtection Channels. ...................................4-13Key Locations ..........................................4-14Maintenance Requirements ...............................4-15

Maintenance of Organic Debris and VegetationControl .............................................4-15aMaintenance to Remove Deposits from AggradingChannels ............................................4-15bMaintenance to Prevent Channel Deterioration Dueto Degradation ......................................4-15cMaintenance to Overbank Areas ....................... 4-15dMaintenance to Tributaries .......................... 4-15e

Determining the Boundary of the Study Area... .......... 4-16Design Features to Reduce Flooding ..................... 4-17

Levees and Flood Walls. .............................4-17aReduced Hydraulic Roughness ......................... 4-17bChannelization-Natural Boundaries ................... 4-17cChannelization-Rigid Boundaries ..................... 4-17dCutoffs .............................................4-17eDiversions ..........................................4-17fPump Plants .........................................4-17gReservoirs ..........................................4-17hDebris Basins .......................................4-17i

Section IV. Navigation Channel ProjectsSedimentation Problems Associated with NavigationChannels ...............................................4-18Key Locations ..........................................4-19Maintenance Requirements ...............................4-20

Long Term Maintenance ..............................4-2OaDesign Event Maintenance ............................ 4-20bTributary Channel Deterioration Due to NavigationChannel Dredging ....................................4-20c

Determining the Boundary of the Study Area ............. 4-21Data Requirements ...................................4-21aSensitivity of Adjacent Channel ..................... 4-21bApproach and Exit Channels ..........................4-21c

Methods of Analysis. ...................................4-22Design Features for Navigation Channel ................. 4-23

Navigation Channel Alignment in Stable Reaches ...... 4-23aStabilizing or Modifying the Channel Plan-form ...... 4-23bCutoffs .............................................4-23cChute Closure ....................................... 4-23dDredging ............................................ 2-23e

4-1o

4-1o4-114-11

4-11

4-12

4-124-124-124-134-134-144-144-154-174-144-144-214-214-21

4-214-22’4-224-224-22

4-224-234-234-234-234-234-234-234-254-254-254-25

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Subject Paragraph Page

Section V.

Section VI.

CHAPTER 5.

Section I.

Section II.

Section III.

Channel MiningChannel Mining .........................................4-24Allowable Quantities and Rates of Removal .............. 4-25Impact of Mining on the Stream System .................. 4-26

Upstream ............................................4-26aDownstream ..........................................4-26b

Staged Sedimentation StudiesStaged Sedimentation Studies ...........................4-27Available Study Approaches ............................. 4-28Sediment Impact Assessment. ............................ 4-29

General ............................................. 4-29aSequence of Steps ................................... 4-29bPoints of Interest if Performing a Sediment ImpactAssessment .......................................... 4-29c

Detailed Sedimentation Study. .......................... 4-30Field Reconnaissance ...............................4-30aData Collection .....................................4-30bSelection of Transport Equation ..................... 4-30cPreparing Data for the Numerical Model .............. 4-30dConfirmation ........................................4-30ePrediction .......................................... 4-30fConclusions ......................................... 4-3og

Feature Design Sedimentation Study ..................... 4-31Field Reconnaissance. ...............................4-31aConfirmation ........................................4-31bPrediction. ......................................... 4-31c

RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION

IntroductionPurpose ................................................ 5-1Scope .................................................. 5-2Philosophy of the Sedimentation Investigation .......... 5-3

System Response to Catastrophic Events ........... 5-3aSystem Response to Normal Events .................... 5-3b

Evaluation of the No-Action ConditionIndicators of Change in the Stream System .............. 5-4

Evaluation of Modified ConditionsPoints of Caution ...................................... 5-5

Fallacies ...........................................5-5aTopset Slope ........................................ 5-5bImpact of Increased Stages Beyond ReservoirLimits .............................................. 5-5c

4-254-254-254-254-26

4-264-264-264-264-28

4-314-314-324-324-324-324-324-324-324-324-334-334-33

5-15-15-15-15-2

5-2

5-25-25-3

5-3

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Subject Paragraph P-

Sedimentation Problems Associated withReservoirs .......................................Impact of a Reservoir Project on Stream SystemMorphology .......................................Volume of Deposition .............................Location of Deposits .............................Rise in water Surface Elevation ..................

Shallow Reservoirs ............................Deep Reservoirs ...............................Phreatophytes .................................

Aesthetics of Deposited Sediment .................Turbidity. .......................................Density Current ..................................Water Quality Aspects of Sedimentation ...........Shoreline Erosion ................................Shifting Location of Channels ....................Downstream Degradation. ..........................Changes in Downstream Channel Capacity ...........Local Scour at the Dam, Spillway and StillirlgBasin ............................................

Section IV. Levels of Sedimentation Studies and Methods ofAnalysisStaged Sed~.mentation Investigations ..............Sediment Impact Assessment .......................Scope ............................................Approach .........................................Topics to Report .................................

Basic Background Information ..................Results of the River Morphology Study .........Analysis of Reservoir and WatershedParameters ....................................Analysis Downstream from the Dam ..............

Detailed Reservoir Sedimentation Study ...........Scope ............................................Method of Analysis ...............................Approach .........................................

Shallow Impoundments. .........................Deep Impoundments .............................

Topics to Report .................................Basic Background Information ..................Analysis Upstream from the Dam ................Analysis Downstream from the Dam ..............

Section V. Reservoir Sedimentation Investigation ProgramReservoir Sedimentation Investigation Program ....

5-6

5-75-85-95-1o5-10a5-10b5-1OC5-115-125-135-145-155-165-175-18

5-19

5-4

5-45-55-55-65-65-65-65-65-65-65-75-75-75-75-8

5-8

5-20 5-95-21 5-95-22 5-1o5-23 5-1o5-24 5-1o5-24a 5-105-24b 5-11

5-24c 5-115-24d 5-125-25 5-125-26 5-125-27 5-125-28 5-125-28a 5-135-28b 5-135-29 5-135-29a 5-135-29b 5-135-29c 5-15

5-30 5-15

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EM 1110-2-400015 Dec 89

Subject Paragraph

Section VI. Debris Basin DesignDebris Basins .......................................... 5-31Design Considerations.. ................................ 5-32

Design Guidelines ................................... 5-32aSafety .............................................. 5-32bLocation ............................................ 5-32cBasin Size .......................................... 5-32dTopset Slope ........................................ 5-32eSediment Yield ...................................... 5-32fAnalysis by Particle Size Class ..................... 5-32gSingle Event Sediment Concentrations ................ 5-32hSediment Discharge Curve Extrapolation .............. 5-32iStaged Design Studies.. ............................. 5-32jEmbankment Height ................................... 5-32k

Design Method .......................................... 5-33Defining the Geometry.. ............................. 5-33aConveyance Limits ................................... 5-33bLongitudinal Profile. .,............................. 5-33cLateral Shape of Deposits ........................... 5-33dSorting by Particle Size. ........................... 5-33eChannel Regime ...................................... 5-33f

CHAPTER 6. MODEL STUDIES

General ................................................ 6-1Undistorted Physical Model ............................. 6-2Model Scales ........................................... 6-3Distorted Physical Models .............................. 6-4Numerical Models. ..,................................... 6-5Calibration ............................................ 6-6Prediction ............................................. 6-7Interpretation of Results .............................. 6-8Scour and Deposition in Rivers and Reservoirs(HEc-6) ................................................ 6-9Open Channel Flow and Sedimentation (TABS-2) ........... 6-10CORPS ..................................................6-11

Scope ............................................... 6-haAccess .............................................. 6-llbDocumentation ....................................... 6-llcThe sediment group .................................. 6-lldCategory ’’A.’’....................................... 6-he

~

5-165-165-165-175-175-175-175-175-175-175-175-175-185-185-185-185-185-185-185-18

6-16-16-16-26-36-36-46-4

6-46-46-56-56-56-56-56-6

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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-2-4000U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Change 1

* CECW-EH-Y Washington, DC 20314-1000

Manual 31 October 1995No. 1110-2-4000

Engineering and DesignSEDIMENTATION INVESTIGATIONS OF RIVERS AND RESERVOIRS

Table of Contents

Subject Paragraph Page

Chapter 7Sediment Properties

Section IGeneralPurpose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7-1Property Categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2 7-1

Section IIParticlesGeneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 7-1Particle Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4 7-1Particle Shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5 7-1Particle Specific Gravity. . . . . . . . . . . 7-6 7-2Particle Fall Velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7 7-3Methods for Obtaining Particle Size . . . 7-8 7-3Cohesiveness. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9 7-4

Section IIISediment MixturesGradation Curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10 7-4

Section IVSediment DepositsGeneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7-11 7-4Porosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12 7-4Specific Weight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13 7-5Consolidation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14 7-5

Section VWater-Sediment MixturesSediment Concentration. . . . . . . . . . . 7-15 7-7Sediment Discharge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16 7-7Sediment Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17 7-7

Subject Paragraph Page

Section VIReferences for Chapter 7 7-8

Chapter 8Sediment MeasurementTechniques

Section ISediment Measurement EquipmentGeneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8-1Federal Interagency

Sedimentation Project. . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8-1Characteristics of Ideal

Sediment Sampler. . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 8-1Standardized Equipment. . . . . . . . . 8-4 8-1Depth-Integrating Samplers. . . . . . . 8-5 8-2Point-Integrating Samplers. . . . . . . 8-6 8-2Auxiliary or Automatic

Sampling Equipment. . . . . . . . . . 8-7 8-2Bed Samplers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8 8-3Bed-Load Samplers. . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9 8-4

Section IIStandard Sampling ProceduresGeneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8-10 8-4Depth Integration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11 8-4Bed-Load Sampling. . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12 8-5Bed Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13 8-6Suspended-Sediment Sampling

in Lakes, Reservoirs,and Estuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14 8-7

*

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Subject Paragraph Page

* Section IIILaboratory AnalysisSuspended-Sediment

Concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-15 8-7Particle-Size Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . 8-16 8-7

Section IVDeveloping a Sediment-Discharge Rating CurvePreparation from Measured Data . . . 8-17 8-9Scatter of Data Points. . . . . . . . . . . 8-18 8-11Predicting Future Conditions. . . . . . 8-19 8-12Extrapolation to Extreme Events . . . 8-20 8-12

Section VReferences for Chapter 8 8-13

Chapter 9Sediment Transport Mechanics

Section IIntroductionDefinition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9-1Topics Beyond the Material

Presented in this Chapter. . . . . . . 9-2 9-1

Section IIInitiation of MotionGeneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 9-1Shields Parameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4 9-1Adjusted Shields Parameter. . . . . . . 9-5 9-2Gessler’s Concept for

Particle Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6 9-4Grain Shear Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7 9-4Bed-Form Shear Stress. . . . . . . . . . 9-8 9-5Bank or Wall Shear Stress. . . . . . . 9-9 9-6

Section IIIStage-Discharge PredictorsGeneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10 9-7Brownlie Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11 9-7

Section IVBed-Load TransportGeneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12 9-8DuBoys’ Concept of Bed-Load. . . . 9-13 9-8Einstein’s Concept of

Particle Movement. . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14 9-8

Subject Paragraph Page

Section VSuspended Sediment TransportConcentration Equation. . . . . . . . . . 9-15 9-9Suspended-Sediment Discharge. . . . 9-16 9-10

Section VISelecting a SedimentTransport FunctionGeneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-17 9-12Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9-18 9-12Sediment Transport Equations. . . . . 9-19 9-13Guidance Program in SAM. . . . . . . 9-20 9-15Procedure for Calculating

Sediment-Rating Curve. . . . . . . . 9-21 9-15

Section VIIReferences for Chapter 9 9-15

Chapter 10Nonequilibrium Sediment Transport

Section IIntroductionGeneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-1 10-1Specific Gage Plots. . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 10-1Equilibrium versus

Nonequilibrium Conditions. . . . . . 10-3 10-1Mass Balance Models. . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 10-2Numerically Modeling the

Nonequilibrium Condition . . . . . . 10-5 10-2

Section IITheoretical BasisEquations of Flow

and Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6 10-2Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-7 10-3The Boundary Value Problem. . . . . 10-8 10-3

Section IIIData RequirementsGeneral Data Requirements. . . . . . . 10-9 10-4Geometric Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10 10-4Bed-Material Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11 10-4Hydrologic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12 10-5Sediment Inflow Data. . . . . . . . . . . 10-13 10-6Temporal Variations. . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14 10-7Data and Profile Accuracy. . . . . . . 10-15 10-8

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Subject Paragraph Page

* Section IVModel Adjustmentand CircumstantiationModel Performance. . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16 10-8Model Adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-17 10-9Model Circumstantiation Process . . . 10-18 10-12Processes to Observe. . . . . . . . . . . 10-19 10-12Correcting Poor Model Performance . 10-20 10-12Development of Base Test and

Analysis of Alternatives. . . . . . . . 10-21 10-13

Subject Paragraph Page

Section VComputer ProgramsIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10-22 10-14Scour and Deposition in Rivers

and Reservoirs (HEC-6). . . . . . . . 10-23 10-14Open Channel Flow and

Sedimentation (TABS-2) . . . . . . . 10-24 10-19

Section VIReferences for Chapter 10 10-20

*

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Tables

Subject w

TABLE 1-1. Studies, Reports and Continuing Authorities For CivilWorks Projects ......................................... 1-3

TABLE 3-1. Total Sediment Yield, Elkhorn River at Waterloo,Nebraska ............................................... 3-7

Subject

APPENDIX A.

APPENDIX B.

APPENDIX C.

APPENDIX D.

APPENDIX E.

APPENDIX F.

APPENDIX G.

APPENDIX H.

APPENDIX I.

APPENDIX J.

APPENDIX K.

APPENDIX L.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

SEDIMENTATION GLOSSARY OF TERMS

CORPS OF ENGINEERS METHODS FOR PREDICTING SEDIMENTYIELDS, 1973

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GENERAL RIVER RESPONSE TOCHANGE

FIELD RECONNAISSANCE PROCEDURE FOR SEDIMENT STUDIES

TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIRS

SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF DEPOSITS

METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEDIMENTDEPOSITS IN RESERVOIRS

RESERVOIR CAPACITY AND STORAGE DEPLETION COMPUTATIONS

DEGRADATION OF THE CHANNEL DOWNSTREAM FROM A DAM

RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION INVESTIGATION PROGRAM

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPILATION OF RESERVOIRSEDIMENTATION DATA SUMMARY

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15 m 89

List of Figures

Figure 3-1.

Figure 3-2.

Figure 3-3.

Figure 3-4.

Figure 3-5.

Figure 3-6.

Figure 3-7.

Figure 4-1.

Figure 4-2.

Figure 4-3.

Figure 4-4.

Figure 4-5.

Figure 4-6.

Figure 5-1.

Subject P-

Sediment discharge rating curve, Elkhorn Riverr Waterloo,Nebraska ................................................. 3-5

Flow duration curve, Elkhorn River, Waterloo,Nebraska ................................................. 3-6

Sediment yield relationship .............................. 3-12

Sediment delivery ratios calculated for variouswatersheds ............................................... 3-20

Example of scatter in the data ........................... 3-20

Effect of urbanization on sediment yield ................. 3-24

Sediment discharge adjusted for urbanization ............. 3-25

Compound cross section shape ............................. 4-16

17seof boring logs in selecting design grade ............. 4-17

Effects of abrupt channel improvement .................... 4-19

Illustration of high level cut-off ....................... 4-20

Specific rating curve trends over time for variousdischarges ............................................... 4-23

Measured bed profiles.. .................................. 4-27

Incomplete concept of reservoir deposition ............... 5-3

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EM 1110-2-4000Change 131 Oct 95

List of Figures

Figure Page Figure Page

* 7-1 Relation of sieve diameter andfall diameter for naturallyworn quartz particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

7-2 Relationship of sieve diameter andfall velocity for naturally wornquartz particles falling alone inquiescent distilled water ofinfinite extent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3

7-3 Gradation curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

7-4 AGU gradation curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6

8-1 Comparison of sediment load measuredwith pump and US P-61 samplers. . . . . 8-3

8-2 Gradation pattern on a bar. . . . . . . . . . . 8-7

8-3 Measured sediment-discharge data. . . . . . 8-10

8-4 Mean daily water discharge and meansuspended-sediment concentration. . . . . 8-12

8-5 Average annual sediment concentration . . 8-13

8-6 Average daily sediment concentration . . . 8-14

8-7 Very-fine sand sediment transport. . . . . . 8-14

9-1 Shields curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

9-2 Shields diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

9-3 Determination of critical shearstress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

9-4 Probability of grains to stay. . . . . . . . . . 9-5

9-5 Bar resistance curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-6

9-6 Rouse’s suspended sediment con-centration distribution fora/D = 0.5 and several values of z. . . . . 9-11

9-7 Brooks curve for suspended sedimentconcentration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12

9-8 Sediment discharge rating curve,Colorado River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13

10-1 Specific gage plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1

10-2 Bed-surface gradations based onwater’s edge samples. . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5

10-3 Bed-surface gradations basedon midbar samples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6

10-4 Water discharge histograph. . . . . . . . . 10-7

10-5 Sediment-discharge rating curve. . . . . . 10-8

10-6 Sediment load curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-10

10-7 Variation of sediment transportwith grain size. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

10-8 Reconstituting the stage-discharge rating curve. . . . . . . . . . . 10-13

10-9 Water-surface and bed-surface profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14

10-10 Water-surface trend plot(specific gage plot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-15

10-11 Numerical integration scheme. . . . . . . 10-17

10-12 TABS-2 schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-19

10-13 Bed layering in STUDH. . . . . . . . . . . 10-20*

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EM 1110-2-4000Change 131 Oct 95

List of Tables

Table Page Table Page

* 7-1 American Geophysical UnionSediment Classification System. . . . . . 7-2

7-2 Explanation of Total Load. . . . . . . . . . . 7-8

8-1 Recommended Quantities forParticle-Size Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8

8-2 Sample Size for Sieve Analysis. . . . . . . 8-9

10-1 Differences Between Calculations forEquilibrium Sediment Transport andNonequilibrium Sediment Transport . . . 10-2

10-2 Distribution of Sediment Loadby Grain Size Class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

*

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