departmental notes

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES

91HISTORY OF EAST AFRICA P241/1 Compiled by Mr. Okurotho Jude

Page

There was also increased entry of Europeans into the interior of East Africa, hence loss of independence of African states.There was an establishment and expansion of resettlement centres like bagamoyo, rabai and Frere town.There was improvement in the transport system: railways and feeder roads were constructed.It became almost impossible for some societies to stabilize on land because they had lost their means of livelihood e.g. the Yao.Former trade routes later developed into proper communication ways.The inter-tribal wars that were used to acquire slaves were drastically reduced.

Guiding questions;What factors led to the development of slave trade in East Africa?What were the effects of slave trade?Describe the steps taken by Britain to abolish slave trade in East Africa?What were the effects of the abolition of slave trade in East Africa?Why did slave trade expand in East Africa in the late 18th century and the first half of the 19th century?Why did the abolition of slave trade prove so difficult before 1873?What led to the abolition of slave trade in East Africa during the 19th century?How did the abolition of slave trade affect East Africa?How was slave trade organised in East Africa?How was slave trade abolished in East Africa?

EUROPEAN ACTIVITY IN EAST AFRICA (EXPLORERS, MISSIONARIES,COMPANIES/TRADERS)In the mid 19thcentury, the people of East Africa came into contact with the Europeans who included explorers, missionaries and traders. They were sent by societies like RoyalGeographical Society, London Missionary Society, while some came on their own like sirSamuel Baker and his wife).NB; these were agents of colonialism.EXPLORERS/ TRAVELLERS

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

Explorers are people who travel into or through places for the purpose of discovery in order to learn more of what is unknown to them. This was the first group of Europeans to penetrate the interior of East Africa. Their interest was the lake system in East Africa and river nile that puzzled them for long. Examples of Explorers;Krapf and Rebman 1848-1849 in Kenya and KilimanjaroJohn Speke and Burton reached Tanganyika in 1856-1858In 1860-1862, Speke and Grant reached Buganda, Speke reached the source of the nile and later travelled northwards to Sudan.In 1861-1865 sir Samuel Baker reached lake Albert and Murchison falls.In 1874-1877 HM Stanley expedition from East coast travelled around Lake Tanganyika and confirmed the source of the Nile.In 1883-1884 Thompson reached Kenya and tried to do more discoveries.

Richard Burton, John Speke and James Grant These were army officers who were sent by the Royal Geographical society, entrusted with the task of finding the source of river Nile. However, Speke became the firstEuropean to see the source of the Nile. Later Richard Burton suffered from fever andSpeke had an eye problem. Speke and burton reached Tanganyika in 1856-58Sir Samuel BakerHe also tried to find the source of the Nile but in vain. Together with his wife Florence, he saw and named Lake Albert on 14th march 1864 in honour of Prince Albert of Britain.Dr. David LivingstoneHe was sent by the RGS to discover the nature of Lakes and river systems of East and Central Africa. He was both an explorer and a missionary who was devoted to civilisationof man.

However, in his travels, he was later weakened by dysentery but after making a report about East Africa.Henry Morton StanleyThe next European to visit the court of the kabaka/king of Buganda was Henry Morton Stanely. It was he who, after speaking to the kabaka about Christianity, became the bearerof the kabaka’s famous letter which appeared in London’s daily telegraph asking queenVictoria to send missionaries to Buganda to teach his people the Christian religion andwestern knowledge. He was a journalist and explorer. He was sent to find Dr.Livingstone. Joseph Thompson He was a Scottish explorer sent by the RGS. He became the first European to trace a direct route through Maasai land and to Lake Victoria.THE ROLE PLAYED BY EXPLORERS IN THE COLONISATION OF EAST

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

AFRICAThey gave Europeans accurate information about the geography of East Africa. E.g John Speke wrote about the source of the nile hence guiding European colonization process.They signed treaties with African chiefs on behalf of their home governments and such treaties were later used by the colonialists to claim such areas as their territories. E.g. CarlPeters signed agreements in Tanganyika with the chiefs.They exposed the hospitality of some tribes e.g. Speke reported about cordial atmosphere in Buganda and it was from here that colonization started.They exposed hostile tribes like banyoro, Nandi and this made the british approach them forcefully compared to peaceful ones.They decampaigned slave trade and advocated for its abolition eventually leading to the colonization of East Africa.They established good working relations with African chiefs (mirambo, Tip tip, e.g. through his friendship with kabaka Mutesa 1, Stanely managed to convince him to invitemissionaries but these ended up being colonial agents.Some explorers served as colonial administrators e.g. sir Samuel Baker became governor of the equatorial province(Kenya)They drew the sketch map of East Africa which acted as a guide for the missionaries, traders and later colonialists.They reported about the favourable climate and fertile areas which attracted the Europeans. E.g. Count Teleki reported about volcanic soils of the kikuyu land and this ledto the colonization of Kenya.Some built forts which were later used as administrative centres by colonialists. E.g. sir Samuel baker established Fort Patiko in Gulu.In their reports they did a lot in changing the attitude of Europeans about Africa as a whole. Initially, Europeans feared Africa as a white man’s grave i.e. whoever came toAfrica could not return. This encouraged colonialists to come.The explorers also funded and supported those who volunteered to travel to Africa. The Royal geographical society supported the movements of John Speke and James grant,eventually; they contributed to the colonization process.They identified the demand patterns of East Africa tribes like guns and foreign protection and encouraged their home governments to come and supply the Africans with thenecessary requirement ending into colonization.Whether directly or indirectly European explorers paved way for European colonization of East Africa.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

THE MISSIONARIESThese were religious men who came up after spiritual renewal in Europe in the 18th century as there was need to enlighten other parts of the world. The missionary groupsthat came and operated in East Africa included the The London missionary society, thechurch missionary society which was started by krapf in 1844 and was later joined byRebmann, The white fathers 1879 etcThe pioneer missionaries in East Africa were the Church Missionary Society led by the Germans John Krapf and Johann Rebman who arrived in East Africa around 1844 and1846 respectively.

In 1877, the Church Missionary Society mission arrived in Buganda while the white fathers arrived in 1879. WHY THEY CAME TO EAST AFRICA (REASONS FOR MISIONARY INTERESTIN EAST AFRICA)They wanted to spread Christianity i.e. in Europe it had gained ground and there was a revival in the church and yet to them, Africans did not know anything about God. It wastherefore their noble duty to preach to them.

Missionaries wanted to abolish slave trade. Earlier travelers like John Speke and James Grant, H.M. Stanley, Dr. David Livingstone and others had reported about the evils ofslave trade in East Africa.The missionaries wanted to “civilize” East Africans. They argued that they came to stop some of the barbaric acts and customs e.g. Female Genital Mutilation among the Kikuyuin Kenya, human sacrifices and the practice of killing twinsThey came to educate Africans by introducing formal / western education i.e. teaching them how to read and write and simple arithmetic.They also came to check on the spread of Islam which was gaining much influence. This is because they blamed it for the practice of slave trade. They also had the intensions ofconverting many to Christianity.Some missionaries came because they had been invited by certain African chiefs, for example, Muteesa I of Buganda wrote a letter through H.M Stanley invitingmissionaries to Buganda.The missionaries also loved to adventure and explore the interior of East Africa. For example, Dr. John Ludwig Kraft of CMS is said to have been the first European to seeMt. Kenya while Johann Redman was the first to see Mt. KilimanjaroEconomically, they wished to promote legitimate trade that would replace slave trade.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

The success of earlier travellers inspired them to come to East Africa. Ludwig Krapf and Rebmann’s successful journeys in East Africa also inspired more missionaries to come.They were paving way for the European imperialists i.e. they were colonial agents. Through their wonderful teaching they hoped to soften the hearts of Africans for latercolonialists.Missionary interests were also due to industrial revolution that had generated a lot of wealth for European countries. This meant that they had a lot of money for overseasadventures.

MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES IN EAST AFRICA The first missionary to come to East Africa was Ludwig Krapf. He arrived at the East African coast in 1844. He was a German in origin but working on behalf of the C.M.S ofBritain.He established his first missionary centre at Rabai near Mombasa and in 1846 he was joined by John Rebman and later in 1849 by Jacob Erhardt.From Rabai these missionaries went in inland into the interior of East Africa, whereby on their way Rebman saw mt. Kilimanjaro and Krapf saw mt. Kenya and in 1850 Erhardtdrew a map on which he indicated the two mountains and the inland waters ( lakeVictoria). This map aroused further European curiosity to explore more of East Africa.While in the interior, these missionaries learnt Swahili and Krapf successfully translated the New Testament into Swahili and he even wrote a Swahili dictionary and grammar.These missionaries were also concerned with the issue of resettling freed slaves and theytaught them new skills in agriculture, carpentry, reading and writing.

ACTIVITIES OF CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA Christian missionaries carried out a number of activities in East Africa. Their activities had various impacts on the social, political and economic conditions of East Africa. Thefollowing were the activities carried out by the Christian missionaries in East Africa:Missionaries carried out evangelization. Here they tried to convert and baptize many people into Christianity from their paganism and Islam.Christian missionaries carried out linguistic research and came up with new developments in language. Dr Kraft for example translated the Bible into Swahili andwrote a Swahili dictionary and grammar hence making it easy for people to understandthe Bible more.The Christian missionaries built many churches in East Africa many of which are still in existence. They for example set up a church at Zanzibar, Rubaga and Rabai missionarystation near Mombasa. .

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

They carried out exploration work into the discovery of various East African physical features. For example, Kraft was the first European to see Mt. Kenya in 1849 whileRebman was the first to European see Kilimanjaro in 1848.Christian missionaries set up stations for free rehabilitation services for example in 1868 the Holy Ghost Fathers set up a home for the free slaves at Zanzibar.Christian missionaries participated in opening up various mission stations. Such mission stations could help in enhancing evangelization into the local population. For exampleRebman set up one at Rabai near Mombasa.Christian missionaries participated in skill development in East Africa. They for example participated in modernizing Agriculture and carpentry by setting up agriculturalinstitutions and carpentry workshops for training.Christian missionaries were also influential in establishing educational institutions and training efficient class of African clergy (catechists) who were close and moreunderstandable to the local communities. This helped and enhanced the propagation offaith.Christian missionaries were at times involved in political processes that were beyond spiritual jurisdiction. They for example took part in the overthrow of kabaka Mwanga.

MISSIONARIES IN UGANDAThe missionaries who came to Uganda were centered in Buganda. They were inspired by the report made by Stanley about the kabaka of Buganda. The kabaka welcomed and wasready to receive these missionaries.The first group of missionaries to arrive in Buganda was sent by the church missionary society and among these was Alexander Mackay. They arrived in Buganda in 1876 andthey were protestant by faith.Another group of missionaries was sent from France and they belonged to the white fathers. They arrived at the kabaka’s palace in 1879 and they were catholic by faith.Among their activities in Buganda were spreading Christianity, building of churches and hospitals, working on translations, teaching various skills like building, agriculture,reading and writing.At kabaka Muteesa’s palace in Rubaga, the missionaries were not allowed to move very far, so their work was limited just at the kabaka’s palace and nearby.

MISSIONARIES IN TANGANYIKAIn Tanganyika, the Holy fathers operated there. They began a settlement scheme for the freed slaves where the slaves were being taught and looked after.The missionaries taught Christianity and manual skills.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

In 1871 the London missionary society founded a number of missionary stations around Lake Tanganyika. They also established churches and hospitals.PROBLEMS FACED BY THE EARLY CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA.They suffered harsh climatic conditions of the tropical areas as they were not used to it like the semi arid areas of northern Kenya.They were faced with tropical diseases like malaria, yellow fever, sleeping sickness; small pox and some of the missionaries fell victims of such deadly diseases and died. E.g.John Ludwig Krapf lost his wife and child to malaria, David Livingstone died ofdysentery in 1873, while John Rebman left East Africa blind.

Some missionaries who came where volunteers and were usually small in number compared to the large areas they had to undertake, therefore they were overworked.There was a problem of language barrier whereby there was no proper language to link the missionaries with the Africans and it would take long to master the different Africanlanguages. The Africans too did not understand the European languages.Transport also proved a problem i.e. during that time most of the areas in East Africa lacked proper roads. The missionaries used to pass via thick forests, jungles and formerslave routes which were rough and long.They were attacked by wild animals like lions, leopards.They had a problem of hostile tribes like the Nandi, Maasai who at times attacked and killed them.They also had a problem of communication i.e. they could not communicate easily with their mother countries. They also faced a problem of rival religion especially Islam that had already taken root among the coastal people. Africans too had their own gods and it was not easy toconvince and convert them to Christianity.The missionaries lacked enough funds since some of them were not sponsored by their home governments.Sometimes, there were disagreements and misunderstandings between the different missionary groups and this hindered their work.They lacked supplies like food, drugs etc and getting them from home was made difficult by the poor communication. They met resistance form land owners who did not want missionary stations like churches, schools and hospitals to be built on their land.The intertribal wars in East Africa made the missionary work difficult like Buganda against Bunyoro. Missionaries had to take time in these conflicts and this caused

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

unnecessary delays.At times unfaithful porters stole and ran away with their properties e.g. David Livingstone lost property in Tanzania.Some of them lost life after being misunderstood by traditionalists and African rulers e.g. Mwanga ordered for the killing of bishop Hannington (James) because he had arrivedfrom the direction of the East. (It was believed that enemies of Buganda would alwayscome from the East.The problems faced by the missionaries were political, social and economic.

EFFECTS OF THE MISSIONARY ACTIVITIES ON THE PEOPLE OF EASTAFRICAThey preached the gospel which converted many people into Christianity. They built schools which improved literacy in East Africa like Namilyango College, Gayaza high school, Ngora high school, Kings College Buddo, SMACK etc.They built hospitals which provided better health services like Mengo, Rubaga.They abolished slave trade and slavery which promoted human dignity and respect for human life.They introduced legitimate trade which became a means of livelihood.They also introduced languages which eased communication e.g. English, French, German and Latin.They promoted the study of African languages which led to the production of more literature for the converts.They introduced new methods of agriculture which improved farming and yields.They introduced new cash crops on which the economy of East Africa depended like coffee, cotton, sisal, pyrethrum, rubber etcThey built roads which eased transport and communication.They opened up mission stations which later developed into towns like Rabai, Bagamoyo etcThey created employment opportunities for many Africans which improved people’s standards of living like clerical work like teaching, nursing, interpretation etcThey introduced western culture which undermined African culture.They introduced technical skills which were acquired by Africans like brick laying, carpentry, craft, pottery etc.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

They paved way for European colonization which eroded African independence.Their missionary education produced pioneer nationalists who contributed to the liberation of their respective countries. These include Dr. Apollo Milton Obote, JuliusNyerere, JK Musaazi, Jomo Kenyatta, Tom Mboya etc.They produced elite who formed political parties based on religion like DP for Catholics, UPC for Protestants, KANU, and TANU etc.They introduced the printing press that eased the production of literature.Missionary activities of preaching the word of God by the different religious groups divided Africans along religious lines.They opened up primary and secondary schools as well as training colleges for teachers and trade schools for craftsmen e.g. Kisubi Vocational School, Kiteredde Brothers inMasaka. In the technical schools, carpentry and brick laying skills were obtainedThey fought slave trade which was later abolished and equality and liberty for all was encouraged in East Africa.

REASONS FOR THE SUCCESS OF MISSIONARY WORK IN EAST AFRICAThe missionaries’ success was noted in the economic, political and social fields and these are discussed as follows:The evils of slave trade made East Africans welcome missionaries as liberators. Their campaign against slave trade won them much support from different tribes in East Africa.The support they got from some of the local chiefs and kings led to their success. For instance, Muteesa I of Buganda and Mirambo of Nyamwezi all gave them protection aswell as rights to do their work in their territories.The earlier explores helped to map out potential areas of East Africa for smooth missionary work. For instance, H.M Stanley had identified Buganda as a hospitablecommunity for the missionaries and they were later welcomed by the Kabaka of Bugandain 1877.The support missionaries got from their home governments led them to success. This was in form of finance and physical manpower for instance colonial governments gaveprotection to the missionaries whenever they were challenged by local chiefs or otherthreats. For instance, Captain Lugard supported the Protestants in the religious wars inBuganda.Some missionary groups sought for alliances with African chiefs. Such treaties of friendship made their work easy since the chiefs would call on their subjects to take onthe missionary teachings.The missionaries’ efforts to translate the bible into several local languages helped them succeed for example Kraft translated the New Testament of the Bible into Swahili andwrote a Swahili dictionary and a Grammar book.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

The developments that missionaries found in societies like Buganda favored their work. For example, infrastructure around Buganda areas like Namirembe, Lubaga and Kampala in general made missionary work of putting up schools, hospitals and churches easy.The industrial revolution had provided such technology like the printing press which made printing of bibles and other academic work easy.Their efforts in life saving services like medical care (Quinine) won them great admiration among the people of East Africa that few were ready to oppose them.The missionaries’ practical skills enabled them to survive even when their supplies from home delayed. They for instance adopted agriculture as soon as they settled anywhere.This ensured steady supply of food.They employed locals as porters, interpreters, cooks or security guards hence winning the loyalty of many.The death of Dr. David Livingstone in 1873 and other earlier missionaries increased the determination by many groups to see missionary work succeed in Africa, and East Africain particular. E.g. the London news paper wrote after his death, “the work for Africamust hence forth begin in earnest where Livingstone left it off.”Establishment of resettlement centers for freed slaves e.g. at Bagamoyo and Frere town near Mombasa where skills like carpentry, and agriculture were taught. Suchcommunities thus looked at missionary work as “a life- saving mission

THE ROLE PLAYED BY MISSIONARIES IN THE COLONISATION OF EASTAFRICA Missionary groups which came to East Africa included the London missionary society, church missionary society, white fathers etcThrough their missionary preaching, they softened the hearts of Africans that they did not resist colonialism.Always called upon their home governments to come and occupy areas where they worked in order to protect them from their rivals.They were involved in the overthrow of local rulers like in Buganda Christian missionaries were involved in the overthrow of Mwanga hence easing the work ofcolonialists later.Missionaries settled in areas where their home governments had economic interests.Missionary preaching divided Africans along Christian denominations making it easy for the colonialists to conquer them.Missionaries signed treaties which were later used by colonialists to take over colonies e.g. Tucker, a British Missionary interpreted the 1900 Buganda Agreement to the regentsof Kabaka Daudi Chwa II. This led to loss of political, economic and social powers to theBritish protectorate government. Sir Harry John stone who signed on behalf of the Britishgovernment confessed that; “I John stone shall be bound to acknowledge the assistanceoffered to me by the missionaries especially the CMS. Without their assistance on myside, I do not think Uganda’s chiefs would agree to the treaty which practically places

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

their country and land in the British hands”.Church missionary societies financed some colonial companies like IBEACO when got bankrupt. The Church missionary society managed to raise enough funds for ImperialBritish East African Company for its staying in Uganda for at least 2 or more years. Thechurch missionary society and Captain Lugard viewed that the company’s withdrawalwould live the British and the protestant party in a dangerous position versus Moslems.Missionaries who had learnt African languages were used as interpreters and translators during the colonial period. E.g. Bishop Tucker acted as interpreter in the signing of theBuganda Agreement.Missionaries carried out exploration and hence discovered potential areas for economic exploitation on behalf of the colonialists.Missionary education prepared Africans to work as agents of colonization e.g. secretaries, drivers, cooks etcThey supported the building of roads which were used by the colonialists.They encouraged agriculture/ cash crop growing upon which colonial economy later depended on.They encouraged legitimate trade on which colonial administration thrived laterThey built health centres which provided health services that reduced on the white man’s burden and ensured safety of the colonialists later.They introduced foreign languages like English which later eased communication with the colonialists.They abolished slave trade hence creating a conducive atmosphere for colonial rule.They established mission stations which were later used by the colonialists as administrative centers.They gave information about hostile and accommodative societies. E.g. Buganda, Nyamwezi, Kikuyu (friendly and accommodative societies) unlike Nandi, Bunyoro etc.The colonialist therefore, came prepared. They played an active role of educating Africans whereby later the educated Africans acted as interpreters whenever the colonial governments wanted to sign agreements.Religion was a mechanism of divide and rule. The converts and the non-converts hated each other which caused division to the advantage of the EuropeansThey appealed to their home governments for protection in case of attack. It is in this light that Britain came to Uganda during the religious wars of 1884-1892 and later

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

occupied UgandaMissionary stations that they set up served as military bases from where the European colonial forces launched attacks on the resisting Africans. African Lugard used oldKampala hill as a military base against Kabalega.

Why Mutesa invited missionaries to his kingdom.The invitation of the missionaries was sent through Henry Morton Stanley in 1875 after he had visited the Kabaka’s palace.Stanley convinced Mutesa 1 to write a letter to the queen of England requesting for missionary work in his kingdom.In 1877, the first group of Anglican missionaries under the CMS arrived in Buganda.In 1879, the Roman Catholics (the white fathers) from France also arrived in Buganda.The kabaka wanted them to teach Christianity to his people.Mutesa 1 also wanted to strengthen his military position in the great Lakes region.Similarly, he hoped to get military assistance to fight off the Banyoro who were his traditional rivals.He also wanted to get guns and use them against the Egyptian imperialists.He wished to enhance his prestige and glory among fellow African chiefs being able to bring whites to his kingdom.Possibly Mutesa wanted to establish diplomatic ties with their countries of origin because they represented powerful states.He wanted to use them and check on the growing Islamic influence in the kingdom. He was tired of threats and demands from the muslims.He also wanted the missionaries to teach his people how to read and write.He hoped to get gifts like cloth, guns from them.He was also hopeful that the missionaries would bring modernity and civilization into his kingdom.He expected the missionaries to train his soldiers with modern military tactics.

THE W’ANGLEZA-W’AFRANSA (RELIGIOUS WARS IN BUGANDA 1885-1900)

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

CAUSES OF THE WARSBy the time of these wars, there were four religious groups in Buganda namely the Protestants, Catholics, Traditionalists and Muslims. Therefore, these were wars foughtbetween the different religious groups in Buganda between 1885 and 1900. The court ofmutesa 1 became a battle field for two major missions i.e CMS and the white fathers. Theinitial ground of disagreement was religious but later it became political as the proselytestook sides in support of their masters hence outbreak of a civil war in 1892. The issue atstake was which group would triump over the other and thus control the sovereignity inBuganda.The presence of four religious groups in Buganda led to the wars. Islam was introduced in 1840, Anglicanism in 1877(CMS), Catholicism in 1879(White fathers-frenchcatholics) in addition to Buganda’s traditional religion.There was a struggle by each group to win as many converts as possible leading to conflicts.There was also a struggle by each group to win favour and recognition of the kabaka. They therefore, accused each other before the kabaka leading to conflicts.The differences in the teachings, rules held by each group also led to conflicts. It normally caused confused and divided the followers.The role played by the Muslims led to conflicts. They hated the Christians since they had arrived first in the kingdom.The role of the traditionalists/Lubaale believers led to the conflict. They always criticized Christianity for destroying African cultures and values led to the wars.The death of Mutesa 1 in 1884 created a power vacuum in Buganda. He was then replaced by Mwanga who was young, inexperienced and therefore failed to control thereligious groups hence conflicts.The rumor that kabaka Mwanga had been learning Anglicanism under the instruction of Alexander Mackay led to the wars. This angered the Catholics who planned to overthrowhim for accepting their rival’s faith.The Christians did not want to be dominated by the Muslims and similarly the Muslims never wished to be controlled by the Christians whom they regarded as pagans which ledto wars.The rivalry between Britain and France for colonies contributed to the wars. The religious groups particularly Anglicanism and Catholicism that represented those powers therefore,had to fight.The involvement of Captain F. Lugard and his IBEACO in the Buganda religious affairs/confusion led to the wars. He in 1891 armed the Protestants with 500 guns to

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

defeat the Catholics.The struggle for power among the Catholics and Protestants in Buganda led to the wars. They fought over the position of the Katikiro where the Catholics supported StanslausMugwanya while the Protestants wanted Apollo Kaggwa.The disagreements among the pages at the kabaka’s palace led to these wars. They belonged to different groups and had started questioning the authority of the kabakawhich made Mwanga to react by killing 30 of them.Kabaka Mwanga was arrogant, weak and unfriendly to the missionary groups which forced them to rise up against him.

EFFECTS OF THE RELIGIOUS WARS IN BUGANDAThe religious wars divided Buganda and later the whole Uganda along religious lines and this increases disunity.The religious wars also led to the formation of political parties based on religion for instance UPC for Protestants and DP for Catholics.There was loss of lives during the wars for instance 30 converts were killed on June 1886 under the orders of Mwanga. These became the Uganda Martyrs.The religious wars were won by the Protestant and they became a dominant force in the politics of Buganda and later the whole Uganda.The religious wars led to the overthrow of kabaka Mwanga and enthronement of his three-year-old son, Daudi Chwa by the Christians.After the religious wars, political offices were allocated according to religion; the Katikiro had to be a protestant, the Mulamuzi (chief justice) had to be a catholic and theMuwanika (Finance minister) a protestant.The religious wars introduced the gun into the affairs of Buganda and later Uganda for instance the Protestants were given 500 guns by F. Lugard to defeat the catholics.It led to the establishment of schools along religious lines for instance Kings College Buddo for Protestants and Smack for Catholics. This bred more rivalry.The religious wars confused Mwanga to the extent that he failed to decide which religious group to follow. He kept shifting from one religion to another.The wars led to the colonization of Uganda. In the confusion, the missionaries asked their home government to take over Uganda in the name of protecting them.The religious wars also contributed to the signing of the 1900 Buganda agreement in

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

order to protect the missionaries.There was destruction of property for instance banana plantations and houses were demolished during the wars.

COURSE OF THE RELIGIOUS WARSThese were wars between the catholics, Protestants, muslims and traditionalists in Buganda.Islam had ben introduced by the Arabs in 1840, Anglicanism in 1877 and Catholicism in 1879 the mistrust and competition for converts and recognition led to conflicts.Mwanga found this situation after succeeding his father Muteesa 1who had died in 1884. On top of being young and inexperienced, Mwanga was erratic, brutal, emotional and weak minded.By the time he came to power, Christian missionary groups and muslims were competing for poitical influence at the kabaka’s court in mengo.Mwanga was also not a diplomat like his father, thus he failed to play one group against the other and was unable to contain the pressure from the groups.The Muslims had earlier warned Mwanga that the Christians wanted to take over his kingdom. Mwanga responded by punishing his people who did not want to denounceChristianity.He looked at all the Christian groups and muslims in his kingdom as a threat to his power and authority.He was equally alarmed by the increasing European interest in East Africa forinstance the Germans were already in Tanganyika and many more were in Buganda.Also the rate of conversion to Christianity not only at his court, but even in the outlying areas was also alarming.He also failed to establish a good relationship with the majority of his chiefs who also kept warning him about his dealings with the missionaries.In this confusion, he ordered all his subjects not to deal with the missionaries and when they refused, he executed three CMS converts in January 1885. In November 1885, he ordered the murder of bishop Hannington in busoga which was executed by chief Luba.On 3rd june 1886, he ordered the execution of 30 converts at Namugongo for refusing to give up their new faith.However, this grave act did not discourage the spread of chirstianity as mwanga had thought but the number of converts grew steadily.By 1888, mwanga was more determined to fight the missionaries. He got more insecure and suspicious of their work and started plotting against them.He had the plan to chase away all religious factions from Buganda to cool down the continued instability in the kingdom but they discovered his plans.Therefore, in September 1888, the Christians and muslims put aside their differences and combined to over throw him. But he was able to learn of their plot and fled to thesouth(lake Victoria before they could depose him.He was replaced by his brother Kiweewa and his office was divided among the three religious groups.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

However, Kiweewa ruled for less than 12months and he was deposed for refusing to embrace islam claiming that the Ganda tradition did not allow the kabaka to shed blood. By this time, the muslims were the strongest faction. Kiweewa then fled to kabula, then in Ankole.In October 1888, Kiweewa’s brother Kalema who had converted to Islam and given the name Rashid was made the kabaka.His rule was also short lived approximately one year from October 1888 to October 1889 when mwanga returned and over threw him with support from Christians. Kalema fled tobunyoro with some of his muslim allies.However, Mwanga’s wars, quarrels and struggles continued between his Christian allies Apollo kagwa and Stansalus Mugwanya.In 1890 Mwanga signed a treaty with captain D Lugard a representative of IBEACO seeking his protection.In the same year war broke out between the protestants and catholics after a catholic had murdered a protestant.In this war Lugard sided with the protestants arming them with 500 guns. The catholics were defeated and with mwanga, they fled to Buddu in masaka.All the same in 1893, mwanga was recalled to sign a treaty with sir Gerald Portal. Sanity returned to Buganda for some time as Gerald Portal tried to divide power equally amongthe catholics and protestants.In 1894, a protectorate was declared over Uganda. Mwanga and his disgruntled chiefs protested against the British but failed.In August 1897, mwanga was overthrown and replaced by his three year old son Daudi Chwa 11. He fled to Lango and joined kabalega in the struggle against the britishimperialism.Unfortunately, the two were captured in 1899 by Kakungulu and were exiled to Seychelles island in the Indian ocean. He eventually died in 1903.This marked the end of missionary squabbles and fights otherwise known as the religious wars.THE TRADERS/ CHARTERED COMPANIESIn the 2nd half of the 19th century, many Europeans came to East Africa mainly from Britain and Germany. They purposely came to look for raw materials, new markets andnew investment areas.

They formed trading companies such as the British East African association in 1888 formed by William Macknnonand the society of Germany colonization in 1884 by CarlPeters.When these companies were given royal charters by their respective governments, they became chartered companies.The names of the companies also changed to IBEACO and GEACO respectively.This was the third group of Europeans to arrive in East Africa.

IBEACO IN PARTICULAR WAS ASSIGNED TO CARRY OUT THE FOLLOWING

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

DUTIES;It was to sign treaties with African rulers which would make it very easy for the British to claim territories later.To develop transport where it operated e.g. building roads and railways.To encourage and develop trade in East Africa.To provide security to missionaries in East Africa.To stop slave trade.To set up security organs and posts to ensure law and order.To bring a wider area under British influence.It was then given initial capital of 250000 dollars. But by 1891 it run bankrupt wanted to leave Uganda. However, missionaries came in and gave 40000 which pushed them till1892.By this time the company had done enough in protecting British interests. When they run bankrupt, the British government declared Uganda British protectorate in 1894 and overKenya in 1895 (July)

NB the two were given royal charters to control areas they operated in. (Right/authority).THE ROLE OF CHARTERED COMPANIES IN THE COLONISATION OF EASTAFRICAThese were traders who came under the umbrella of trading companies. The chartered companies that operated in East Africa were IBEACO and GEACO. They scrambled for areas of interest for their home governments. They promoted commerce and legitimate trade whose profits increased colonial interests. They fought earlier resistances e.g GEACO fought and suppressed the Abushiri resistors. They helped in creating man power that was later used by the colonial masters. E.g. In Tanganyika; the colonial government used Akidas and Jumbes that had been forged byGEACO.They financed initial administrative costs on behalf of their colonial governments.

The chartered companies helped in quelling Africa resistance e.g. IBEACO defeated Bunyoro, Nandi, Maasai and GEACO fought Abushiri (coastal Arabs) this eased thecolonization of E.A.They set up infrastructures like roads constructed by IBEACO .(but only lacked funds to construct Kenya and Uganda railway)The chartered companies established administrative forts and garrisons e.g. in old Kampala, Naivasha and Machakos by IBEACo which were later used by the colonialists as administrative posts.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

They also provided protection to the missionaries who were also colonial agents.They encouraged colonial farming like plantation farming in cash crops like cotton, coffee on which the colonial economy depended.They encouraged the abolition of slave trade which created peace for colonial activities.They exposed the economic potential of E. African countries which attracted their colonial governments to come and exploit.They campaigned for the retention of areas where they had operated in e.g. Lugard campaigned for retention of Uganda.They provided guns to some chiefs and collaborators like Kasgama of Tooro by Lugard.They signed treaties of friendship, trade and protection that were used as evidence by the colonial powers. E.g IBEACO with the Baganda, Kikuyu, Maasai, Nandi while GEACOwith chiefs of Usambala, Ukami, and Ulungulu.They rivaled in East Africa for colonies which forced the colonialists to intervene and this led to the signing of the Anglo-German Agreements of 1886 and 1890 Anglo Agreementsthat partitioned East Africa between Britain and Germany.Later when they run bankrupt they called upon their government to take over. They provided first administrators during the colonial process e.g. FD Lugard the IBEACO official who encouraged Britain to take over Uganda after finishing groundwork.Their role was both direct and indirect.

Explain the roles played by the following in the colonization of East Africa.IBEACOGEACO

ROLES OF IBEACOIt was founded in 1888 by William MacKnon. Its role was pronounced in Kenya and Uganda. It promoted agriculture through introducing cash crops upon which the colonial economy thrived.It promoted legitimate trade whose profits attracted the colonialistsIt encouraged abolition of slave trade which made the area peaceful for colonial activities.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

It provided information regarding East African minerals and other resources which could be exploited.It protected missionaries who were fore runners/agents of colonialism.It signed treaties with African chiefs like F. Lugard and Mwanga which was later used as evidence by the colonial administrators.It set up infrastructures like roads, bridges which eased transport and communication of the colonialists.It provided administrators like Lugard to rule on behalf of the colonial masters.It set up administrative head quarters, forts and garrisons which were later used by the colonial troops.It helped in suppressing African resistances creating way for European colonialism.It provided guns to some chiefs who were collaborators for security purposes e.g. kasagama of Toro.It provided funds to run the costs of administration before the colonial masters took over officially.It established armies that were used to run colonial administration.It surrendered the charter to the colonial government when it became bankrupt.

THE ROLE PLAYED BY F.D LUGARD IN THE COLONISATION OF EAST AFRICA. He was a retired army officer after serving in the Indian army, when Britain colonized India.He came to Uganda as the first administrator of IBEACO.His duty was to defend the british colonial interests.Capt. Lugard stopped Germany advances to Buganda by stopping Charles Stokes a German missionary who was believed to have been heading to Buganda.He also checked on the advances of Emin PashaHe arrived in December 1890 and on 26th December he signed a treaty of protection at Mengo with kabaka Mwanga.In 1890, the heligoland treaty was signed between the british and Germans in order to define the western boundaries of their spheres of interest which placed Uganda underIBEACO.In 1891, he supported the Protestants with 500 guns against the Catholics and Muslims. (Laying a peaceful ground).

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

In the same year he signed a treaty with the rulers of Ankole making the area a company territory.In 1893, he restored Kasagama to the throne and signed a protection treaty with him.He also went to lake Edward areas and persuaded Selim Bey with his Sudanese soldiers to enlist with his company force.He embarked on weakening bunyoro with the help of semei Kakungulu.While in Uganda, he explored the western part, mainly monitoring the ivory trade there.With the assistance from Kasagama, Lugard also moved to Ankole, where he signed treaties with Ankole Rulers, declaring the area a protectorate.In his activities, he also established Forts on the Toro-Bunyoro border and one in Buganda at old kampala which were later used by the colonial forces.In 1892 he signed a treaty with Mwanga giving him political control over Buganda after the religious wars.In 1893, he went back to England but while there, he campaigned for the British to take over Uganda through the press and public speeches.In the same year (1893) IBEACo under Lugard handed over the charter to the british colonial government.In 1894, Uganda was declared a british protectorate through his effort.In 1922, he wrote a guidance book on colonial administration “ the dual mandate in tropical Africa”This became the basis of the british policy of administration of indirect rule.

PROBLEMS FACED BY LUGARD add problemsHe was faced with wide spread rebellions against british rule like kabalega’s rebellion, lamogi rebellion etcHe faced a challenge of language barrier which made communication difficult Inadequate means of transport made it hard for him and troops to move to various areas. He lacked enough man power to administer the areas he had acquired effectively. Poor communication network between the head quarters and other parts of the protectorate made it hard for him to command those areas.Harsh climatic conditions especially the prolonged drought and flood. Tropical diseases like malaria and yellow fever affected their activities. Inadquate funs to finance the administrative costs of the protectorate and activities. Different systems of administration in different parts of Uganda by that time also made his work difficult.Creating a centralized authority where it did not exist was very difficult.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

ROLES OF GEACOIt was founded by Carl Peters in 1884. It promoted agriculture upon which the colonial economy depended.It promoted legitimate trade which attracted the colonialists.It stopped slave trade which had caused untold suffering making the region peaceful and easy to conquer.It provided information regarding minerals and other resources hence attracting colonialists.It protected the Christian missionaries who were the fore runners of colonialism.It signed treaties with African chiefs like those of Usambara, Urungulu, Ukami etcIt provided administrators to rule on behalf of the colonial masters like the akidas and jumbes created by GEACO were adopted and retained by the colonial administration.It opened up administrative stations in usagara, vinza, bagamoyo, pangani valley, ulungulu valley, which were later a base for colonialists.It fought and defeated rebellious societies like the coastal arabs (abushiri), Hehe etcIt provided funds to run the administrative costs in their areas of influence.Built infrastructures like roads for easy movements of colonial troopsEstablished a colonial armyWhen it got bankrupt, it surrendered its charter to its home government.

PROBLEMS FACED BY CHARTERED COMPANIESThe chartered companies did not have enough funds to carry out their activities in East Africa e.g. constructing roads, setting up plantations etc.The companies also faced man power shortages which delayed their work while in East Africa. While in East Africa, the companies did not have a steady source of income to meet their immediate costs of administration. E.g. minerals they expected was scarce, cash cropgrowing had not taken root….They were faced with hostilities from Africans e.g. Maji Maji rebellion, Abushiri uprising, Banyoro, Nandi, Maasai etc which made their work difficult.Tropical diseases like malaria, yellow fever, claimed their staff, hence retarding their activities.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

Chartered companies, IBEACO in particular were challenged by religious wars in Buganda e.g. Lugard (a company official involved in the wars which strained the company’s budget.Similarly, the companies involved in political wars, e.g. Lugard supported Buganda against Bunyoro. This also involved expenditure which equally strained its budget.The companies were also faced with attacks by wild animals in East Africa. The animals limited their areas of influence.They were faced with communication challenges while in East Africa especially with their home governments.Similarly, was the problem of language barrier which delayed their work.They were also faced with poor transport. This was due to lack of developed roads.They also tended to rival each other e.g. IBEACO and GEACO always conflicted over territories.They faced harsh climatic conditions like floods, prolonged drought etcl.They experienced interference from the slave traders’ i.e. Arab and Swahili traders.Lack of geographical knowledge also affected their activities; thick forests, lakes, rivers, mountains made their movements difficult.They faced stiff competition from other traders e.g. Arab, Swahili and Nyamwezi traders made GEACO lose out on, trade since they were also experienced traders.The problems faced were political, social and economic.

THE ROLE PLAYED BY DR. CARL PETERS IN THE COLONISATION OFTANGANYIKA.He was both a German colonial agent and trader in Tanzania. In 1884 he formed a Germany society to colonize East Africa.He was the founder of GEACO.In 1884, he arrived in Zanzibar, searching for areas of Economic potential, and by November he had arrived in Tanzania (Tanganyika).In Tanganyika, he signed agreements at Usambura, Usagara, Ukami, Ugulu etc.He then returned to Germany and convinced Bismarck to recognize the treaties he had signed. By these treaties Germany claimed those areas.Carl Peters also signed a friendship treaty with Mwanga in 1890 and this was in an attempt to take over Uganda as wellHe provided finance and security to Berlin 111 missionaries. These acted as colonial agents in Tanganyika.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

In 1885 he formed the GEACO, which got a royal charter from the German government to oversee her territories.He managed to convince Bismarck to agree to the plan of owning colonies in East Africa. (he had once remarked that colonies are not worthy the bones of a single Germanysoldier)-compare with-Africa being a white man’s grave.He established Administrative stations (8 in number)2 in Ulunguru valley,2 in Usagara,2 in Uvinza,1 in Bagamoyo, and 1 in Pangani valley.He together with his company provided the initial man power and finance to administer Tanganyika on behalf of their government.Carl Peters in his works managed to prevent other colonialists from taking over Tanganyika.ie IBEACO.However, he was faced with the Abushiri uprising in1890 and in 1896 he got terminated for being too cruel to Africans.

Problems faced by LugardTHE SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION OF EAST AFRICA.1880-1900Scramble and partition of East Africa refers to the rush/struggle for colonies in East Africa by the European powers. Britain and German were the major powers in the scramble for EastAfrica.The reasons for the scramble for and partition of East Africa are categorized into social, economic and political reasons;The scramble was the process of fighting for colonies in east Africa whereas partition was the process of dividing up of east Africa amongst European powers. (Britain andGermany). Britain ended up taking over Kenya, Uganda and Zanzibar while Germanytook Tanganyika. (Others like France took Rwanda and Burundi, while Belgium tookCongo.The discovery of diamond and gold in south Africa in 1867 and 1887 respectively made Europeans believe that possibly East Africa also had hence rushing for colonies in EastAfrica.The need for raw materials to feed their industries led to the scramble and partition of East Africa. Most of the European countries had under gone industrial revolution whichcreated the need for raw materials like cotton, coffee, Minerals like Gold, Copper,Diamond, Tin and animal products like ivory, hides and Skins.The need to secure areas where their surplus capital would be invested also caused scramble and partition. They equally needed areas with minimal competition.There was need for markets overseas for their finished goods due to mass production in Europe as no country was buying from the other.The influence and Pressure from chartered companies led to the scramble and partition of east Africa. When they ran bankrupt, they called upon their respective home governments

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

to come and take over administration of areas they operated in.The strategic importance of East Africa also led to scramble of East Africa. The East African coast was economically important to Britain because of her way/ short cut toIndia. Uganda was also economically vital to Britain because she was the source of thenile.The occupation of Congo by king Leopold 2nd of Belgium. The activities of this king in the Congo encouraged other European powers to come and struggle for colonies in EastAfrica e.g. Britain and Germany.The need to gain prestige among European powers by acquiring colonies overseas led to the scramble. The more colonies a country had, the more prestigious it became.The strategic importance of Uganda also led to the scramble. After occupying Egypt in 1882, Britain rushed for Uganda in order to have control over the source of the nile.The Berlin conference of 1884-85 also played a part in the scramble and partition of East Africa. It gave legal regulations for European occupation of territories and laid down theconditions of European occupation. This encouraged European countries to rush forcolonies.Europeans wanted to pursue their humanitarian motive of stopping slave trade in east Africa which was considered an in human act.The Europeans wanted to civilize the “so called uncivilized Africans” through introducing western education since Africa was previously referred to as ‘The DarkContinent’.They wanted to spread Christianity in East Africa so as to check on the spread of Islam by Arabs. The Europeans were experiencing a high population and therefore wanted to get new areas in East Africa where they could resettle their surplus European population.Scramble and partition was for prestige. It was believed that the European country with many colonies was the most powerful one.The need to support and protect European missionaries and traders led to the scramble. Some East African tribes were hostile to the early Europeans for example explorers,missionaries and traders.COURSE OF PARTITION/ HOW EAST AFRICA WAS PARTITIONEDEast Africa was partitioned between Britain and German and these were the main contendersin the scramble and partition of East Africa.

The process of the partition of East Africa began after the Berlin conference of 1884-85 where most of the paper work was done and allowed Britain and German to extend theirinfluence to East Africa.In 1885 Carl Peters of Germany acquired areas of Usagara, Ulungulu, Uzigua, Ukami through treaty signing in Tanganyika. This area was then declared German protectorate tobe administered by GEACO.Karl Peters also acquired the main land around Kilimanjaro and Witu in Kenya but taking

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

over Witu did not please Britain.Thus in 1886, conflicts broke out between Britain and Germany and the Sultan of Zanzibar. This led to the signing of the first Anglo-German agreement of October 1886.This was to divide East Africa among the sultan of Zanzibar, Britain and Germany.

The Anglo-Germany agreement of 1886 (At times referred to as Heligoland treaties)This agreement was signed on 1st Nov 1886. It defined the spheres of influence between sultan Bargash, Britain and Germany.

Terms of the agreement included:The Sultan was allowed to keep the Islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia and Lamu.The sultan was also to keep a 16 kilometer strip of land along the coast, stretching from Cape Delgado to river Tana in the north together with the towns of Kismayu, Brava andMerka, the Mogadishu etc.Witu in modern kenya was to be a Germany sphere of influence as it lay between the border of Kenya and Tanganyika. (witu coastline) Both powers agreed to maintain the Sultan’s integrity and settle their rivalry/claims over the Kilimanjaro area peacefully.Both countries agreed not to interfere with each other’s spheres of influence.East Africa was divided into two from the coast to the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika i.e. southern part (Tanganyika) was to belong to Germany while the Northern part(Kenya)was to be for Britain (Uganda lay open to whichever power got there first)However, the western area (Uganda) was not resolved hence sparking off another race between Britain and German over Uganda.

Some of the reasons for signing the 1890 treatyIn 1890, Carl Peters reached the Kabaka’s court and secured an agreement with kabaka Mwanga. He had also signed a treaty with Nabongo Sakwa of Wanga kingdom. Shortly,Jackson the IBEACO’s representative arrived but could not change the kabaka’s mind.The second treaty was signed because Witu was a German sphere of influence and yet it was in British colony.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

The first treaty did not define the boundaries of Germans and the British sphees of influence and it did not partition Uganda.There was also a strong desire in the part of Germans to acquire the islands of the Heligoland, which was in the North Sea. They wanted to use it as a naval base/militarybase making Bismarck to negotiate for another treaty.

The 2nd Anglo German agreement of 1890 (Heligo land treaty) with the following terms;Uganda and Kenya were confirmed as British spheres of influence hence ignoring Carl Peters treaty with Mwanga (it also extended the line of demarcation from the East to Westacross Lake Victoria)Germany agreed to give up her claim over Witu and accept a British protectorate over Zanzibar and the rest of Sultan’s territory.In return, Britain surrendered the North Sea Island of Heligoland to Germany for whom was of strategic importance.Germany lost the area of wanga (western Kenya) where she had signed a treaty with Nabongo Sakwa.Germany got the area around Lake Tanganyika and a strip of land along the coast of Tanganyika from the sultan who was compensated.Hence the Heligoland treaty concluded the Anglo German conflicts.

WHAT LED TO THE ANGLO-GERMAN CONFLICT IN EAST AFRICA DURING THE19TH CENTURY?There was a conflict between British East African association and German East African association over an area of about 300 km inland from the coast.Both Britain and Germany wanted to control the resources in that area (300km)GEACO took over the area(witu), yet IBEACO had reached an agreement with sultan Bargash to trade in the main land.Germany was afraid that the British might join with the South Africa Company and force her out of Tanganyika.Britain was also afraid that German Witu Company might link up with GEACO in Tanganyika and force them out of Kenya.Between 1886-1890 there was a race for Uganda

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

In 1890 Carl Peters signed a friendship treaty with Nabongo Sakwa of wanga in western Kenya which made almost all Nyanza and western provinces German territories and this worried the British.Carl Peters also signed a friendship treaty with Kabaka Mwanga and yet when the IBEA representative, Jackson tried to get a similar treaty from Mwanga, he was unable tochange his mind (page 115 ES ATIENO ODHIAMBO). This also increased conflicts.When it was rumored that the German commissioner would visit Buganda, the British anxiety increased.Hatred and mistrust between the trading companies about each others’ intentions always increased.Between 1887 and 1889 the Mahdi, a Sudanese religious leader besieged Emin Pasha (Egyptian governor of the equatoria province i.e. English man) also increasedtension/suspicion within both IBEACO and GEACO.At the same time Carl Peters heard that Frederick Jackson was on the way to rescue Emin Pasha which worried him since it meant that Britain would take over the area. (Egyptianequatorial province i.e. the territory between Gondokoro and northern Uganda.)The undefined western boundaries of the spheres created by the Anglo-Germany treaty of 1886 led to conflicts (Uganda and parts of Kenya). i.e. Carl Peters had moved to Bugandaand wanga and signed treaties with the rulers yet these were considered British spheres.There was also a strong need by Germany to get the Heligoland in Europe.The arrival of Germany warships in Zanzibar to bring Sultan Bargash under full control was against British will.British anxiety increased when it was rumored that the Germany imperial commissioner would visit Buganda.

HOW WERE THESE CONFLICTS RESOLVED (REFER TO THE 2 ANGLO GERMANTREATIES AND THEIR TERMS)Explain the effects of this conflict on the peoples of East Africa.

These were the Anglo-Germany agreements of 1886and 1890.The conflict led to negotiations between Germany and Britain. (the signing of Anglo- German agreements)By the 1886 agreement, the sultan’s dominion was limited to a ten-mile coastal strip.The sultan also acquired the towns of Brava, Kismayo, and Merca.The Germany area of influence was to consist of the area beyond the ten-mile coastal

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

strip from river Ruvuma in the south to river Umba on the foot hills of Mt Kilimanjaro.The British sphere of influence comprised the area north of river Umba.Witu in modern Kenya was to be a German enclave.But the 1886 agreement did not cater for Uganda which led to another scramble.The result was the 1890 agreement (Heligoland) treaty by which Britain got Uganda.While Germany received Heligoland (an Island in the North Sea) in compensationThe ten-mile coastal strip reverted to the Germans.The Germans also gave up Witu to the British.Zanzibar, Pemba, Mafia were to be under the British.Uganda was declared a British protectorate.The Uganda- Tanganyika border extended towards Congo border.The 1890 agreement virtually solved the conflict between Germany and Britain.German abandoned claim over Buganda and it was taken over by the British.It led to the effective occupation of East Africa by German and Britain.

What problems were faced by the European powers in the scramble and partition of EastAfrica?They faced a number of them as follows;Inadequate man power since they were few in number.Inadequate funds to meet their costs of administrationLanguage barrier as each tribe in East Africa had its own language.Their work was also affected by the religious wars in Buganda.Their activities were also affected by tropical diseases which claimed their already few staff.They were also attacked by wild animals like lions, leopards etcPoor communication between them and their home governments also delayed their activities.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

Geographical barriers like lakes, rivers and mountains slowed down their movements.The European powers rivaled each other and this delayed the scramble and partition. ( they often had clashes)Poor transport means affected their work. There being no well developed roads and railways.Frequent rebellions e.g. from the Nandi, Mwanga and Kabalega, Nyangire rebellion in Bunyoro 1907, Lamogi rebellion in acholi 1911-1912, Nyabingi rebellion in Ankole werea big challenge to the colonialists. The Arab slave traders also hindered their work. They were opposed to abolition of slave trade.

THE EFFECTS OF SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION IN EAST AFRICAThe East African states lost their independence and were subjected to European rule and administration e.g. Kenya and Uganda in were in the hands of the British while Tanzaniawas controlled by the Germans. Many African chiefs or kings were killed or sent into exile because of the scramble and partition in East Africa for example Kabalega and Mwanga were exiled while chiefMkwawa of the Hehe was beheaded for resisting German colonial rule in Tanganyika. The African chiefs and some of the coastal rulers lost their power and authority and were subjected to colonial rule e.g. Mwanga and Kabalega and also the sultan of ZanzibarBargash.They established new systems of administration i.e. indirect rule by the British and direct rule by the Germans.There was an increase of Europeans in East Africa for example many of them settled in the Kenya highlands. Thus Africans lost their land and were put into reserve camps e.g.the Maasai. After the partition, new boundaries were drawn and defined in East Africa without respect of the tribes which led to disunity of Africans.Slave trade was completely wiped out and replaced with legitimate trade in East Africa. Scramble and partition accelerated the construction and development of infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. There was maximum exploitation of resources in East Africa like Ivory, Minerals like Gold, Copper, and Cash crops like Cotton, Coffee, and Sisal etc.Agriculture was promoted and developed. Some cash crops like cotton was introduced in 1903 by sir Kenneth Borup. They also introduced new methods of farming.They developed legitimate trade, which enabled them to get raw materials for their industries and they sold their products to East Africans.They promoted the western culture in East Africa for example the way of dressing,

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

religion, building, eating habits etc.Taxes were introduced to be paid in form of money for example hut tax and gun tax, which encouraged the use of money.Western formal education was introduced which replaced informal African education. People were taught how to read and write.Administrative centers/posts were built in East Africa for example in Kampala, Nairobi and Dar-es-Salaam.Christianity was introduced and spread in East Africa whereby many people were converted from Islam to Christianity. Various churches were also constructed in EastAfrica.

METHODS USED TO ESTABLISH COLONIAL RULE IN EAST AFRICA.The European colonialists used Christian missionaries who paved the way for colonization by preaching the message of love and brotherhood which convinced theAfrican that it was a sin to fight against the Europeans.The signing of treaties and agreements with African chiefs was another method used by Europeans to colonize East Africa for example the 1900 Buganda agreement, the Maasaiagreement of 1804, and several other agreements. These assisted the British to establishtheir rule.They used African collaborators and opportunists to conquer and annex areas that were resistant to colonialists’ rule for example Apollo Kagwa and Semei Kakungulu(collaborated and extended colonial rule to northern Uganda, Nuwa Mbaguta was alsoused in Ankole etc.The use of explorers or adventurers for example Speke and Stanley who gave exaggerated reports to their home governments based on lakes, minerals, climate andmountains, which later attracted colonialists.Colonialists used the method of divide and rule for example by introducing different religions such as Catholics, Protestants etc. This created disunity against the enemy.The European colonialists also used the European settlers for example in the Kenya highlands. These settlers introduced agriculture, which generated funds for their colonialgovernments.They built communication lines for example the Uganda Railway which facilitated the movement of the British troops from the coast to the interior. These were later used toput down rebellions.They used bribery to make the chiefs and kings of East Africa convinced toward their colonial policies. The colonialists used the army of occupation to establish their rule in East Africa. This was effective in the areas of Bunyoro where the British used the army of occupation. Inother words they used military confrontations for example Kabalega of Bunyoro wasattacked by the army and the Germans attacked the Hehe.They built administrative posts and forts for defensive purposes against African resistors.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

Several forts were built over the border of Bunyoro and Toro and such stations were later used to establish colonial rule.They used chartered companies to establish colonial rule in East Africa for example IBEACO.The European colonialists also used gifts to the African leaders like chiefs and kings to persuade their people to accept colonialism.They used force to suppress resistance all of which maintained law and order i.e. military confrontation was used in hostile areas like Bunyoro, acholi, karamoja then British rulewould be established.Intimidation and threats were used to scare off the would be resistors. They would be hanged, burnt alive and others exiled like Mwanga and kabalega were exiled toSeychelles islands.In some areas mercenaries would be used to fight resistors e.g. the Sudanese were hired by Lugard to fight kabalega and the Nandi.Divide and rule method. They encouraged two or more unfriendly societies to remain enemies and thus could not unite against the imperialists e.g. Buganda and Bunyoro.They used trading companies to establish their rule. These ensured effective occupation and the areas they occupied were later claimed by their home governments.

THE BUGANDA AGREEMENT OF 1900This was signed between Sir Harry John stone and Kabaka Daudi Chwa who was only a young boy. Negotiations were therefore, conducted by three regents i.e. Zakaria KizitoKisingiri, Stanslaus Mugwanya and Apollo Kaggwa who signed on behalf of DaudiChwa. It was signed on 10th march 1900 at Mengo.REASONS FOR THE SIGNING OF THE 1900 BUGANDA AGREEMENT/ WHY WASTHE BUGANDA AGREEMENT SIGNED?It was signed between the Kabaka Daudi Chwa’s reagents Apollo kaggwa, Kisingiri and Stanslaus Mugwanya and Sir Harry John stone the British commissioner.

It was part of the British colonial effort to strengthen their administration in Buganda for effective occupation. (as per the Berlin conference)It was aimed at using Buganda as a spring board for the extension of the British rule to other areas. Later similar treaties were signed in Toro 1900 and Ankole 1901.It was to define the position of Buganda in Uganda. It was a way of recognizing Buganda for her role in extending colonial rule to other areas.It was to confirm that Buganda had submitted to the British rule. This treaty was later used to claim Buganda.The signing followed the verbal declaration of the Britishprotectorate over Uganda in 1894.It aimed at ending the existing political problems and conflicts between Buganda and

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

Uganda. To regulate and define the relationship between Buganda and the entire British colonial government.To end Kabalega’s rebellion as it was destabilizing the peace in the region.To end the threats of the Sudanese mutineers in the North, they always attacked demanding a lot of money from the British who had hired them in 1897 to help infighting kabalega.It was also signed to find a way of protecting the missionaries in Buganda i.e. to make Buganda safe for missionary activities.To set a platform for Buganda/Uganda’s political, social and economic developmentThe Buganda agreement was also signed to prepare for full exploitation of resources in Uganda officially.The Buganda agreement was signed to define the boundaries of Buganda and her neighbors and solve her conflicts with Bunyoro.It was to act as a reward Buganda for her support and cooperation in extending colonial rule. E.g. land that belonged to Bunyoro was given to Buganda (the two lost counties thatis Buyaga and Bugangaizi)It was to serve as a legal document meant to protect and safe guard the imperialist interests of the British. It was signed because the IBEACO had run bankrupt and no longer able to manage British East Africa on behalf of Britain.

TERMS OF THE AGREEMENTWHAT WERE THE TERMS/PROVISIONS OF THE BUGANDA AGREEMENT?The provisions of the agreement covered three main topics that is Land, Government and Taxation.It defined the actual boundaries of Buganda and this included the disputed areas taken from Bunyoro.Buganda’s land was divided into crown and Mailo land.Mailo land of 10000 sq miles was to be distributed among the Kabaka and royal family members, ministers and leading chiefs (roughly half the area of Buganda).The peasants who settled on this land had to pay rent to the Land lords. The chiefs looked after land on his behalf.Then crown land about 9000 sq miles was for the protectorate government for public

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

projects. It included lakes, forests, swamps and rocky areas( all natural resources had to be in the hands of the protectorate).The whole system of land tenure was changed, making it free hold i.e. the property of its owner rather than depended on the favor of the Kabaka. Chiefs and others had held landdirectly from the Kabaka in return for services rendered to him or the holding of somepublic officeAdministratively, Buganda was to become a province of equal status with other provinces in the protectorate that is Eastern, Western and Northern provinces.Buganda became a province within the protectorate but was still recognized as a kingdom with its own ruler. The others being the Eastern, Northern and Western provinces.The Kabaka was to rule under close supervision of a British representative and to receive an annual pay of 1500 dollars.The Kabaka’s ministers and advisors were recognized in the agreement as the government of Buganda. They included the three regents, 20 Saza chiefs and 66 othermembers of the Lukiiko chosen in the traditional way.Buganda laws were to remain in use/force as long as they did not conflict with any protectorate laws.The Kabaka was to govern through the Lukiiko which would formulate laws.Cases that involved foreigners were only to be handled by the protectorate government.Buganda was divided into 20 counties each under a Saza chief including the two lost counties of buyaga and bugangaiziThe Kabaka was entrusted with the power to appoint chiefs but to be approved by the protectorate government.The Kabaka had to be loyal to the protectorate government if he wished to retain his throne.Hut and gun tax of 3 rupees was introduced and all men above 18years were to pay a tax of three rupees.It was agreed that all revenue collected in Buganda was to go to the protectorate government.No taxes would be introduced without approval of the lukiiko and the consent of the Kabaka.Membership to the lukiiko totaled to 89 i.e. 60 notables, 20 Saza chiefs, 3 ministers (regents) and 6 Kabaka nominees.

EXPLAIN THE SIGNIFICANCE/ EFFECTS/ RESULTS OF THE 1900 BUGANDA

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

AGREEMENT?This agreement led to political, social and economic changes as seen below; It confirmed that Buganda was to remain part of Uganda. Initially Buganda fought to be independent.It elevated Buganda and placed her in a special position which led to Buganda’s need to secede from Uganda.It confirmed British rule over Buganda and Uganda at large which resulted to loss of independence till 1962.It accelerated the signing of other agreements with other regions like Toro in June 1900(with James Miti), Ankole 1901 with Nuwa Mbaguta and Bunyoro in 1903.It helped in redefining the boundaries of Buganda which comprised of 20 counties (dividing Buganda into 20 counties).It led to the distribution of the twenty counties to the different religious ideologies i.e. Catholics got 8, protestants 10 and Muslims 2.It led to the introduction of taxes I.e. a tax of three rupees was to be paid by all men above 18years.It fuelled conflicts between Buganda and Bunyoro especially after she lost the counties of buyaga and bugangaizi to Buganda.It led to a creation of positions in Buganda like the Katikiro (prime minister), Muwanika (finance minister) and Mulamuzi (chief justice)The Lukiiko was made more powerful e.g. it was given power to formulate laws, approve tax etc.The Kabaka’s powers were reduced/ trimmed like he no longer had power to distribute land, lost control over his chiefs as they became public servants.It promoted and encouraged the growth of cash crops like cotton, coffee which was to enable people pay tax.It led to a rise of squatters/ landless people (especially after the British protectorate took over crown land)It led to loss of Buganda’s independence. The Kabaka became an employee of the protectorate and could lose his position in case he did not cooperate with the British.The agreement encouraged other baganda to collaborate with the British like Appolo kaggwa and Semei Kakungulu.It led to the exploitation of Uganda’s resources like minerals and forests as a way of

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

raising funds for the administration of the protectorate.How did this agreement affect the people of uganda?THE UGANDA RAILWAYIt was called Uganda railway from the start because it was in that area that Britain’s main interest lay at that time.The idea of construction began as early as 1880’s by IBEACO but it only started after the company had withdrawn in 1892.

The survey was done in 1892 by captain J R Macdonald and the chief engineer sir George Whitehouse.The railway line took about 6 yrs to be complete, employed 32000 Indian coolies/workers and 5000 clerical staff/clerks and craftsmen mainly Indians and cost Britain.The construction of the railway started on 30th may 1896 from Mombasa through Port Florence( Kisumu) in 1901 to kampala and then it was extended to other parts of Uganda.

REASONS FOR THE CONSTRUCTIONWhy was the Uganda railway constructed?The construction of the Uganda railway started on May 30th 1896 at Mombasa, Kenya.The preliminary survey was done by captain JRC Macdonald of IBEACO.It was constructed to make economy of Uganda self reliant/sustainable so that it would pay for its costs of administration. The British wanted to have a firmer control over their spheres of influence that is Uganda and Kenya.It was constructed to ease administration of the British.The construction of the railway would help in the development of the interior in terms of agriculture and other economic activities like cash crop growing especially cotton, coffee,tobacco etc.To ease administration of the Uganda and Kenya for the colonialists.To provide transport for arms and military personnel.It was constructed for strategic reasons, that is to gain access to Uganda for easy control of the Nile.To make transport easier, cheaper and quicker.It was constructed to promote legitimate trade and effectively abolish slave trade. Slaves

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

would no longer be needed to carry goods.It was constructed to fulfill the doctrine of effective occupation as clearly put by the Berlin conference 1884-85. To conform to the berlin conference.It would help in the spread of Christianity i.e. to ease/ facilitate the work of the missionaries.It was meant to facilitate trade by opening up the interior.To link East Africa to the outside world.It was to open up Uganda for resource exploitation for instance it was extended to areas with minerals like kasese and areas that could support agriculture.It was also constructed to eliminate/forestall the lingering interests of other powers into Uganda e.g. Egypt that wished to control Uganda.Instigation from IBEA Company that pestered the British administration to start such ventures. (IBEA had recommended it but only lacked funds)

RAILWAY DEVELOPMENT IN EAST AFRICADescribe the development of the railway system in Kenya and Uganda up to1965.The preliminary survey was done in 1892 by captain JRC Macdonald of IBEACO. However, the construction work began when first line was laid at Mombasa on May 30th May, 1896 with George White House as the chief engineer.From Mombasa the line reached Voi in 1897.By the year 1898, the line had reached Tsavo where the builders faced attacks from the lions. In June 1899, the rail line reached Nairobi which acted as resting point and the constructors also developed Nairobi as a store for railway supplies. By 1900 the rift valley was crossed and on 20th December 1901 the rail reached Kisumu then named port Florence 870 km from its starting point.In 1912, Sir Hesketh Bell built a line connecting Kampala to port Bell (Luzira). This would connect Kampala to the steamer services and also to Kisumu to transport coffee.In 1912 the Jinja – Namasagali line was constructed from Jinja to kamuli to encourage cotton growing and exploit Busoga as a region. This was also aimed at connecting easternUganda to the steamer services on Lake Victoria.In 1913, the Nairobi-Thika line was extended from Nakuru northwards to Eldoret.In 1915, the railway reached Lake Magadi to exploit soda ash for making salt.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

In 1916 the rail line from Voi reached Moshi to exploit agricultural produce.In 1921, the line was extended from Nakuru northwards to Eldoret.In 1923, the line reached Jinja to facilitate the transportation of cotton, coffee, food stuff and people.In 1928, the Namasagali line was extended to Tororo which was connected to Eldoret. This was to collect limestone from tororo.In the same year, the line was extended from Kenya to Uganda via Tororo from Kisumu.In 1929, the Soroti line was constructed from Tororo through Mbale to encourage cotton and coffee growing and transportation of cattle products.In 1931, the line crossed the Nile to Kampala to transport coffee and other products from the East.In 1956, the line had reached kasese (kilembe mines) mainly to transport copper to Jinja for smelting.The line to west Nile reached Gulu in 1963.By 1965, the line had reached Pakwach via Gulu an extension from the Soroti line to pick coffee, Simsim, cotton etc.By 1970 the line had reached Arua to transport tobacco, coffee, cotton etc.N.B compare with Gideon Were.

PROBLEMS FACED DURING THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE UGANDA RAILWAY.They faced lack of enough funds/capital to run the construction, It was initially estimated at 2 million pounds but eventually it cost about 8 million pounds (poor planning)There were disagreements within the British parliament about the economic value of the railway which also delayed the process for about six years.There was labour shortage. They employed 32000 Indian coolies and 500 clerical staff which was not adequate.Similarly, Africans were reluctant to provide labour, the few who volunteered to work did not go beyond their homeland like the kamba.The constructors were faced with tropical diseases like malaria, sleeping sickness and small pox. The latter killed the British, Indians and Africans in 1899.Similarly, the Indian coolies were attacked by jiggers during the construction which slowed down the work.The constructors also faced water shortage e.g. the Nyika plateau was dry and waterless

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

in the Taru desert which delayed the work.The workers were also faced with famine which necessitated importation of food especially rice.They faced the problem of wild animals. At Tsavo National park, the builders were attacked in their camps by man eating lions, so that at one stage, in 1898, all work stalledfor three weeks. (Not until the lions were shot at by Colonel Patterson).Difficult landscape like the Eastern bend of the rift valley presented engineering problems due to escarpments making work difficult. Hostile African tribes like the Nandi, Maasai, Nyika resisted the construction of the railway. The Nandi in particular who raided camps, killed the workers, stole equipments,destroyed telegraphic lines hence delaying the construction.There was also hostility from their rivals the Germans who attacked them to make work difficult for their rivals the British.They were faced with communication challenges especially with the home government which caused delays in supplies.Language barrier was another obstacle during the construction since Africans, Indians and Britons were involved in construction work.The workers also lacked accommodation facilities during the construction of the railway.

EFFECTS OF THE RAILWAY CONSTRUCTIONHow did the construction of the Uganda railway affect the people of Kenya and Uganda?Explain the contribution of the Uganda railway to the development of East Africa.Transport and communication from the interior to the coast was made easier and quicker. The railway promoted international and local trade in east Africa e.g. local markets were createdIt linked Uganda to the outside world.It opened up Uganda and Kenya for exploitation of natural resources like mining.It widened employment opportunities in East Africa like drivers, clerical staff, traffic and station managers.It promoted the effective abolition of slave trade and head porterage.It led to immigration of many Europeans, Asians into East Africa.It led to establishment of commercial enterprises/ businesses especially by the Asians.It led to increased growth of cash crops like cotton in Uganda and pyrethrum in Kenya.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

It also made possible the export of cash crops especially cotton because of the reliable means of transport.The extension of the railway in Uganda led to development feeder roads that linked up railway stations. Due to the railway, Uganda and Kenya were opened for exploitation of natural resources e.g. mining.It also led to the complete abolition of slave trade and head porterage in East Africa as goods would now be transported by train.It led to urbanization along the railway lines like Kampala, Jinja, Kisumu, Nakuru and Nairobi.It led to the development of small scale industries/ manufacturing industries in areas like Jinja, Kampala i.e. cotton ginneries, copper smelting, coffee processing factories.It led to effective British administration. It enabled them to establish a firmer control over Uganda and Kenya leading to loss of independence.It led to the introduction of taxes especially import and export taxes.It led to the monetization of the economy as the Asians brought rupees and paper money.It led to loss of land by those African communities that occupied the areas where the railway line had to pass like the Nandi, Maasai.The railway facilitated the activities of Christian missionaries which led to the spread of Christianity.It confirmed Britain’s effective colonial administration over Kenya and Uganda.

THE EUROPEAN COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION POLICIES IN EAST AFRICACASE STUDY; THE BRITISH COLONIAL POLICY IN UGANDAINDIRECT RULEThis system was popularized/introduced by Captain Fredrick Lugard in his book the dual mandate who also advocated for its use in British colonies.This was a system where administration was entrusted to the native chiefs and traditional rulers. They would pass on orders to traditional rulers who in turn would pass on suchorders to their subjects. By this the British were ruling indirectly. The traditional rulerswere allowed to remain some considerable power like power to collect taxes, preside overlocal courts while the British only came in as supervisors.This system worked well in centralized states like Buganda, Ankole, and Toro etcThis system made use of collaborators like Semei Kakungulu, sir Apollo Kagwa Nuwa Mbaguta etc

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

This system had successfully been used in India, western Kenya and northern Nigeria.His system eroded African independence without them knowing.This system was built on the divide and rule principle.In this system, Africans acted as shock absorbers i.e. the whites were free from threats and resistances.

WHY DID THE BRITISH APPLY INDIRECT RULE IN UGANDA?It was cheap since only petty gifts and presents would be given to Africans for their services. On the other hand, it would have been very expensive to maintain Europeanworkers.They (British) did not have enough man power to rule directly and therefore native officials had to be used.The system would bind fold the Africans to think that their chiefs are still in power.Some areas were remote and inaccessible due to poor transport and communication.It was the best way to entrenching colonial rule without realization of the subjects.It allowed dual benefit that is both black and whites would benefit.The British realized that the traditional rulers already commanded respect and obedience from their people like in Buganda the kabaka was highly respected.It had worked well elsewhere like in India where it proved cost effective hence the need to use in Uganda.It would easily solve communication problems since the Africans knew languages of fellow. Africans.Presence of good local administration in areas where it was applied made them apply indirect rule. (There were already established administrative institutions)The British wanted to look unique not to use a method similar to that of their rivals i.e. Germans used direct rule, the French assimilation and later association.Local rulers understood their local people better since they associated with them, knew their challenges, understood their customs etc. this also implies that they could not resistthem the way they would have done to the whites.It was to act as a form of reward to the communities that had cooperated like Buganda. i.e. they were left with their institutions not destroyed.They feared to directly move in some areas infested with diseases.They wished to preserve, respect, adopt and develop African social and political institutions they found in place like the local courts, laws and roles of traditional chiefs.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

The British wanted to enable Africans to acquire leadership skills and learn better administration.HOW INDIRECT RULE WORKED:At the apex of this system, was the secretary for colonies based in London and was the minister in charge of colonies.

Below him were governors based in the respective colony heading the colonial administration (in Uganda, Entebbe was the head quarters) and they were answerable tothe colonial secretary.Below governors were also provincial commissioners heading provinces and these were answerable to the governors.Below the provincial commissioners, were district commissioners (they headed districts), they took orders and worked under his close supervision of the provincial commissioners.To ease administration, districts were subdivided into counties each under a county chief. These took orders from district officials.The county chief was supposed to maintain law and order, collect taxes used to develop roads, schools and health centers.Counties were sub-divided into sub counties under the sub county chief. These were Africans and were answerable to the county chiefs.Sub counties were also broken into small units called parishes under parish chiefs who were answerable to sub county chiefs.Parishes were sub divided into sub parishes under the sub parish chief and these took orders from the parish chiefs.The sub parishes were divided into villages under village chiefsBelow sub parish chiefs were village head men heading every village and got orders from sub parish chiefs. (inquire more)Under British administration, the Africans featured in the local government while the whites controlled the central government acting as supervisors.In areas with no centralized administration, the British created chiefs and a council of elders to extend their rule.In the west like Ankole, the British used the Bairu (had no royal blood) to rule over the Bahima.To ease administration, the British also set up administrative posts, roads and railway lines.

EFFECTS/ WEAKNESSES OF INDIRECT RULE IN UGANDATHE SYSTEM HAD BOTH POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE EFFECTS AS FOLLOWS;It created a class of ambitious ugandans who pleased the British and neglected their fellow Africans. E.g. Semei Kakungulu, sir Apollo Kagwa.It encouraged self centered thinking among Ugandans.It made some areas to develop secession tendencies like Buganda.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

It created disunity among the people of Uganda especially in terms of hatred, tribalism.The policy favored Buganda over other areas. This is because she had a developed kiganda model of administration.It enabled introduction of new taxes like gun, hut and poll tax.Under the system, serious education was neglected. Africans were given elementary education so that they ended up serving only as clerks, secretaries, interpreters to be usedin colonial administration at the expense of technical education.It created a class of conservative Africans who were against any new ideas. They felt comfortable under the British and later delayed struggles for independence.The policy brought religion in the politics of Buganda and Uganda. e.g. Political posts in Buganda were given according to religion like the katikiro supposed to be a Protestantplus other big offices.The policy promoted exploitation of Uganda’s resources. Africans had to grow cash crops, work on European farms and pay taxes. The African chiefs were used toimplement these economic policies. The policy made the African rulers unpopular among their subjects who looked at them as traitors who had sold them to the British.The policy saved Uganda from becoming a settler colony. This was because Africans were used cheaply to extend their rule and so there was no need employ the British whowould have also settled in the region.Indirect rule checked on the spread of Islam as many were influenced to convert to Christianity.It enabled acquisition of leadership skills by the Africans.The kiganda model of administration was spread to other parts of Uganda.It delayed the attainment of independence by Uganda.

PROBLEMS FACED BY THE BRITISH IN UGANDAThere were many rebellions against the British rule like Nyangire rebellion in Bunyoro 1907, Lamogi rebellion in Acholi 1911-12, Nyabingi rebellion in Ankole.The British failed to create central authority in East and Northern Uganda which made their rule weak.Language barrier due to presence of many languages and therefore, passing orders and policies was difficult.Buganda agents used by the British were not loyal to the British like Semei- Kakungulu had his own interests.The British involved themselves in religious wars in Buganda between the catholic and Protestants which created confusion and insecurity in the protectorate.Diseases like malaria, sleeping sickness killed some of the British officials.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

They lacked proper communication for instance communication from Entebbe to other parts was not easy as the roads were poor. This also made it difficult for them to access north and north eastern Uganda. They failed to introduce a uniform economic activity in Uganda. For instance the cattle keepers in Ankole resisted cash crop growing.They did not understand the geography of Uganda and this made their work difficult.The cost of administration was also high since they had to pay the chiefs and kings.The colonial government lacked enough man power especially the trained and skilled labour.The growth of nationalism in Uganda was a challenge to them. It led to the formation of political parties like the Uganda National congress, the Democratic Party and KabakaYekka which opposed British policies and demanded self rule.Buganda which had cooperated with the British later also turned against them e.g. in 1953 they boycotted non African (Asian) shops the deportation of their king FredrickMuteesa. (also known as the kabaka crisis)There was Sudanese mutiny problem in 1897, in a bid to extend their equatorial province southwards; they continued to attack northern Uganda.

BRITISH COLONIAL ECONOMIC POLICIES IN EAST AFRICAAgriculture: here they forced Africans to grow cash crops for them to finance their costs of administration. They introduced cotton, coffee and tea which also fed their industries.Taxation: they introduced a hut tax of three rupees.Industrialization: they set up simple processing plants such as cotton ginneries but neglected serious industrialization.Forced labour: they forced Africans to provide man power on their plantations, during construction of roads and railways.Land alienation: here Africans were chased from their own land and occupied by the white settlers like in the Kenyan highlands.Transport: here murram roads were built. The railway was extended from Mombasa to Kampala in 1931. Water transport was also improved upon by introducing a steamer onLake Victoria to connect Kampala to port bell.Education: they built schools like Gayaza high in 1905, Kings College Buddo 1906, Namilyango College 1902, Ngora high school 1904, SMACK 1908.Health: in the field of health, several health centers and hospitals were set up like Nsambya hospital, Mengo hospital.They introduced a currency system to replace barter system like use Indian rupees and then coins.Urbanization: the protectorate government developed trading centers, towns along the railway lines like Mombasa, Nakuru, Nairobi and Kisumu in Kenya while in Uganda theyinclude Kampala, Jinja, and Tororo.

HOW GERMAN ESTABLISHED HER RULE IN TANGANYIKA.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

They majorly used force e.g.to defeat the Hehe, Abushiri, maji-maji rebellions after which they established their rule. The Germans also used explorers e.g. Jacob Erhardt who drew a sketch map of East Africa, David Livingstone who reported about the evil of slave trade in Tanganyika notforgetting his reports about areas with economic resources.They signed treaties with chiefs e.g. Carl Peters signed treaties with chiefs from Usagara, Usambara etc which were used to occupy areas later.They also used collaborators e.g. chief Marere of Sangu helped them to defeat Mkwawa of the Hehe, the Arabs in unyanyembe to defeat chief Isike.They ruled through agents called Akidas and Jumbes. The Jumbes were headmen or leaders of clans or small groups. A number of Jumbes were under the authority of anAkida. The Akidas were Arabs or Swahilis and they always treated the people badly.The Germans used intimidation and threats to perpetuate their rule. They always treated the resistors badly e.g. chief Mkwawa even after killing himself, was beheaded and thehead sent to Berlin, Meli a Chagga and son of chief Mandara was captured and hangedand this made the Chagga to give up.They used the traders to extend their rule. Carl Peters and his company signed treaties that helped later, he built roads, he provided man power hence preparing Tanganyika forGermany rule.They developed communication network which helped them to extend their rule e.g. in 1891 a railway line was built to connect the coast to Tanganyika.They just like the British used Christian missionaries to consolidate their rule. They preached, softened and weakened the hearts of Africans making it very easy to take overTanganyika later.

THE GERMAN COLONIAL POLICY IN TANGANYIKAGerman rule started in January 1891when they took full control of Tanganyika from the GEACO and they used direct rule.DIRECT RULE:Under this system, the Germans themselves administered the Africans i.e. they directly controlled Tanganyika.It was started and popularized by Carl Peters

They also created chiefs where they did not exist.It denied local chiefs powers which were given to the Akidas and Jumbes.It was full of dictatorship which was greeted with several rebellions.The system was started and popularized by Carl Peters.

WHY DID THEY APPLY DIRECT RULE?It was a system of administration where the Germans themselves administered the Africans. In direct rule traditional chiefs lost their political power which was given to German

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

agents like the Akidas and Jumbes.The Germans used it because they used force to capture many parts of Tanganyika and so to maintain them, direct rule had to be used.German believed that direct rule will help them to effectively exploit and benefit from African resources.They wished to impose and promote their culture which they believed was superior over the Africans. They could only achieve this by imposition.They had experienced earlier revolts and therefore had to employ the harsh Akidas and jumbes to perpetuate their rule and tame the Africans.Tanganyika lacked many centralized kingdoms that would have produced enough chiefs to be used in administration and therefore, direct rule had to be used by the Germans.The Germans were also being threatened by the British in Tanganyika and for this reason, they used direct rule.The Germans believed in the Berlin conference principle of effective occupation which promoted the use of direct rule.It is also suggested that German lacked experience in tropical countries and did not trust local rulers in Africa thus they ended up using direct rule.They believed that it was a way of creating employment to German settlers who were unemployed.Bismarck’s policy of Blood and iron inspired them to use force in controlling their colonies and this force needed direct rule.German also joined the scramble and partition quite late and therefore, to quicken the colonization process, she used direct rule.The Germans were inexperienced in colonial administration e.g. they were ever reacting and fond of using force therefore direct rule was the only suitable policy.They also wanted to be unique not to use the same method used by their rivals the British. They never wished to use the system used by their rivals.They wished to avoid expenses of training Africans who would work for them as this would strain their budget.The Germans believed they had enough man power to administer the colony and therefore, saw no need of using Africans.They were proud and therefore wished to stay above the Africans. NB. No wonder they had to hand over the colony to the British later due to poor management.

DESCRIBE HOW DIRECT RULE WORKEDIt was started and popularized by carl Peters

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

At first most governors were soldiers. The governor was the head of the colony based in Dar es Salaam.The governor was answerable to the in charge of colonies in Berlin.In 1904 a governor’s council was set up to advise the governor and was composed of only Europeans.To ease administration, Tanganyika was divided into districts. They totaled to 22 by 1914)Two of the districts that is Mahenge and Iringa were under military control.Every district was to be managed by a district officer.Every district had a police force and a small army to maintain law and order. The district officers collected taxes, appointed and dismissed African chiefs.A district head also acted as a judge, presiding over cases.Just like the British the districts were divided into counties and counties into sub counties and sub counties into villages.The districts that proved hostile were put under military rule e.g. Mahenge and Iringa.Below the district heads/officials were Swahili Arabs called Akidas who worked in counties.Below them were the Jumbes who took charge of villages.These were very harsh to Africans and made German rule very unpopular.The role of the Akidas and Jumbes was to collect taxes. They could also appoint and dismiss junior chiefs.German administration replaced African chiefs with German personnel and their agents.Whenever, possible they also made use of African chiefs to assist in governing the district.However, among the nyamwezi, local rulers were left to carry out their roles but to serve the governor.In some areas like among the Chagga which had organized leadership, they applied indirect rule like the British.Generally, their rule was characterized by mal administration, harsh tax collection methods, forced labour, harsh administration by the Akidas and Jumbes. It is that madethem suffer uprisings like the Maji-maji rebellions, Abushiri and Hehe rebellions.

EFFECTS OF DIRECT RULEHOW DID THE GERMAN DIRECT SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATION AFFECTTHE PEOPLE OF TANGANYIKAIt led unrest characterized by rebellions like Abushiri revolt 1888-90, maji-maji 1905, Hehe 1891-98 as people expressed their resentfulness against harsh governance by theAkidas and Jumbes.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

It contributed to the growth of nationalism as masses organized themselves into revolutionary movements to fight for self rule.The system generally led to loss of independence among Africans i.e. the Akidas and Jumbes took over.It made many Africans/ chiefs to be denied their powers as it was given to the Akidas and Jumbes.Many people lost their lives and property in the course of imposing German rule and quelling rebellions.Famine broke out in Tanganyika as the Africans were forced to grow cash crops and scorched earth policyThe Germans developed infrastructures though it was to aid exploitation of resources.Africans suffered forced labour with little or no pay on cotton plantations of the Germans.Those Africans who were loyal to German rule were appointed Akidas.They forced Africans to grow cotton which angered the Africans.There was loss of land by the Africans for the Germans to set up plantations.Many Africans chiefs inclusive were flogged and humiliated in public by the Jumbes and Akidas.It led to erosion of African cultures and customs. Women were raped, shrines destroyed. (Young men got asylum when they slept with their chief’s wife).They introduced a heavy tax of 3 rupees yet the way of collection was equally harsh and this was not received well by the Africans.There was outbreak of famine due to wars and unsettled life.Western culture and civilization was promoted by construction schools and churches.

WHAT CHANGES DID THE BRITISH INTRODUCE IN THE ADMINISTRATIONOF TANGANYIKA BETWEEN 1919 AND 1939? (EFFECTS OF INDIRECT RULE INTANGANYIKA)The British took over Tanganyika in 1919 as a mandated territory. This was after Germany had lost world war1 and was forced to surrender all her colonies includingTanganyika to the League of Nations, which mandated Britain to administer the area onher behalf. The British then established a new administration and made the followingchanges;Britain appointed a new first British governor sir Horace Byatt who was to be assisted by four members of the executive.In his administration, Byatt retained the Akidas, Jumbes and generally the whole German administration.The British were faced with the challenge of reviving the damaged economy.British governor sir Horace Byatt was later accused of failure to recover the economy and close the gap created by the Germans between the rulers and ruled.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

Governor Sir Horace Byatt was therefore, replaced with a new governor, Donald Cameron in 1925.Cameron started by instituting indirect rule to close the gap between the people of Tanganyika and the government.He also established the Native authority ordinance in 1926.Africans were empowered to collect taxes, carry out some administrative duties including administering justice.Also in 1926, the Tanganyika legislative council was established by Cameron comprising of 13 officials and 7 unofficial members.With this, settlers were to be represented on the legislative council while Africans were limited to the local council (they were to participate in politics at the lower level)To win African support, Cameron gave them land that previously belonged to the settlers.In his administration, Europeans were denied chance to buy land for large estates.Cameron encouraged Africans to grow cash crops on their shambas e.g. Arabica coffee, cotton to improve their standards of living.Taxation was also introduced in Tanganyika to enable the British meet the cost of administration.Transport was developed e.g. roads and railways to connect to productive areas.The mining industry was also developed at Geita, Musoma and Mwansa districts where gold deposits were exploited.Education was encouraged a schools were set up to teach Africans.Ex-service men were resettled and their grievances looked into, like giving them land.Slavery and slave trade that had persisted in Tanganyika was finally brought to an end by 1922.

AFRICAN RESPONSE/REACTION TO THE ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIALRULEThe Africans in response to colonial rule reacted in two major ways i.e. collaboration and resistance.The major collaborators included Semei Kakungulu, Apollo Kaggwa, Laibon Lenana of the Maasai, Nuwa Mbaguta, Nabongo Sakwa Mumia of Wanga, and omukama kasagamaof Toro etc.The resistors included Kabalega, the Nandi of Kenya, and Mwanga etcHowever, there are some people who never resisted from the very beginning but when they realized that the white man had actually come to stay, they later resisted. They arereferred to as secondary resistors and they included chief Mkwawa of the Hehe, Abushiriresistance at the coast, Maji- Maji rebellion, Mau Mau rebellion.

WHY THEY CHOSE TO COLLABORATE WITH THE COLONIALISTSThese were Africans who chose to ally with the Europeans

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

The collaborators were the maasai led by laibon lenana, wanga under nabongo Sakwa, Buganda under Mutesa 1, Toro under kasagama, semei kakungulu etc The reasons for their collaboration were political, social and economic. They admired change in terms of civilization, modernity and Christianity like Muteesa 1 of Buganda hence collaboration.Others collaborated because they wanted to preserve their independence. They thought that by collaborating they would be left t rule themselves.Some societies had been hit by natural disasters like famine, disease, drought and there were too weak to stage a resistance against the colonialists hence collaboration like thekikuyu, Chagga, Maasai etc.The military strength/might of the colonial powers also made them collaborate.The missionary activities in East Africa influenced many societies to collaborate. They had weakened and softened the minds and hearts of the Africans and also convertedmany.Some Africans were opportunists who expected to gain materially and promote their personal interests like Semei Kakungulu, Apollo Kagwa etcOthers did it out of ignorance thinking that the Europeans were here as visitors and for a short time.They collaborated because of the peaceful methods used by the colonialist like treaty signing.Others collaborated because the white man had come to stop slave trade which had caused a lot of misery in their midst. To get military support to be used to defeat their enemies e.g. Toro and Buganda cooperated with the British to defeat Bunyoro.Some societies collaborated because their immediate rivals had chosen to resist. For instance, when Bunyoro resisted, Toro and Buganda collaborated; the Maasaicollaborated because the Nandi had resisted. (They wished to see their rival crushed.)

Effects of their collaboration in ugandaIt led to los of independence of uganda.It led to influx of Europeans into uganda.It led extension of british rule to other parts of Uganda.It led to the defeat and capture of resistors like Mwanga, kabalega forinstance with the help of semei kakungulu.It led to loss of power and authority by Uganda chiefs.It led to the establishment of the indirect system of administration in Uganda.It led to exploitation of resources by the Europeans.It led to promotion of cash crop growing in Uganda like cotton, coffee etcIt led to introduction of formal education in Uganda.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

It led to the spread of Christianity in Uganda.It led to the development of legitimate trade.The effects were both positive and negative.

EXAMPLES OF COLLABORATORS (case studies)SEMEI LWAKILENZI KAKUNGULU

He Was a born of Kooki in 1870 and served as a page at the kabaka’s palace but originally a hunter.In his youth, he joined the royal army of Buganda where he proved to be a genius and this won him the title general.While at the kabaka’s palace, he became close the CMS which saw him converting to Christianity.At the time of religious wars in Buganda, he fought on the side of the missionaries and helped in overthrowing Kalema and his Muslims who were controlling Mengo. He wasthen appointed chief of Kyagwe (Bugerere).As a sub county chief, he encouraged cotton growing, payment of taxes, road construction etcIn 1890, he decided to ally with the British for mainly selfish interests i.e he hoped to curve out his empire.In 1890, he was made the in charge of the northern conquests (territories that Buganda had got from Bunyoro) since he was a competent soldier.Between 1893 and 1894, he helped the British in the fight against the Bunyoro.Still in 1893, he also helped in the defeat of the Baganda Muslims who retreated to Toro. In1895 he led a delegation of the kumam and iteso elders to Buganda seeking kabaka’s protection.In 1897, he collaborated with the British to end the Sudanese mutiny. (mercenaries formerly used by the British) and after he was awarded a medal for his efforts.He also assisted the British in their defeat and capture of Kabalega and Mwanga in Lango with the help of col Evatts in 1899.With his band of armed followers, he moved into Teso, Lango, Bugisu, bukedi and brought them within the authority of the protectorate government between 1894 and1904. He then introduced the pattern of administration used in Buganda, dividing theminto counties and sub counties, with baganda agents in each.He set up his headquarters at Budaka and bukedi and built a fort at Buruuli to monitor kumam, Teso, Bugisu, bukedi. He also recruited local labour to build roads.He was then given another title/nickname ‘Kabaka of Bukedi’ by sir Harry John stone as reward for bringing bugweri and Bugisu under the British.But the British started fearing his fame and popularity and so in 1901, his headquarters at

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

bukedi was taken over by a British officer. He moved to Nambumali /Mbale which was also taken over in 1903 and became the head quarters of British administration. (The British accused him of causing disorder in eastern Uganda)He did not give up his ambition, in 1906, he successively took over Busoga and as a reward he was appointed President of Busoga lukiiko.While there he founded the post of kyabazinga (paramount chief of Busoga and he crowned himself the first kyabazinga of Busoga.But in 1913, he was removed from office and taken back to bukedi as Saza chief.Feeling disappointed, he rebelled against the british and became involved in a religious sect, the abamalaki (the society of almighty God) which rejected missionary preachingand western medicine and demanded a return to the ways of the past. But this only losthim prestige and respect he had enjoyed among the British,As a collaborator, he carried out a number of reforms that made him a darling of the British e.g. he built administrative posts in Budaka and Mbale which the British used asmilitary bases later.Kakungulu also constructed roads in bugisu like the bubulo-nabumali road and in busoga, the iganga-budaka road.He encouraged the basoga to grow cotton and the bagisu to grow coffee.He encouraged the planting of mivule trees and mangoes in eastern Uganda.He introduced the kiganda way of administration in all areas he conquered which was in line with indirect rule (involved dividing the area into counties (saza), sub counties(gombolola), parishes (muluka).In the health sector, he established Budaka dispensary.Through his efforts, the railway was extended to Eastern Uganda to get cotton and coffee.In 1923, the colonial government ended his activities on a retirement package of 3000 dollars.In 1929, he passed on and was buried in Mbale without realizing his dream of curving out for himself a great empire.

WHY DID KAKUNGULU COLLABORATE WITH THE BRITISH?He was born around 1870 at Kooki and grew up as a page at the kabaka’s palace. He also served in the royal army of Buganda where he left a amark as a good fighter.His first posting as the in charge of the northern area gave him the first taste of power and created an impetus in him to conquer and rule other areas hence collaboration.His interactions with the missionaries influenced him to collaborate. He believed they would help him achieve his goals/ ambitions.He wished to use his British connection to extend Buganda’s influence to other regions. This explains why wherever he captured; he would introduce the buganda way ofadministration. (dividing it into counties, subcounties and parishes)

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

He was an opportunist who expected material rewards from the British as a result of collaboration possibly in form of clothes, employment etcHaving failed to get a position in the Buganda government, he could have felt disappointed/ frustrated making him to collaborate. (he had failed to obtain the office ofKatikiro)He had insatiable ambition for power and leadership which may have forced him to collaborate. E.g. he at one point crowned himself kyabazinga of Busoga to satisfyambitions.Because of his lowly origins, he wished to earn himself fame and recognition.He believed that the surest way to protect buganda from her enemies like Bunyoro was by collaborating with the british.It was part of indirect rule system to look for shrewd and brave Africans thus kakungulu unknowingly availed hiself.His administrative abilities also brought him close to the british since they wished to exploit it for their own benefits.Kakungulu may have collaborated out of ignorance only to be used by the british as a tool in extending colonial rule.However, in 1929, he died a disappointed man after failing to realize his dream of creating an empire of his own.

RESULTS OF HIS COLLABORATIONHis collaboration led to extension of British rule in Eastern region like busoga, bugisu, teso and kumam. He convinced fellow Baganda to accept British rule as a result of his collaboration. It led to the establishment of administrative posts in the Eastern region especially in Mbale, Nambumali, Budaka which the british used as their bases.Roads were established like mbale-tirinyi, bubulo-nabumali, iganga-budaka as a result of his collaboration.etc.In the health sector, medical centers were founded wherever posts were established e.g. the dispensary at Budaka.The kiganda style of administration was introduced in Eastern Uganda, where he divided the conquered areas into counties, subcounties with baganda agents being appointed to bein charge.He united the basoga and ended conflicts between the bagweri, bagisu and itesots.He encouraged the planting of Mivule trees and mangoes in Eastern Uganda.Cash crop growing was encouraged for instance he introduced cotton growing in busoga,

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

and coffee in bugisu.Kakungulu was given a big chunk of land in Mbale as a reward for his role in extending colonial rule.The railway line was extended to Eastern Uganda for instance by 1930 the line had reached Tororo to collect cotton and coffee.It led to the defeat and capture of kabaka Mwanga and omukama kabalega in Lango who were a threat to the colonialists.He died in 1929 and therefore did not gain from his collaboration.He formed his own religion called Abamalaki.The results of his collaboration were both positive and negative.

SIR APOLO KAGWAHe was born around 1869 and served as a page during the reign of Mutesa 1 and Mwanga.When the missionaries arrived, he became protestant hence acquiring the name Apollo.He preached the gospel and converted many.When Mwanga came to power, Kagwa survived death because of his religious beliefs.Being very shrewd he became very influential and later took the office of the katikiro in Buganda.The British rewarded him with 30square miles of land due to his good works as a katikiro.In the 1885 religious wars, he with Lugard armed the Protestants against the Catholics which made him more popular.He witnessed and saw the signing of Mwanga-Gerald Portal treaty in 1893.He also assisted in extending British rule in Uganda. E.g. gave a hand in defeating Bunyoro.Just like kakungulu, he fought against the Sudanese rebels/mutineers which won him admiration of the British.He with his allies the British proclaimed Daudi Chwa the infant son of Mwanga as new Kabaka.He participated in the signing of the 1900 Buganda agreement together with Stanslaus Mugwanya and Zakaria Kisingiri which sold Buganda to the British.He encouraged education and enrolled young boys and girls into mission schools.He also encouraged the growth of cash crops especially cotton.He was in 1902 knighted ‘sir’ as a reward for his work in extending British rule. (this occurred when he attended the coronation of sir Edward V11 in England).

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

However, he also conflicted with the British because he was protecting the lukiiko and Buganda’s traditions.In 1926, he resigned and died on 21st 1927 Feb. He fell sick in Nairobi on his way to London to complain to the colonial secretary.

LAIBON LENANA OF THE MAASAI (they can be branded secondary collaboratorsbecause they tried to resist but gave in later)Following the death of Laibon Mbatien, there was a conflict between his sons Sendeyo and Lenana over succession.As a result, there was a split of the Maasai into two; sendeyo’s group that moved to northern TZ and Lenana’s group that stayed in Kenya.Laibon Lenana in his rule faced a number of challenges ranging from attacks from Sendeyo’s group, from the kikuyu, famine, disease etc.Under these circumstances, Laibon approached the British for assistance to get out of his problems.They agreed to cooperate and even allowed the railway line to pass through their land uninterrupted.From then, Lenana’s warriors called Moran punished those who refused to cooperated with the British.The Maasai also helped the British to defeat other tribes like kikuyu and Nandi and their cattle raided.Laibon Lenana became fame and got a lot of cattle as appreciation for his support and turned to be paramount chief of Maasai.But this friendship did not last long, it all changed when Francis Hall the British agent left and replaced by Charles Eliot.The Maasai no longer being a threat, Charles Eliot planned to give their land to the Europeans.In 1904, the first agreement was signed with the Maasai. The outcome was that they were put in two reserves i.e. South of Ngong hill and others in LaikpieAnother agreement was signed was signed in 1911 and the Maasai had to move south to Ngong and Laikpie.Lenana died in 1911 and the Maasai were to move to the southern reserve.

NUWA MBAGUTA OF ANKOLEHe was born around 1867 and spent his life at the Omugabe Ntare IV’s court, having lost all his parents.He worked as a page at the king’s court.History has it that he was courageous enough to enter Omugabe’s bed room and due to this he was praised since the bed room was respected and feared.He was also a wrestler and this made him to be liked by the Omugabe and later joined the Omugabe’s army.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

On the arrival of the British, he cooperated with them and this earned him more fame.He participated in the signing of the 1894 agreement of friendship and protection on behalf of Ntare IV.He encouraged the construction of roads especially that which connected Ankole to Toro which made the work of sir Harry John Stone( the british commissioner) easy.He was in 1900 appointed the prime minister of Ankole a creation of Sir Harry John Stone.He reached another treaty with the British in 1901 where the British promised to protect Ankole against Bunyoro.Because of her collaboration, Ankole enjoyed some form of independence. Ankole was also given territories like Mpororo, Igara, Buziba and Buhweju.He encouraged the growth of cash crops like coffee and cotton.He retired from duties in 1938 and died in 1944.

Nabongo Mumia of Wanga (RESEARCH)RESISTANCE TO COLONIAL RULE

Resistance was where African societies/ individuals refused to cooperate with the colonialists in extending colonial rule. Resistance was in two forms namely primary andsecondary resistance.Resistance in Africa was classified into two that is primary and secondary resistance.Primary resistances comprised those African individuals or groups that opposed Europeans as they first stepped in Africa like Kabalega. While secondary resistancecomprised those African individuals or groups that opposed after realizing/tasting/experiencing their oppressive policies forinstance Mwanga.Case studies;Kabaka Mwanga of BugandaOmukama Kabalega of BunyoroChief Awich of PayeraChief Mukwawa of the HeheThe Maji-Maji rebellionThe Abushiri resistanceThe Nandi resistanceThe mau-mau Rebellion

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

WHAT FACTORS DETERMINED AFRICAN RESISTANCES IN EAST AFRICABEFORE 1914? Why did Africans resist colonial rule?These were Africans who chose to resist the Europeans or refused to cooperate/ ally with the whites in establishing colonial rule.Some examples of resistors include Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda, Kabalega of Bunyoro, and chief Mkwawa of Hehe.Resistance was seen as the only way of preserving their independence among societies like Bunyoro, Nandi, and Hehe etc.Other societies resisted because their enemies had collaborated for instance the Nandi resisted because the Maasai had collaborated.Other local leaders resisted because they believed they were strong militarily. E.g Kabalega thought he was strong and that is why he staged a resistance.Some societies resisted because of the harsh economic policies like forced labour, heavy taxation, land alienation e.g. forced cotton growing caused maji maji rebellion inTanganyika in 1905.The need to defend African culture and customs also made some societies resist.They resisted because the Europeans used forceful means e.g. Bunyoro resisted because the British used force on them.Some resisted because they were influenced by their traditional beliefs e.g. the maji maji rebellion was driven by belief in the magic water of prophet kinjikitile.Africans resisted to protect their economic interests e.g. the coastal Arabs and Swahili traders resisted the abolition of slave trade.African societies also resisted colonial rule depending on the direction they entered from. E.g. bishop Hannington was killed because he entered from the east.They also resisted because they became aware of the evil intentions of the colonialists. Because they attempted to stop expansion wars carried out by some kingdoms e.g. Kabalega resisted because the British wanted to stop his expansion into Ankole, Toro,Lango, Buganda etc

WHY DID THE AFRICAN RESISTANCE AGAINST COLONIAL RULE FAIL BY 1914?Lack of modern weapons/arms since most of them were armed with old guns while others used spears, arrows, bows and swordsDisunity among most African societies weakened them e.g. buganda and Bunyoro, Nandi and Maasai etc

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

Lack of fighting skills among African societies led to their defeat since they had not experienced or fought any war.The divide and rule policy used by the Europeans which took advantage of the existing local rivalries.The use of force by the colonialists in quelling revolts scared Africans further.The arrest and killing of most ring leaders like chief Mkwawa of Hehe who was beheaded demoralized most African fighters.The reliance on false traditional beliefs as a method of fighting led to their defeat e.g. the people of Tanganyika who believed in the magic water which did not work.Religious divisions instituted by the missionaries weakened the spirit of togetherness and nationalism like in buganda and Uganda at large.Natural calamities like famine, drought and epidemic disease also worked against most African resistances.It was the age of scramble and partition and this increased European determination to take control of East Africa.The impact of slave trade especially on southern communities of Tanganyika disorganized and weakened Africans leading to their failure to resist colonialists.

CASE STUDIES OF RESISTANCESKABAKA MWANGA OF BUGANDAMwanga was born to kabaka Mutesa1 of Buganda in around 1866. He got to power at the age of 18 following his father’s death on 24th October 1884.In his rule he faced the challenge of managing four religious groups in Buganda i.e. catholics, protestants, Muslims and traditionalists.Notably, Mwanga was young and inexperienced and so failed to manage the pressure coming from the four religious groups. ( his father had managed them well). He was alsodisturbed by the Kabalega who was determined to revive bunyoro’s glory at the expenseof her neighbors.At the same time, he was threatened by the advent of European powers who the Muslims had warned him against.His position became more threatened when most of his people started converting into Christianity.In january1885, Mwanga ordered the killing of three CMS missionaries and November 1885, he ordered the killing of bishop Hannington in Busoga. (This was a fight againstChristianity).Similarly, in 1886 3rd June, thirty Christians were burnt at Namugongo for refusing to denounce their new found faith.In 1888, Mwanga planned to capture all Christians and Muslims and starve them to death but his plans were discovered.Therefore, in October, 1888, the Muslims and Christians combined and deposed kabaka

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

Mwanga.Mwanga was then replaced by his brother Kiwewa. The Muslims then wanted him to circumcise and convert to Islam but in vain.Having refused to convert, kiwewa’s rule did not last, he was deposed and he fled to Ankole with some Christians.Kiwewa was then replaced by his brother Kalema who had accepted Islam and was named Rashid.The Christians then allied with Mwanga and in 1889; they managed to reinstate Mwanga to power while Kalema fled to Bunyoro.On 30th April 1890, a treaty was signed between Mwanga and Fredrick Jackson for protection.In the same year he converted to Christianity and was given the name Daniel, mainly siding with the catholics and giving them positions in his government.However, Mwanga continued to face challenges when the famous W’ingleza-W’afransa wars or religious wars broke out in Buganda.This conflict arose when allegedly a protestant was killed by a catholic in Kampala hence various killings between the two groups.During the conflict, Capt. F Lugard armed the Protestants with 500 guns hence defeat of catholics and Mwanga who fled to Buddu (Masaka). The British accused the catholics foraiding Mwanga against them.But in 1893 Mwanga was called back and through the efforts of sir Gerald Portal, a treaty was signed with Mwanga. Positions in Buganda were then divided equally among theprotestants and catholics.In 1897, Mwanga staged a resistance against the British in abid to regain his powers over land and collection of tributes but was defeated. (he fled and surrendered to the Germansin Tanganyika)The British then proclaimed his one-year-old son Daudi Chwa as Kabaka assisted by three ministers.

Still determined, in 1898 Mwanga joined Kabalega in Lango to proceed with his fight against the British.But the two were captured by Kakungulu together with the British around Lake Kyoga in 1899.The two were exiled to Seychelles islands in the Indian Ocean where Mwanga died on 8th may 1903.

OMUKAMA KABALEGA OF BUNYOROHe was born in 1850 to omukama Kamurasi and spent his early years in bulega where he acquired his name Kabalega (kaana ka bulega)He came to power around1870 after the death of his father and also after defeating his

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

bother kabigumire in a power struggle.He strived to revive his kingdom through expedition against his neighbours like buganda, toro, lango, acholi, teso but these imperialist moves made him clash with the British.In 1872, he first resisted the British by fighting sir Samuel baker and his Egyptian allies at the battle of Isansa at the border of masindi. He had been sent by Khedive Ismail toextend his Egyptian territory southwards but was defeated.This success encouraged him to attack Buganda and this made him clash with captain F.D Lugard and his ganda allies.He later realized that his fight against the British would cause him problems. He then opted for peace since he wanted Sir Samuel baker to aid him militarily against buganda.However, Sir Samuel baker promised him support on condition that he accepts egytpian protection which he rejected.In 1893, he attacked omukama Kasagama of Toro and drove him out of his capital. He sought refuge in Buddu where he met Lugard who helped him defeat Kabalega andreinstated him back to power.Vabrious forts were erected along Bunyoro-Toro border to protect Kasagama, but Kabalega attacked again and deposed Kasagama.In 1894, Lugard with the European force, 600 Sudanese and 1500 baganda attacked Kabalega, defeated him, forcing him to abandon his capital Mparo and withdraw toBudongo forest. Then the British force under col Colville occupied Bunyoro.However, in budongo, he continued to resist the British but through avoiding confrontational warfare but used guerrilla warfare.In 1895, he successfully defeated the British and the ganda forces in masindi.He later fled to Lango after being defeated by Kakungulu where he was joined by Mwanga and continued with their guerrilla warfare.On 9th april 1899, he was captured by Kakungulu and handed to the British and later exiled to Seychelles islands in the Indan Ocean.Even in exile he was viewed as Bunyoro king and hero. He was later allowed to return as a mere citizen but did not reach Bunyoro as he died in Jinja on 7th April 1923 at 75years.

WHY WAS KABALEGA ABLE TO STAGE A LONG RESISTANCE?Massive support from the Banyoro who stood by him in his fight against the british enabled him to fight for long.He had a strong army of Abarusura which was armed with guns he got from the coastal Arabs and khartoumers.The trade he participated in enabled him to acquire the guns which helped him resist for long.The centralized administration with the omukama as the overall controller of almost everything enabled him to plan for the kingdom in all aspects including war.

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

He encouraged the growth and storage of food which enabled Bunyoro to resist for long since famine did not affect the fighters.Unity among the Banyoro enabled his resistance to last for long. He always reminded the Banyoro of the baganda threat. He also ensured unity by destroying all social classes.He was a man of boundless energy and courage and therefore, never gave up his mission of preserving the independence of his kingdom thus he fought until he was captured andexiled.

WHY HE WAS FINALLY DEFEATEDAlthough Kabalega was able to stage a resistance for a long time, he was finally defeated due to;Kabalega fought on many fronts with many enemies who included the baganda, British, Nubians and batoro.The prolonged war against colonial rule also ended up weakening the army and the people of Bunyoro.With time there was a problem of food because the Banyoro highly depended on annual crops like beans, potatoes, cassava which by nature could not sustain the war for long.He lacked enough superior weapons as the guns obtained from the slave traders could not compete with the deadly maxim guns used by the british.Kabalega was also defeated because he fought single handedly as other Africans did not help him but helped the enemy. i.e. disunity among African kingdoms therefore led to hisdefeat.The determination of the british also led to his defeat. They were prepared and anxious to conquer the whole of Uganda including Bunyoro.Bunyoro lacked natural defensive barriers like lakes, hills, thick forests that would act as hide outs during the war.The British had a large army that consisted of the Ganda, Sudanese, Indian mercenaries in addition to the Europeans. He was therefore bound to lose.Economically, Bunyoro was poor to support the protracted war against a stronger british.The use of divide and rule tactics by the british weakened the resistance. It made the baganda side with the british against Bunyoro.Kabalega’s ambitious expansion policy also made him lose out on local support since he terrorized the region a lot.

CHIEF AWICH OF PAYERA ACHOLI DISTRICT;He came to power following the death of his father chief Camo.He came to power when the British colonialists were extending their influence to the northern region.Chief Awich always raided his neighbours like the Paibona and this brought him into direct conflict with the British commissioner major Delme Radcliffe at Nimule.Major Delme tried to persuade him to stop his activities but in vain. He then tried to

DEPARTMENTAL NOTES


Page

arrest him but was not successful.Chief Awich completely refused to submit to British rule even when other chiefs had signed treaties with Mac Donald in around 1892.Chief Awich went ahead to give Kabalega asylum together with his soldiers and this annoyed the British further.When he was asked to expel Kabalega and his soldiers from his jurisdiction, he refused.The British then set out to attack him in 1898 under Major Herman. Indeed, in 1901, he was arrested and taken to Nimule.While in prison, his people revolted and demanded his return to Payera and in 1902, Awich was reinstated in Payera as chief.In 1903, the british tried to influence him to submit to their rule but again he refused.In 1912, he was accused of possessing guns from the Arabs by the british and they began registering guns.Chief Awich responded by calling upon his people to resist the idea of registration of guns and it is this that culminated into the Lamogi rebellion.He was later arrested and produced in court at Nimule for trial. While in court he lost his temper and boxed a british court prosecutor who cross examined him.Later he was fined two cows, a goat, ivory and then imprisoned in Kampala for contempt of court.While in jail, his chiefdom was divided into two and by time of his release his chiefdom was no more and he was no longer a recognized ruler.But having been freed, he invited the CMS missionaries to his region to spread Christianity and teach the people how to write.He later passed away around 1920’s after struggling to protect Acholi from british colonialism.

THE ABUSHIRI REVOLT/ RESISTANCE 1888- 1890It was a primary resistance/ uprising against German rule in Tanganyika. It was named after Abushiri ibn Salim an afro Arab sugar planter (swahili Arab) in Pangani town. He was later joined by Bwana Heri (African of Swahili origin).The uprising took place along the coast of East Africa and some few communities on the main land.CAUSES; The coastal people wanted to protect their independence; they did not want to be under German domination.The coastal people wanted to protect their economic independence/power because the Germans were against slave trade which was their source of livelihood.The Africans hated the Germany policy of direct rule in administration where the Africans were replaced with German officials who were harsh and arrogant and also useof akidas and jumbes.

departmental notes

Documents