depictives in hungarian a class of non-finite constructions

Depictives in HungarianA class of non-finite constructions

Casper de Groot

ACLC - Universiteit van Amsterdam

ACLC - November 25, 2009

Non-finite predications

Infinitives, participles, converbs, gerunds etc.

I heard Peter playing the piano. Mary walked away laughing. Charles went to the market to buy cheese.


Secondary predications

Obligatory

They consider John a fool. John = a fool

* They consider John.

* They consider a fool.

Optional - Depictives

Mary ate the fish raw. fish = raw

Mary ate the fish.


Depictives

Mary ate the fish raw.

Schultze-Berndt & Himmelmann (2004) and Himmelmann & Schultze-Berndt eds. (2005) establish a better understanding of formal and semantic properties of depictives by describing various examples from languages of the world while comparing them with (different classes of) adverbials, i.e. other types of participant-oriented adjuncts.

Depictives are participant-oriented adjuncts which are part of the focus domain of a sentence, i.e. which function as focus exponents. Such adjuncts encode a state which contributes a significant characteristic to the main event – for example, leaving drunk or leaving outraged is different from simply leaving.


Depictives

Mary ate the fish raw.

Depictive secondary predications meet the following requirements: There are two separate predicative elements. The depictive is obligatory controlled. The controller is not

expressed separately as an argument of the depictive. The depictive does not form a complex or periphrastic

predicate with the main predicate. The depictive is not an argument of the main verb. The depictive is not a modifier of the controller. The depictive is part of the same prosodic unit as the main

predicate. The depictive is non-finite.


Depictives in Hungarian

Pál idegenvezetö-ként dolgozik Görögországban. (noun)Paul tour operator-ESS works Greece.in“Paul is working as a tour operator in Greece.”

Péter berúg-va ment haza. (converb)Peter get.drunk-CONV went home“Peter went home drunk’.”

Kett-en mentünk haza. (numeral)two-ADV we.went home“The two of us went home.”

Mari nyers-en ette meg a halat. (adjective)Mary raw-ADV ate up the fish“Mary ate the fish raw.”


Finite versus non-finite marking



Pál tanár

Paul teacher

‘Paul is a teacher.’

zero marking



Pál tanár

Paul teacher


zero marking

prep or suffix

Mint tanár dolgozik.

Tanár-ként dolgozik.

‘He works as a teacher.’



Pál be van rúg-va

Paul Asp Cop drunk-Conv

‘Paul is drunk.’

copula



Pál be van rúg-va



copula no copula

Berúg-va elment.

drunk-Conv he.left

‘He left drunk.’



A hal nyers.

the fish raw

‘The fish is raw.’

zero marking



A hal nyers.

the fish raw


zero marking

suffix Nyers-en ette a halat.

raw-sx he.ate the fish

‘He ate the fish raw.’



Egy meg egy az kettö.

one plus one that two

‘One plus one is two.’

zero marking






zero marking

suffix Kett-en mentek el.

Two-sx they.left Asp

‘They left the two of them.’



Pál tanár

Paul teacher


zero marking

prep or suffix

Mint tanár dolgozik.

Tanár-ként dolgozik.

‘He works as a teacher.’

Pál be van rúg-va



copula no copula

Berúg-va elment.

drunk-Conv he.left

‘He left drunk.’

A hal nyers.

the fish raw


zero marking

suffix Nyers-en ette a halat.

raw-sx .he ate the fish

‘He ate the fish raw.’




zero marking

suffix Kett-en mentek el.

Two-sx they.left Asp

‘They left the two of them.’


Depictive - Noun

Pál mint idegenvezetö dolgozik Görögországban. (mint)

Paul as tour operator works Greece.in

“Paul is working as a tour operator in Greece.”

Pál idegenvezetö-ként dolgozik Görögországban. (-ként)

Paul tour operator-ESS works Greece.in

“Paul is working as a tour operator in Greece.”

mint = Paul is a tour operator by profession

-ként = Paul is working as if he is a tour operator


Depictive - Noun

? Madonna mint férfi jelent meg a színpadon. (mint)

Madonna as man appeared Asp the stage.on

‘Madonna appeared on stage as a man.’

Madonna férfi-ként jelent meg a színpadon. (-ként)

Madonna man-ESS appeared Asp the stage.on

‘Madonna appeared on stage as a man.’

mint = Madonna is a man

-ként = Madonna dressed as a man


Depictive - converb

Péter be van rúg-va. (non-verbal predicate)

Peter ASP COP drunk-CONV‘Peter is drunk.’

Péter berúg-va ment haza. (depictive)Peter get.drunk-CONV went home‘Peter went home drunk.’

Károly rohan-va jön a kertböl. (manner)Charles run-CONV come the garden-from‘Charles comes running from the garden.’

A pohar-at felemel-ve elmondta a köszöntö-t. (circumstance)the glass raise-CONV he.said the toast‘He proposed a toast while raising his glass.’


Depictive - Numeral

Kett-en mentünk haza. (depictive)Two-sx we.went home‘The two of us went home.’

Compare:

Anna szép-en énekel. (manner)Anna beautiful-sx sing‘Anna sings beautifully.‘


Depictive - Adjective

Mari nyers-en ette meg a halat. (depictive)Mary raw-ADV ate up the fish“Mary ate the fish raw.”

Anna szép-en énekel. (manner)Anna beautiful-sx sing‘Anna sings beautifully.‘

János mérges-en írta a levelet. (ambiguous)John angry-sx went away‘John left angry / angrily


Depictives versus Manner

Depictive Manner

Noun

Converb

Numeral

Adjective



Depictive Manner

Noun The form with the suffix –ként has adverbial properties

Converb

Numeral

Adjective



Depictive Manner

Noun

Converb Depictive converbs are in complementary distribution with manner and circumstance

Numeral

Adjective



Depictive Manner

Noun

Converb

Numeral The numeral takes an ending which is formally identical to the manner suffix

Adjective



Depictive Manner

Noun

Converb

Numeral

Adjective The adjectival depictive and manner take the same ending; an expression may be ambiguous



Depictive Manner

Noun The form with the suffix –ként has adverbial properties

Converb Depictive converbs are in complementary contribution with manner and circumstance

Numeral The numeral takes an ending which is formally identical to the manner suffix

Adjective The adjectival depictive and manner take the same ending; an expression may be ambiguous


Hungarian versus Finnish

Hungarian Finnish



Hungarian Finnish

“essive” or

depictive marker



Hungarian Finnish

-ként “essive” or

depictive marker

-na/-nä


Essive in Hungarian and Finnish

Hungarian

Béla orvos-ként dolgozik Párizsban.

Béla doctor-ESS works Paris.in

‘Béla is working as a doctor in Paris.’

Finnish

Heikki on Jämsässä lääkäri-na

Heikki is Jämsä-in doctor-ESS

‘Heikki is (working as) a doctor in Jämsä.'



Hungarian Finnish

converb


Converb and case in Hungarian and Finnish

Hungarian: Depicitves, Manner, and Circumstance

The converb in -va/-ve does not allow any suffix

Finnish: Manner, Circumstance, Purpose

Infinitive-a + translative -kse + Possessive (purpose)

Infinitive-mA + abessive -ttä

Infinitive-e + instructive -n (manner, circ.)

Coordination of Essive with Converb-Instructive is possible.



Hungarian Finnish

No case converb versatile cases: instructive, translative, abessive



Hungarian Finnish

converb as a predicative with

the copula



Hungarian Finnish

berúgva van ïs drunk’


the copula

infinitive-mA+abessive

Pyykki on pese-mättä

‘The laundry is unwashed.’



Hungarian Finnish

depictive and manner



Hungarian Finnish

Partial overlap

depictive and manner ● infinitive-e+instructive

● No ambiguity with Adj


Ambiguity between Depictive and Mannerwith an Adjective

Hungarian

János mérges-en írta a levelet. (ambiguous)

John angry-sx went away

‘John left angry / angrily

Finnish

Pekka lähti iloise-na luennolle. (unambiguous)

Pekka went cheerful-ESS lecture.ALL

'Pekka went cheerfully to the lecture.'



Hungarian Finnish

-ként “essive” or

depictive marker

-na/-nä

No case converb versatile cases: instructive, translative, abessive

berúgva van ïs drunk’


the copula

infinitive-mA+abessive

Pyykki on pese-mättä

‘The laundry is unwashed.’

Partial overlap

depictive and manner ● infinitive-e+instructive

● No ambiguity with Adj


Essive in Finno-Ugric

Ugric Hungarian

Ob-Ugric Khanty, Mansi

Finnic

Permic Udmurt, Komi

Volgaic Mari, Mordvin

North Finnic Estonian, Finnish, Livonian, Saami, Vepsian, Votic


Case or Marker

Hungarian -ként does not mark arguments of predicates Hungarian -nak/-nek is the Dative case, it is also used to mark

obligatory secondary predicates Essive and alike are ‘predicative case makers’ Essive and alike are predicative markers Morphological aspects:

Agglutinative languages have phrase makers Infinitve and converb are not verbal.


Conclusions

Depictive as a category of non-finite expressions Depictive versus Manner Hungarian as an example for typological research Essive in the Finno-Ugrian languages Depictive marker: case or predicative marker

[email protected]://home.medewerkers.uva.nl/c.degroot

depictives in hungarian a class of non-finite constructions

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