Depression, War, and Depression, War, and RecoveryRecovery

Unit 8BUnit 8B

By the 1930By the 1930’’s:s: Dictators had taken control Dictators had taken control

in several countries (Italy, in several countries (Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union).Soviet Union).

Dictators are also Dictators are also sometimes called fascists.sometimes called fascists.

World War I causesWorld War I causes NationalismNationalism ImperialismImperialism Arms RacesArms Races AlliancesAlliances

World War II causesWorld War II causes NationalismNationalism SectionalismSectionalism Dreams of ExpansionDreams of Expansion The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

Fascists often use propagandaFascists often use propaganda((movies – TV – posters – speeches – movies – TV – posters – speeches –

radio)radio) to help make their government look to help make their government look great.great.

Fascism: Fascism: government where the country is government where the country is

more important than the people.more important than the people.

Two fascists in the Two fascists in the 19301930’’ss

Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini

Adolph HitlerAdolph Hitler Born Adolph Schicklgruber Born Adolph Schicklgruber (in Austria).(in Austria). Wanted to be a great artist, but Wanted to be a great artist, but

was told he had no talent.was told he had no talent. Felt that his Jewish teachers had Felt that his Jewish teachers had

plotted against him.plotted against him. Blamed the Jews for many Blamed the Jews for many

problems and his hatred of Jews problems and his hatred of Jews grew.grew.

An extra page in our packets An extra page in our packets tells why Hitler and the Nazis tells why Hitler and the Nazis felt the way they did (ideology felt the way they did (ideology of of NazismNazism))

By the time he was an adult, By the time he was an adult, he had moved to Munichhe had moved to Munich

Hung around the beer Hung around the beer halls (popular political halls (popular political places at that time)places at that time)

1921: joined the Nazi 1921: joined the Nazi PartyParty

1923: was arrested 1923: was arrested and put in jail for and put in jail for helping a group try helping a group try and overthrow the and overthrow the German government.German government.

While in Jail: wrote While in Jail: wrote ““Mein KampfMein Kampf””

When he got out of jail:When he got out of jail: Returned to the Returned to the

Nazi party and used Nazi party and used his his two great gifts:two great gifts:

Great political Great political sense.sense.

A great speaker who A great speaker who

seemed to know seemed to know exactly what to say exactly what to say and do.and do.

In 1932: Hitler won 30% of the In 1932: Hitler won 30% of the vote for President of Germany vote for President of Germany

(so… some people thought he(so… some people thought he’’d be d be a good leader)a good leader)

Offered the Germans: national pride, power, Offered the Germans: national pride, power, glory, revenge, and a return to the great Germany glory, revenge, and a return to the great Germany of old.of old.

Continued to attack communism, and continued to Continued to attack communism, and continued to blame Jews for the problems of Germany.blame Jews for the problems of Germany.

Hitler also felt he needed more Hitler also felt he needed more ““living space”living space” (Lebensraum) for the expanding German race – (Lebensraum) for the expanding German race – therethere’’s some extra reading about that in our s some extra reading about that in our packets.packets.

By 1938: Had control of GermanyBy 1938: Had control of Germany

Benito MussoliniBenito Mussolini Similar rise to power in Italy.Similar rise to power in Italy. People wanted a new leader and he People wanted a new leader and he

promised them a return to power and promised them a return to power and glory.glory.

Both Hitler and Mussolini would Both Hitler and Mussolini would make agreements with make agreements with

countries….countries…. Then would invade Then would invade

those same countries.those same countries. Countries would get Countries would get

worried theyworried they’’d be next d be next or be mad their or be mad their neighbor country was neighbor country was invaded.invaded.

So Hitler and Mussolini So Hitler and Mussolini would make non- would make non- aggression agreements aggression agreements with them….with them….

Which they would also Which they would also soon break.soon break.

This was called This was called appeasementappeasement (giving in to someone just to make them (giving in to someone just to make them

happy)happy) These countries would meet GermanyThese countries would meet Germany ’’s s

demands – just to avoid a war (which they really demands – just to avoid a war (which they really couldncouldn’’t avoid).t avoid).

Hitler just kept invading countries and Hitler just kept invading countries and it didnit didn’’t look like he was ready to stop.t look like he was ready to stop.

This was still not This was still not yet what weyet what we’’d call d call World War II World War II though.though.

That came in 1939.That came in 1939.

Hitler made an agreement with the Soviet Hitler made an agreement with the Soviet Union that they would not go to war against Union that they would not go to war against

each other (even though they were bitter each other (even though they were bitter enemies).enemies).

One month later, One month later, Hitler invaded Hitler invaded Poland.Poland.

Great Britain and Great Britain and France finally had France finally had enough of this and enough of this and declared war on declared war on Germany.Germany.

And… WWII had And… WWII had begun.begun.

These Germans were great These Germans were great fightersfighters

They used a strategy They used a strategy called a called a blitzkriegblitzkrieg

(in German means: (in German means: lightning war)lightning war)

This was fighting This was fighting with speed and with speed and surprise using tanks, surprise using tanks, troops, and planes.troops, and planes.

Poland fell in one Poland fell in one month.month.

France was next – they France was next – they were overcome in about were overcome in about 2 weeks. 2 weeks.

All that was left of All that was left of Europe was Britain – but Europe was Britain – but that wasnthat wasn’’t as t as successful for the successful for the Germans.Germans.

The British people were The British people were pretty tough and fought pretty tough and fought hard – even under hard – even under terrible conditions they terrible conditions they would not surrender.would not surrender.

The 2 sides:The 2 sides: The Axis Powers The Axis Powers The Allied Powers The Allied Powers

Hitler decided one more country Hitler decided one more country he could attack was the Soviet Union he could attack was the Soviet Union

(led by (led by Joseph StalinJoseph Stalin).). Which didnWhich didn’’t work so t work so

well for him.well for him. It was one of the worst It was one of the worst

Russian winters ever, Russian winters ever, and Hitlerand Hitler’’s men just s men just had a tough time had a tough time fighting there. fighting there.

No United States yet, but….No United States yet, but….

We were sending We were sending aid to the allies.aid to the allies.

(all together about (all together about $50 billion worth $50 billion worth of war goods). of war goods).

((The Neutrality The Neutrality Acts Acts and “Lend-and “Lend-Lease”).Lease”).

Japan was another country that Japan was another country that wanted to expand their empire wanted to expand their empire

To do so, they needed To do so, they needed resources .resources .

Japan is a tiny island Japan is a tiny island nation and they didnnation and they didn’’t t have many resources, have many resources, so to get them they so to get them they also decided to also decided to invade some invade some countries (in Asia).countries (in Asia).

The United States did The United States did not agree with this not agree with this aggression and aggression and decided to cut off decided to cut off trade with Japan (who trade with Japan (who needed oil and steel).needed oil and steel).

They got mad at us They got mad at us and decided if we and decided if we wouldn’t trade with wouldn’t trade with them, they might as them, they might as well attack us and try well attack us and try and take what they and take what they wanted.wanted.

The first place they The first place they attacked the United attacked the United States was at …..States was at …..

Pearl HarborPearl HarborPearl HarborPearl Harbor

President RooseveltPresident Roosevelt

““Yesterday, December 7Yesterday, December 7thth, 1941 – a , 1941 – a day which will live in infamy, the day which will live in infamy, the United States of America was United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked suddenly and deliberately attacked by the empire of Japanby the empire of Japan””

War was declared on JapanWar was declared on Japan A few days later, Germany and Italy A few days later, Germany and Italy

declared war on the U.S. declared war on the U.S. The United States was now in World The United States was now in World

War IIWar II

Section 2: War in Africa and EuropeSection 2: War in Africa and Europe

What was really tough about WWII What was really tough about WWII was:was:

we were fighting 2 wars at oncewe were fighting 2 wars at once One in Europe One in Europe

(against the (against the Germans and Germans and Italians)Italians)

One in the One in the Pacific (against Pacific (against the Japanese)the Japanese)

When the Japanese attacked When the Japanese attacked

the U.S. had to get ready to fight right awaythe U.S. had to get ready to fight right away.. Any man 18-38 had to register Any man 18-38 had to register

for “selective service” and some for “selective service” and some volunteered.volunteered.

The U.S. forces includedThe U.S. forces included 1,000,000 African Americans 1,000,000 African Americans 300,000 Mexican Americans300,000 Mexican Americans 300,000 women300,000 women 51,438 Puerto Ricans51,438 Puerto Ricans 13,311 Chinese13,311 Chinese 20,080 Japanese20,080 Japanese 1,320 Hawaiians1,320 Hawaiians 19,567 American Indians19,567 American Indians 11,506 Filipinos 11,506 Filipinos

The first place the allies concentrated The first place the allies concentrated on: Europe and Northern Africaon: Europe and Northern Africa

Allies in Europe were Allies in Europe were led by General led by General Eisenhower.Eisenhower.

Winning back Africa Winning back Africa happened pretty happened pretty quick.quick.

Defeating Italy didnDefeating Italy didn’’t t take too long either take too long either (Italy was mad at (Italy was mad at Mussolini and put him Mussolini and put him in jail).in jail).

The Germans were still fighting all over The Germans were still fighting all over Europe – including the Soviet Union, where…Europe – including the Soviet Union, where…

The Germans had endure the The Germans had endure the horrible Russian winter and horrible Russian winter and were pushed back.were pushed back.

Hitler concentrated on the Hitler concentrated on the rest of Europe, but that rest of Europe, but that eventually started to fall eventually started to fall apart on him, beginning apart on him, beginning when…when…

The propaganda message on this Russian The propaganda message on this Russian postcard is:postcard is:

This is the living space that the German This is the living space that the German soldier found at the Eastern Front. Six soldier found at the Eastern Front. Six feet under the soil and a birch cross on feet under the soil and a birch cross on the ground. Like a shroud the snow the ground. Like a shroud the snow covers the fallen, the wind whistles, the covers the fallen, the wind whistles, the crows can "K-r-r-Kraut, Kraut." Hitler has crows can "K-r-r-Kraut, Kraut." Hitler has lied to you, German soldiers. He has lied to you, German soldiers. He has promised you the capture of Moscow but promised you the capture of Moscow but gave you maiming and death. On gave you maiming and death. On Christmas Eve German women weep for Christmas Eve German women weep for Hitler's victims. You, who are left alive, Hitler's victims. You, who are left alive, finish with Hitler! Finish with the war!finish with Hitler! Finish with the war!

The Allies started a huge invasion of The Allies started a huge invasion of Europe – starting on June 6Europe – starting on June 6thth, 1944 , 1944 (D-Day)(D-Day) (by the way – D in D-day doesn(by the way – D in D-day doesn’’t stand for anything – itt stand for anything – it’’s a random army s a random army

letter).letter).

This was the largest This was the largest sea invasion in history.sea invasion in history.

The Allies ended up The Allies ended up successfully attacking successfully attacking and moving to Paris, and moving to Paris, but…but…

Total Allied casualties Total Allied casualties on D-Day are on D-Day are estimated at 10,000, estimated at 10,000, The US forces lost The US forces lost 6603 men. 6603 men.

Over 425,000 Allied and German troops were Over 425,000 Allied and German troops were killed, wounded or went missing during the Battle killed, wounded or went missing during the Battle of Normandyof Normandy. This figure includes over 209,000 . This figure includes over 209,000 Allied casualties, with nearly 37,000 dead Allied casualties, with nearly 37,000 dead amongst the ground forces and a further 16,714 amongst the ground forces and a further 16,714 deaths amongst the Allied air forces. Of the Allied deaths amongst the Allied air forces. Of the Allied casualties, 83,045 were from 21st Army Group casualties, 83,045 were from 21st Army Group (British, Canadian and Polish ground forces), (British, Canadian and Polish ground forces), 125,847 from the US ground forces. The losses of 125,847 from the US ground forces. The losses of the German forces during the Battle of Normandy the German forces during the Battle of Normandy can only be estimated. Roughly 200,000 German can only be estimated. Roughly 200,000 German troops were killed or wounded. The Allies also troops were killed or wounded. The Allies also captured 200,000 prisoners of war (not included captured 200,000 prisoners of war (not included in the 425,000 total, above). During the fighting in the 425,000 total, above). During the fighting around the Falaise Pocket (August 1944) alone, around the Falaise Pocket (August 1944) alone, the Germans suffered losses of around 90,000, the Germans suffered losses of around 90,000, including prisoners. including prisoners.

There was still more fighting There was still more fighting and many battlesand many battles

One of the last of One of the last of these battles was these battles was the Battle of the the Battle of the Bulge.Bulge.

120,000 German 120,000 German casualtiescasualties

80,000 Americans 80,000 Americans killed, captured, or killed, captured, or wounded.wounded.

The Germans The Germans had some good skills at fighting had some good skills at fighting

wars.wars. The The LuftwaffeLuftwaffe

(extra page in (extra page in packets) was one packets) was one of the best air of the best air forces in the world.forces in the world.

But these just But these just weren't enoughweren't enough

After more fighting…. By April, After more fighting…. By April, 1945, Hitler knew the end was 1945, Hitler knew the end was

nearnear He was in his bunker in He was in his bunker in

Berlin (with his Berlin (with his girlfriend – Eva Braun).girlfriend – Eva Braun).

They took cyanide, They took cyanide, shot themselves, and shot themselves, and had his men burn their had his men burn their bodies.bodies.

He didnHe didn’’t want to be t want to be captured alive and he captured alive and he didndidn’’t want the Allies t want the Allies ““showing offshowing off”” his dead his dead body.body.

5 days later – Germany 5 days later – Germany surrendered (V-E Day).surrendered (V-E Day).

This picture was taken on V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

When allied troops reached Berlin they made a When allied troops reached Berlin they made a horrifying discovery – the victims of the horrifying discovery – the victims of the HolocaustHolocaust

They eventually They eventually captured some of the captured some of the leaders of this atrocity, leaders of this atrocity, put them on trial and put them on trial and several were executed.several were executed.

Hitler called this plan his “final solution”

The top picture is from “Kristallnacht” – extra page in your packets

High altitude High altitude Freezing Freezing Sulfanilamide Sulfanilamide Twins Twins Poison Poison Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Phosgene Phosgene Bone, muscle, and Bone, muscle, and

joint transplantation joint transplantation Sterilization Sterilization Artificial Artificial

insemination insemination Seawater Seawater

High altitude High altitude Freezing Freezing Sulfanilamide Sulfanilamide Twins Twins Poison Poison Tuberculosis Tuberculosis Phosgene Phosgene Bone, muscle, and Bone, muscle, and

joint transplantation joint transplantation Sterilization Sterilization Artificial Artificial

insemination insemination Seawater Seawater

Section 3: War in the Section 3: War in the PacificPacific

Remember – while weRemember – while we’’re fighting Hitler in re fighting Hitler in Europe, there was also fighting going on in Europe, there was also fighting going on in

the Pacific.the Pacific.

There were many There were many famous battles in the famous battles in the Pacific. The one that Pacific. The one that was the turning point was the turning point of the war was the of the war was the Battle of Midway.Battle of Midway.

The Allies realized they The Allies realized they couldncouldn’’t attack every t attack every little Pacific island the little Pacific island the Japanese were on – so Japanese were on – so they used a plan called they used a plan called ““island hoppingisland hopping”” – they – they only attacked the only attacked the major islandsmajor islands

(Iwo Jima was one of these islands)

The Japanese were fearless The Japanese were fearless fighters though – they would fighters though – they would

never give up.never give up. They used some fighters They used some fighters

called Kamikazes – called Kamikazes – whowho’’d actually going on d actually going on suicide plane missions suicide plane missions and intentionally fly and intentionally fly their plane into U.S. their plane into U.S. targets.targets.

Some Japanese fighters Some Japanese fighters from some of these from some of these islands were found years islands were found years later – and never knew later – and never knew the war had ended.the war had ended.

Eventually the United States got close Eventually the United States got close enough to Japan to attack their main enough to Japan to attack their main

islandsislands President Truman President Truman

(FDR had died) (FDR had died) thought if the U.S. thought if the U.S. invaded Japan it may invaded Japan it may cost as many as cost as many as 200,000 American 200,000 American soldiers lives.soldiers lives.

And at the same time And at the same time some scientists were some scientists were working on a new type working on a new type of bomb.of bomb.

There was actually a race in many There was actually a race in many countries to be the first to develop an countries to be the first to develop an

atomic bomb.atomic bomb. In the United In the United

States this work States this work was called was called ““the the Manhattan Project.Manhattan Project.””

After successfully After successfully testing the bomb – testing the bomb – Truman told Japan Truman told Japan about it.about it.

But they refused to But they refused to give in and…give in and…

On August 6On August 6thth, 1945 the Enola Gay , 1945 the Enola Gay

dropped an atomic bomb on dropped an atomic bomb on HiroshimaHiroshima

70,000 people died.70,000 people died. The Japanese still did The Japanese still did

not give up.not give up. 3 days later the U.S. 3 days later the U.S.

dropped a second dropped a second bomb on Nagasakibomb on Nagasaki

By August 14By August 14thth, Japan , Japan had surrenderedhad surrendered

Section 4: The Home FrontSection 4: The Home FrontSection 5: The Legacy of the Section 5: The Legacy of the

WarWar

As with the other wars weAs with the other wars we’’ve seen, ve seen, WWII needed the help of a lot of WWII needed the help of a lot of

people people ““at homeat home””

Factories produced Factories produced war goods war goods

(no 1942-45 American (no 1942-45 American cars)cars)

People took over People took over soldiers jobs soldiers jobs

(like (like ““Rosie the RiveterRosie the Riveter””))

People rationed and People rationed and made sacrifices.made sacrifices.

After Pearl Harbor a lot of Americans After Pearl Harbor a lot of Americans were mad at anyone with Japanese were mad at anyone with Japanese

ancestryancestry Their loyalty to the Their loyalty to the

United States was United States was constantly questioned.constantly questioned.

It was decided they It was decided they couldncouldn’’t be trusted and t be trusted and had to beheld and had to beheld and watched in what watched in what became known as became known as the the Japanese Internment.Japanese Internment.

More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were forced to give up their homes and most of what forced to give up their homes and most of what

they owned…they owned…

And move to guarded And move to guarded camps.camps.

Two thirds of these Two thirds of these Japanese Americans Japanese Americans were actually born in were actually born in the U.S.the U.S.

Most remained very Most remained very patriotic. patriotic.

Some even volunteered Some even volunteered for the armies and were for the armies and were among the most among the most decorated soldiers in decorated soldiers in WWII.WWII.

(recognized for doing brave and heroic things)(recognized for doing brave and heroic things)

WWII resulted in WWII resulted in 73,000,00073,000,000 deathsdeaths

418,500 Americans418,500 Americans 23,000,000 Russians23,000,000 Russians 20,000,000 Chinese20,000,000 Chinese 7 Million Germans7 Million Germans 5.6 million Poles5.6 million Poles ………………………….... Many of these were Many of these were

civilians.civilians. There were many There were many

refugees after the warrefugees after the war

WWII also cost a lot of WWII also cost a lot of moneymoney

$1,600,000,000,000$1,600,000,000,000 U.S.: U.S.:

$288,000,000,000. $288,000,000,000.

After the war, many After the war, many other countries were other countries were having money having money problems (it had been problems (it had been the depression – their the depression – their cities needed cities needed rebuilding – people rebuilding – people were without homes were without homes and jobs…).and jobs…).

The United States did The United States did help out – even Japan help out – even Japan and Germany and Germany

(The Marshall Plan) (The Marshall Plan)

There were some separate There were some separate ““visionsvisions”” for for Europe and the world after WWIIEurope and the world after WWII

One was One was ““The The Atlantic CharterAtlantic Charter”” on on an extra page in an extra page in your packets.your packets.

Another took place Another took place at at The Yalta The Yalta Conference Conference (on an (on an extra page in your extra page in your packets)packets)

The U.S. government also tried to help out The U.S. government also tried to help out our own soldiers by passing our own soldiers by passing ““the G.I. Billthe G.I. Bill””

This gave veterans This gave veterans economic help.economic help.

It also gave many It also gave many of them a chance of them a chance to get an education to get an education (paid for college).(paid for college).

And the Allies took care of the German officers And the Allies took care of the German officers responsible for the Holocaust – at: responsible for the Holocaust – at: the Nuremberg the Nuremberg

TrialsTrials After the war, some of those responsible for crimes After the war, some of those responsible for crimes

committed during the Holocaust were brought to committed during the Holocaust were brought to trial. trial.

Nuremberg, Germany, was chosen as a site for trials Nuremberg, Germany, was chosen as a site for trials that took place in 1945 and 1946. Judges from the that took place in 1945 and 1946. Judges from the Allied powers -- Great Britain, France, the Soviet Allied powers -- Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States -- presided over the Union, and the United States -- presided over the hearings of twenty-two major Nazi criminals. hearings of twenty-two major Nazi criminals.

Twelve prominent Nazis were sentenced to death. Twelve prominent Nazis were sentenced to death. Most of the defendants admitted to the crimes of Most of the defendants admitted to the crimes of which they were accused, although most claimed that which they were accused, although most claimed that they were simply following the orders of a higher they were simply following the orders of a higher authority. Those individuals directly involved in the authority. Those individuals directly involved in the killing received the most severe sentences. killing received the most severe sentences.

Other people who played key roles in the Holocaust, Other people who played key roles in the Holocaust, including high-level government officials, and including high-level government officials, and business executives who used concentration camp business executives who used concentration camp inmates as forced laborers, received short prison inmates as forced laborers, received short prison sentences or no penalty at all. sentences or no penalty at all.

The allies also pushed a new world The allies also pushed a new world peacekeeping group peacekeeping group (The United (The United

Nations)Nations)

Even though the war was over, Even though the war was over, there were still some tensions in there were still some tensions in

the world.the world. Many countries Many countries

began demanding began demanding independenceindependence

The United States The United States and it’s democratic and it’s democratic friends were real friends were real concerned about concerned about the spread of the spread of communism – by communism – by the Soviet Union.the Soviet Union.

Chapter 28: The Cold War and the American DreamChapter 28: The Cold War and the American DreamSection 1: Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold Section 1: Peacetime Adjustments and the Cold

WarWar

After WWII – the nations economy After WWII – the nations economy boomedboomed

People were starting People were starting families and buying families and buying new homes.new homes.

People wanted new People wanted new things – and had plenty things – and had plenty of money to spend. of money to spend.

Inflation hit the Inflation hit the country.country.

(when prices rise (when prices rise quickly)quickly)

Also after the war – the Also after the war – the number of marriages increasednumber of marriages increased Meaning more babies and more families needing Meaning more babies and more families needing

homes.homes.

Levittowns:Levittowns:William Levitt was a man who had a plan William Levitt was a man who had a plan

for building lots of houses quickly.for building lots of houses quickly.

During the war many people made During the war many people made sacrifices – including people with jobssacrifices – including people with jobs

Unions had agreed Unions had agreed to help the war to help the war effort by agreeing effort by agreeing to have their pay to have their pay frozen and agreeing frozen and agreeing to not go on strike.to not go on strike.

When the war was When the war was over they began to over they began to demand better pay.demand better pay.

1946 was one of the biggest 1946 was one of the biggest strike years in U.S. Historystrike years in U.S. History

Automobile, steel, Automobile, steel, meat packing, meat packing, electrical, miners, electrical, miners, railway workers…railway workers…

President Truman President Truman even had to even had to threaten to use the threaten to use the army to run the army to run the railroads.railroads.

African Americans were still excluded African Americans were still excluded

from prosperity and full equalityfrom prosperity and full equality In the South little had In the South little had

changed.changed. Many African Americans Many African Americans

who wanted to vote who wanted to vote were threatened, fired, were threatened, fired, and even murdered.and even murdered.

President Truman knew President Truman knew it was bad – he ordered it was bad – he ordered a special commission on a special commission on civil rights.civil rights.

He also ended racial He also ended racial segregation in the army segregation in the army (separation of races)(separation of races)

Truman was the first Truman was the first president to make civil president to make civil rights a national issue.rights a national issue.

After WWII there were conflicts After WWII there were conflicts with the Soviet Unionwith the Soviet Union

At the end of the At the end of the war, each side war, each side distrusted each distrusted each other more and other more and more. more.

Americans really Americans really grew suspicious of grew suspicious of the Soviets when the Soviets when they began they began occupying several occupying several Eastern European Eastern European countries.countries.

The U.S. felt they The U.S. felt they were trying to were trying to spread communism spread communism around the world around the world (more about (more about communism on an communism on an extra page in our extra page in our packets)packets)

The tensions between the two sides The tensions between the two sides (that lasted for decades) came to be (that lasted for decades) came to be

known as:known as:

In a visit to the U.S. In a visit to the U.S. The Prime Minister of Great Britain (Winston The Prime Minister of Great Britain (Winston Churchill) warned the world of the Soviets.Churchill) warned the world of the Soviets.

President TrumanPresident Truman’’s did not want to go s did not want to go to war against the Soviets over to war against the Soviets over

communismcommunism We just finished a war.We just finished a war. His plan was to try and stop His plan was to try and stop

communism from spreading communism from spreading to new areas.to new areas.

He called his plan a He called his plan a containment policy.containment policy.

(Keeping something under (Keeping something under control and stopping it from control and stopping it from spreading). spreading).

He also used He also used the Truman the Truman Doctrine Doctrine – which promised – which promised U.S. aid to countries resisting U.S. aid to countries resisting threats to democracy.threats to democracy.

Some nations also formed the Some nations also formed the North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty

OrganizationOrganization To keep an To keep an

organized organized and united and united eye on the eye on the SovietsSoviets

This group is This group is usually just usually just called called NATONATO

Since we had NATO – the Russians and Since we had NATO – the Russians and their friends formed their friends formed the Warsaw Pactthe Warsaw Pact

““A mutual defense A mutual defense Treaty of Treaty of Friendship, Friendship, Cooperation and Cooperation and Mutual AssistanceMutual Assistance””

British Prime Minister Winston British Prime Minister Winston Churchill said it was Churchill said it was ““as if an as if an iron iron curtain curtain had descended across the had descended across the

continentcontinent””

These are also sometimes called satellite nations

Also to help stop the threat of Also to help stop the threat of communism:communism:

The United States The United States came up withcame up with the the Marshall Plan Marshall Plan which was to give which was to give money and help to money and help to re-build Europe re-build Europe after WWII.after WWII.

And, after the war, Germany And, after the war, Germany had been divided into 4 zoneshad been divided into 4 zones

France, Great Britain, France, Great Britain, and the U.S each had one and the U.S each had one (they combined theirs), (they combined theirs), and the Russians had a and the Russians had a zone.zone.

The Russians wanted to The Russians wanted to keep all 4 zones from keep all 4 zones from hooking up again (and hooking up again (and getting a strong Germany getting a strong Germany again), so they blocked again), so they blocked any of the others from any of the others from coming into their zone.coming into their zone.

They even built a wall – in They even built a wall – in Berlin.Berlin.

The U.S plan to get The U.S plan to get supplies to these people supplies to these people was called: was called: the Berlin the Berlin Airlift Airlift

There was a group of people that were afraid There was a group of people that were afraid ideas of communism may spread to the United ideas of communism may spread to the United

StatesStates

They were worried some They were worried some people might even be people might even be spies for Russia.spies for Russia.

There even were two There even were two trials where people were trials where people were accused of being spies.accused of being spies.

One was with Alger Hiss One was with Alger Hiss – who was accused of – who was accused of passing military secrets passing military secrets to the Soviets (found to the Soviets (found guilty – 5 years in guilty – 5 years in prison)prison)

The other trial was with The other trial was with Ethyl and Julius RosenbergEthyl and Julius Rosenberg

They were members They were members of the American of the American Communist Party.Communist Party.

Convicted of selling Convicted of selling nuclear secrets to nuclear secrets to the Soviets.the Soviets.

Were executed – the Were executed – the only time thatonly time that’’s s happened in our happened in our countrycountry’’s historys history

Even government workers had Even government workers had to undergo to undergo ““loyaltyloyalty”” checks checks

Some people even lost their Some people even lost their jobs because of these jobs because of these checks.checks.

Even the movie industry was Even the movie industry was looking for communists or looking for communists or people with suspected people with suspected communist ties.communist ties.

Many people were put on Many people were put on blacklistsblacklists and their careers and their careers were ruined.were ruined.

(Secret lists of who (Secret lists of who employers should not hire)employers should not hire)

Chapter 28: The Cold War and the American DreamChapter 28: The Cold War and the American DreamSection 2: The Korean War and McCarthyismSection 2: The Korean War and McCarthyism

Section 3: The FiftiesSection 3: The Fifties

Right after WWII Right after WWII there was also a civil war in there was also a civil war in

ChinaChina On one side: On one side:

Communists – led by Communists – led by Mao Tse Tung.Mao Tse Tung. The other side: The other side: ‘‘NationalistsNationalists”” – backed – backed by the United States.by the United States.

The Communists won The Communists won the Civil war and the the Civil war and the Nationalists were Nationalists were forced to leave the forced to leave the country – they ended country – they ended up going to Taiwanup going to Taiwan

Americans were shocked that another Americans were shocked that another country turned to communism – and thought country turned to communism – and thought

they might try and take over the whole they might try and take over the whole world.world.

Then, some events in Then, some events in Korea contributed to Korea contributed to this fear.this fear.

Korea was separated in Korea was separated in two parts - at the 38two parts - at the 38thth parallel (48)parallel (48)

North Korea – supported North Korea – supported by communistsby communists

South Korea – supported South Korea – supported by the United Statesby the United States

In 1950, North Korean forces In 1950, North Korean forces crossed into South Koreacrossed into South Korea

The Korean War was The Korean War was starting.starting.

Truman was going to Truman was going to use Korea as the first use Korea as the first test of his containment test of his containment policy.policy.

The United Nations (16 The United Nations (16 nations sent troops) nations sent troops) tried to helped fight tried to helped fight against the North against the North Koreans – but most of Koreans – but most of the fighting was done by the fighting was done by Americans.Americans.

The American General (Douglas The American General (Douglas MacArthur) pushed the North Koreans MacArthur) pushed the North Koreans all the way back to the edge of Chinaall the way back to the edge of China

Now,Now, the question the question

is:is: YouYou’’re fighting against re fighting against

communism.communism. The Chinese are now The Chinese are now

communists.communists. YouYou’’re dominating North re dominating North

Korean communists.Korean communists. YouYou’’re fighting right on re fighting right on

the edge of China.the edge of China. Do you go into China Do you go into China

and try and take care of and try and take care of communism there too?communism there too?

The Chinese warned The Chinese warned that we better stop right that we better stop right at the border.at the border.

But China did see the American But China did see the American forces as a threat to attack– so forces as a threat to attack– so

they…they… Decided to help the Decided to help the

North Koreans.North Koreans. They succeeded in They succeeded in

pushing the U.S. all pushing the U.S. all the way back to the way back to the 38the 38thth parallel parallel

Truman and MacArthur Truman and MacArthur completely disagreed about completely disagreed about

attacking China attacking China MacArthur wanted to MacArthur wanted to

attack China – Truman attack China – Truman wanted to wanted to ““containcontain”” communism.communism.

Truman eventually Truman eventually had to fire MacArthur.had to fire MacArthur.

MacArthur returned to MacArthur returned to the United States as a the United States as a hero (he was also the hero (he was also the main general in the main general in the Pacific in WWII).Pacific in WWII).

Eventually most Eventually most people came to agree people came to agree with Trumanwith Truman’’s actions.s actions.

As the Korean War (Conflict) dragged As the Korean War (Conflict) dragged onon

It became more It became more unpopular.unpopular.

The two sides had The two sides had peace talks for a peace talks for a couple of years.couple of years.

When Truman decided When Truman decided to not run for to not run for president…president…

Eisenhower wanted to.Eisenhower wanted to. He promised a speedy He promised a speedy

end to the Korean end to the Korean conflict.conflict.

Eisenhower agreed to a Eisenhower agreed to a compromise to end the war.compromise to end the war.

But he also told But he also told people privately that people privately that hehe’’d use nuclear d use nuclear weapons if he had to.weapons if he had to.

Korea ended where it Korea ended where it started – with the 38started – with the 38thth Parallel dividing North Parallel dividing North Korea and South Korea and South Korea.Korea.

The important thing The important thing for the U.S. was:for the U.S. was:

Korea today: No real change Korea today: No real change from the 50from the 50’’ss

One politician who used the threat of One politician who used the threat of communism to his advantage was: communism to his advantage was: Joseph Joseph

McCarthyMcCarthy He said he had information He said he had information

about people who were about people who were communists in the U.S. communists in the U.S.

He held investigations and He held investigations and even trials.even trials.

He ruined the careers of He ruined the careers of many people.many people.

He never really proved any He never really proved any of his claims and soon of his claims and soon faded away.faded away.

(He did all this while he (He did all this while he was running for re-election was running for re-election for the Wisconsin Senate).for the Wisconsin Senate).

These kind of These kind of ““witch huntswitch hunts”” are sometimes called are sometimes called ““McCarthyism.” McCarthyism.”

Since President Eisenhower Since President Eisenhower had been a generalhad been a general

He had much more He had much more aggressive ideas aggressive ideas about how to stop about how to stop communismcommunism

He was willing to He was willing to go to war if he go to war if he needed to stop its needed to stop its spread.spread.

The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. were The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. were soon locked in an soon locked in an arms racearms race

They eventually also They eventually also began a began a space race space race when the Soviets when the Soviets launched the worldlaunched the world’’s s first space satellite.first space satellite.

This also meant the This also meant the Russians had Russians had developed a big developed a big enough missile that enough missile that they could attack the they could attack the United StatesUnited States

And the U.S. started spending And the U.S. started spending billions for its own space billions for its own space

researchresearch The two sides were The two sides were

actually going to actually going to have some meetings have some meetings but…but…

About that same About that same time a U.S. spy plane time a U.S. spy plane was shot down over was shot down over Russia and the Russia and the Soviets were mad we Soviets were mad we wouldnwouldn’’t apologize.t apologize.

Not everything was wonderful in the Not everything was wonderful in the fifties.fifties.

Nearly 1 in 5 people Nearly 1 in 5 people lived in poverty.lived in poverty.

Most of these people Most of these people were minorities and were minorities and immigrants who couldimmigrants who couldnn ’’t afford to move out t afford to move out of the cities.of the cities.

Employers often took Employers often took advantage of these advantage of these people – paying them people – paying them little and asking them little and asking them to work a lot – because to work a lot – because they knew they needed they knew they needed money so badly.money so badly.

As a president, Eisenhower As a president, Eisenhower kept most of the kept most of the ““New DealNew Deal””

programsprograms He expanded social He expanded social

securitysecurity He increased the He increased the

minimum wageminimum wage He created the He created the

Department of Health, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.Education, and Welfare.

He built over 41,000 He built over 41,000 miles of new interstates miles of new interstates as part of The as part of The Interstate Highway Act Interstate Highway Act (also to be used for the (also to be used for the defense of our country)defense of our country)

The The ““American DreamAmerican Dream”” in the in the 5050’’ss

Get marriedGet married Have kids Have kids (baby boom)(baby boom) Live in the suburbs with a Live in the suburbs with a

car, living near malls, car, living near malls, movie theaters, movie theaters, restaurants.restaurants.

Have your kids go to a Have your kids go to a good schoolgood school

Live where you felt safe.Live where you felt safe. Dad worked 9-5 and Dad worked 9-5 and

mom took care of the mom took care of the house and kids.house and kids.

Have all the new modern Have all the new modern ““conveniencesconveniences”” of life of life

Less people went to watch Less people went to watch movies – now they could watch movies – now they could watch

televisiontelevision(By 1960 – 9-10 houses had a TV set)(By 1960 – 9-10 houses had a TV set)

LassieLassie The Lone RangerThe Lone Ranger The Howdy Doody ShowThe Howdy Doody Show The Mickey Mouse ClubThe Mickey Mouse Club I Love LucyI Love Lucy Father Knows BestFather Knows Best Captain KangarooCaptain Kangaroo Musicals / VarietyMusicals / Variety

And…And…

Bill HaleyBill Haley Chuck BerryChuck Berry Little RichardLittle Richard Fats DominoFats Domino Jerry Lee LewisJerry Lee Lewis So many others…So many others…

And… we canAnd… we can’’t forget t forget about…about…

Remember Remember ““the lost generatiothe lost generationn ”” who were around right after who were around right after

WWII?WWII? The 60The 60’’s had a s had a

somewhat similar somewhat similar group.group.

Writers and poets Writers and poets who protested the who protested the ““shallowness and shallowness and conformityconformity”” of of American society.American society.

They were known They were known as as ““beatniks.”beatniks.”

By the end of the 50By the end of the 50’’s it was s it was time for a new presidenttime for a new president

1960 was one of 1960 was one of the tightest the tightest presidential races presidential races in history.in history.

Between Richard Between Richard Nixon (IkeNixon (Ike’’s V.P.) s V.P.) and a young guy – and a young guy – JFK.JFK.

They even had the They even had the first ever televised first ever televised debates.debates.

Kennedy won the Kennedy won the election.election.

While While ““IkeIke”” was president: was president: the the civil rightscivil rights movement began movement began

equal treatment of African-Americansequal treatment of African-Americans

First started to be noticed in Little Rock, ArkansasFirst started to be noticed in Little Rock, Arkansas In a supreme court case of: Brown vs. the Board of In a supreme court case of: Brown vs. the Board of

Education.Education. Up until that time it was OK for there to be Up until that time it was OK for there to be ““separate, but equal schoolsseparate, but equal schools”” for blacks and whites for blacks and whites

There were going to be no more segregated There were going to be no more segregated schoolsschools

Central High School in Little Rock, Central High School in Little Rock, ArkansasArkansas

The first place blacks forced whites to The first place blacks forced whites to let them in let them in ““their schoolstheir schools’’ – in 1957. – in 1957.

9 black students went to a white 9 black students went to a white school.school.

Even had to have soldiers and the Even had to have soldiers and the National Guard protect them.National Guard protect them.

1958: the town closed the school1958: the town closed the school

Rosa ParksRosa Parks

Refused to give up her seat for a Refused to give up her seat for a white person on a bus.white person on a bus.

As a protest, other blacks boycotted As a protest, other blacks boycotted the bus system and the bus company the bus system and the bus company lost a lot of money (Montgomery, lost a lot of money (Montgomery, Alabama)Alabama)

This boycott was organized by a This boycott was organized by a young minister from Atlanta – Martin young minister from Atlanta – Martin Luther King, Jr.Luther King, Jr.