der beitrag der automobilindustrie zum weg in eine ... · daimlerchrysler -dr. keppeler 8 100 eu...

Der Beitrag der Automobilindustrie zum Weg in eine nachhaltige Mobilität

Dr. Stefan KeppelerDaimlerChrysler AG, Group Research and Advanced Engineering

Vortragstagung SSM vom 20. September 2007 Verkehrshaus Luzern

2DaimlerChrysler - Dr. Keppeler

Our Global Research And Development Network

Group Research and Adv. Engineering: 2.000 EmployeesMercedes Car Group Development: 8.400 Employees

Research Facilities RDDevelopment Facilities RD

Bangalore(India)

Yokohama (Japan)

Berlin, Böblingen, Ulm,

Sindelfingen, Stuttgart-Untertürkheim (Germany)

Moscow (Russia)

East London(South Africa)

Beijing (China)Palo Alto, Portland, Sacramento(USA)

Detroit (USA)

Tuscaloosa (USA)


Crude oil reserves worldwide in 2007:165 bn tons

Average volume of Lake Geneva (Swiss)89 bn m³

Confirmed crude oil resources would fit to an cube with an edge length of 5.8 km.

The annual consumption complies to an cube with a volume of 3,9 km³.

5,8 km 5,8 km5,

8 km

1,7 km

To Ensure Sustainable Mobility The Development Of Technologies To Reduce Fuel Consumption and Emissions Are Indispensable

Crude Oil

Worldwide Fossile Resources Are Limited


Agenda

Ø Requirements on future propulsions - Emissions and Fuel Consumption

Ø Three steps to a sustainable mobility- Comparison conventional engines Otto/Diesel- DaimlerChrysler Diesel engines – a story of success- Technologies for emission reduction- Alternative Fuels: Characteristics and Potentials

Ø Conclusion and outlook – Technology Roadmap


Agenda





Global Challenges And Demand On VehiclesReduction of Emissions (incl. CO2-Emission) and Consumption

More economical Solution than the Competition, with higher Customer use

Global challenges

t

Wealth and Prosperity

t

t1950 20502000

0,51

1,52

2,5

Source: Downs 2002

World Mobility

t1950 20502000

bn vehicles~ 2.2 bn

Source: Downs 2002

Source: ASPO 2004

Limited Resources of Crude Oil

t1950 20502000

102030

Gb /a

~ 13 Gb /a

Source: ASPO 2004

Source: Prognosis UNO

World Population

t1950 20502000

bn

36

9

Source: Prognosis UNO

~ 9 bn CustomerCustomerRegulationsRegulations

EnvironmentEnvironmentResources

PerformancePerformance

PricePrice

Current costsCurrent costs

ReliabilityReliability

SafetySafety

ConsumptionConsumption

EmissionsEmissions

NoiseNoise

Clean AirPollution

Recycling

Demands on vehicle


1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

NOxPM

NOx

NOx

NOx

PM

PM

PM

Euro 4Euro 3Euro 20,5

0,9 0,25

0,55 0,4 0,28 0,15

1,0 0.05 (LEV/ULEV)0.01 (LEV/ULEV)

0.2 (=LEV)

Tier 1

LEV2 Phase-In LEV2

1,0 0.14 (=Bin8)0.60 (=Bin10)

Tier 2TIER 2 Phase-In

EU[g/km]

EPA

[g/mi]

Japan[g/km]

CARB

0,18

Euro 50,08

Euro 601/2009 – 09/2009 2014

NOx- And PM-Emissionsthe major challenge is to fulfill the worldwide emission standards

0,052 0,014

0.08 (=LEV)

0.02 (=Bin8)0.08 (=Bin10)

0,025

Current Status

0,10

0,14

0,08

0,08

0,005 0,005

0,080,005

Step 6post new long term

Step 5new long term

Step 4long term

Step 3

0,08

0,05

0.05 (=Bin5)0.01 (=Bin5)

Step 2


100

EU

USA

J

NEDC

FTP75

10.15 M

100

100

50

0

% Euro 1 Euro 3 Euro 4Euro 2 Euro 5

-83%

Euro 6

50

0

% Tier 0 Tier 2Tier 1

-89%

50

0

%Step 2 Step 3Step 1

-92%

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

bin10 bin 8 bin 5

1992

HC+NOxHC+NOx

HC+NOxHC+NOx

HC+NOxHC+NOx

1994

2003

2006

2009

1996

2000

2005

2009

2014

2004

2007

2010

0,0050,50,080,09Euro 60,0050,50,180,05Euro 50,0250,50,250,05Euro 40,050,640,500,06Euro 30,101,00,90Euro 20,142,720,97Euro 10,2720,75,8Euro 0

g/kmPMCONOxHC

0,0050,630,080,024Step 60,0140,630,150,024Step 50,0520,630,280,12Step 40,082,10,400,40Step 30,22,10,60,4Step 2--2,10,90,4Step 1

g/kmPMCONOxHC

0,011,00,020,01SULEV0,012,10,050,04ULEV

0,014,20,070,09Tier 2

Bin 5

0,024,20,200,125Tier 2

Bin 8

0,086,40,600,23Tier 2

Bin 10

0,083,40,400,25Tier 10,23,41,00,40Tier 0

g/miPMCONOxHC

2000

1994

Step 6post new long term

History of the Emission Limits forDiesel Passenger Cars

Step 5new long term

Step 4long term


Increasing Worldwide Requirements For Reduction Of Emissions And Fuel Consumption

n USA: CAFE (27.5 / 22.5 mpg MY08) will be increased after MJ 2010.

n California: AB 1493 Standard of 27,5 mpg in 2009 increasing to >40 mpg from MY 2016 on. Litigation pending.

n ZEV: Review scheduled for 2007 with focus on availability of fuel cell cars.

n Top Runner: Segment specific targets for gasoline engines (2010/2015), diesel targets valid since 2005. In 2015 same targets for gasoline and diesel.

n New Chinese FE regulation stage I & II (2005/2008).

n Euro V+VI limits temporarily fixed.n ACEA Self Commitment: 140 g CO2/km in

2008, respectively 130 g CO2/km in 2012.


Agenda





Roadmap To Sustainable Mobility

todaytoday futurefuture

FuelFuel CellCell technologytechnology

ImprovedImproved & alternative & alternative fuelsfuels

EfficientEfficient carscars

withwith efficientefficient powertrainspowertrainswithwith oror withoutwithout hybrid hybrid modulesmodules


Continuous Improvement:Potentials For Combustion Engines

Characteristics

J Emissions

L Consumption

Characteristics

J Consumption

L Emissions

Diesel engineDiesel engine

Key Technologies:

Gasoline engineGasoline engine

Target: Gasoline Cars As Efficient As Diesels Diesel Cars As Clean As Gasoline Cars

Key Technologies: - Dethrottling- Direct Injection- Charging- Reduction of friction- Engine cooling management

- Injection system- Combustion process- Homogenization- Turbocharger- Exhaust gas after treatment


Technology Options For Gasoline Engines

VVTDI

(λ=1)

PICAI

TC

ACP

VLC

VCR

MDS

DI(λ>1)TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES

FOR GASOLINE FOR GASOLINE ENGINESENGINES DS

ACP: Advanced Cam PhaserDI: Direct injectionDS: Direct StartCAI: Controlled Auto IgnitionMDS: Multi Displacement SystemPI: Port InjectionTC: TurbochargingVLC: Valve Lift ControlVVT: Variable Valve TrainVCR: Variable Compression Ratio


Diesotto: Otto-Engine with Diesel genesThe Future of Mercedes-Benz Otto-Engines

CostÌ

Consumption Exhaust gasÌ

Torque¡

PerformanceÌ

Cost ConsumptionÌ

Exhaust gas TorqueÌ

Performance¡

Cost¡

ConsumptionÌ

Exhaust gasÌ

TorqueÌ

PerformanceÌ


Mercedes Gasoline Direct Injection (1954)in-line six-cylinder engine with direct fuel injection in the 300 SL

Mercedes Gasoline Direct Injection (1954)in-line six-cylinder engine with direct fuel injection in the 300 SL


CLS 350 CGI:• Power : 215 kW / 292 PS (+8%)• Torque: 365 Nm (+4%)

Mercedes 350 CGIGasoline Direct Injection 2nd Generation

Increasing fuel efficiency about 10% (Requires Ultra-Low-Sulfur Fuel)


Diesel History And Successthe evolution of the diesel is closely linked to innovative Mercedes-Benz

developments


Technology Options For Diesel Engines

Adv. TC

Combustion

SCR

DOC

NSC

DPF

Piezo

EGR

CR

Technologies Technologies forforDiesel Diesel EnginesEngines

SyntheticFuels

EGR: Exhaust Gas RecirculationCR: Common RailDPF: Diesel Particulate FilterDOC: Diesel Oxidation CatalystNSC: NOx-Storage CatalystSCR: Selective Catalytic ReductionTC: Turbocharger


In Three Steps – Towards The Cleanest Diesel Of The World


The optimal system for every segmentVehicle segmentOxi catalyst

Particulate filter

SCR catalyst

DeNox catalyst

BLUETEC I

Oxi catalyst

SCR catalyst

Particulate filter*AdBlue tank

BLUETEC II

AdBluemetering valve

Vision C220 BLUETEC

*only passsenger cars

Diesel Engines„ … as clean as Gasoline engines ….“

BLUETEC technology enables us to produce the cleanest Diesel vehicles of each class


Hybrid – Functionality and FE-Potential

E-Drive Boost Recu-peration

Start/Stop

Power splittransm.

Functionality

Cost

5%

15%

25%30%

RSG

P1

AHSP12

P2

Full (power split)

Mild

Full (parallel)

Micro

E-Drive

Boost

Start/Stop

Reku

FE improvement

"Micro"-Hybrid

"Mild"-Hybrid

"Full"-Hybrid

plus

plus

Classification

Functionalities


60 F-Cell vehicles incustomer hands (end 2004)

36 Buses (Citaro)Europe, Australia, China

3 Light Duty vehicles at UPS Europe, USA

~ 1.280.000 km, 37.880 h ~ 1.801.000 km, 120.700 h ~ 180.000 km, 5.530 h

n DaimlerChrysler is pioneer of Fuel Cell Vehicle. n Daily operation of more than 100 FCV’s all over the world. n Long experience with FCV’s (first FCV in 1994).n Big variety of FCV’s: Passenger cars, buses, vans.

Experiences with DaimlerChrysler Fuel Cell Vehicles


Future Engine Concepts Require Adapted Fuels

TodayToday TomorrowTomorrow FutureFuture

Gasoline and Diesel Engines

Clean ConventionalFuels

(Required for Particulate- and NOx-Aftertreatment Systems)

Advanced Gasolineand Diesel Engines

Blends WithSynthetic Fuels

(Allow cost effective in-cylinder emission reduction)

New EngineConcepts

NewSynthetic Fuels

(Potential enabler for newengine concepts)

+


Mercedes-Benz CNG VehiclesAlternative Propulsion TechnologiesDC is working on various propulsion systems

Citaro

SprinterE 200 NGT

CNG Fuel Cell

F-CellCitaro

Sprinter

TroyS-Class

Hybrid PropulsionStrategy

Current and future requirements concerning energy, environmental issues, sustainable mobility and business environment demand a versatile propulsion portfolio

Alt.Fuels

ORIONORION

Sun-dieselChoren


DC Fuel RoadmapLimited Energy Resources and Impact of Fuels on Fuel Economy and Emissions demand for an Energy Strategy

yesterday tomorrow

Conventional Fuel

High in Sulfurhigh aromatics

HydrogenEmission-free

and almost CO2-free

Synthetic (GTL) FuelsLow emissions

Clean Conventional FuelsSulfur-free, Low in Aromatics

Based onRenew.Energy

BasedonBiomass

BasedonNaturalGas

Based onCrudeOil

Compressed Natural Gas

2nd Gen. Biofuels (BTL)Low emissions and almost CO2 - free

1st Generation Biofuels(FAME, Bio-Ethanol, …)

today

GTL Gas to LiquidsBTL Biomass to LiquidsCNG Compressed Natural Gas


CTL, GTL, BTL, BTH (Coal-, Gas-, Biomass-to-Liquid, Biomass-to-Hydrogen)

Synthetic fuels (CTL, GTL, BTL and BTH) are produced using similar technologies.These synthetic fuels can be tailored to a certain extend to the needs of the IC engines.

Fischer-

Tropsch

Synthesis

Natural Gas

GTL Diesel

BiomassBTL Diesel

(clean)

(clean, C-free)BTH

CoalCTL Diesel

(clean)

(clean,CO2-neutral)

Alternative: Direct useof hydrogen from gasification

e.g. in fuel cells

Transformationinto Synthesis Gas




What “Clean Diesel Fuels” Should Look Like –The World Wide Fuel Charter Recommendations

Sulfur [mg/kg]

Cetane [-]

Density [kg/l]

T 95 [°C]

Lubricity [nm]

Water [mg/kg]

1 1.000

Range world wide

38 61

0,805 0,875

275 400

230 690

10 10.000

10 50

51 55

0,82 0,84 0,845

340 360

400 460

200

Regulation Needs/Reason:

Cap / prevention of phaseseparation

Cap / lubrication high pressurepump

Cap and range / spray forma-tion, combustion of inj. fuel

Range / fuel economy acc. toengine calibration range

Cap and range / combustiontiming acc. to engine calibation

Cap / durability exhaust after-treatment, environm. benefit

Quality of real world fuels often reveal great discrepancies in comparison to WWFC (World Wide Fuel Charter) recommendations.

EN 590

WWFC 2006*


SunDiesel

n Vehicle/Engine: E320 CDI (Series-Production-Vehicle)Displacement: 3 lPower: 165 kW Torque: 540 NmInjection System: Common RailGearbox: 7-Speed-Automatic transmission 7G-Tronic

n Fuel Consumption 7,8 Liter/100km SunDiesel(7,5 Liter with EN590 Diesel)

n CO2-EmissionsWell-to-Wheel: ca. 20 g CO2/km SunDiesel Tank-to-Wheel: ca. 185 g CO2/km with SunDiesel

(194-202 g CO2/km with EN590 Diesel)

n Savings (vs. fossile Diesel)CO2: ca 90 % Well-to-WheelFuel: + 5% volumetric, - 5% gravimetric


Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils (HVO’s) Pro’s & Con’s

n Pro’s n Excellent fuel qualityn Suitable for blends with conventional

diesel in a wide rangen Lower boiling range, compared to

FAME, makes HVO blends more suitable for modern diesel vehicles with particulate filters

n Better oxidation stability compared to FAME

n Considerable CO2- reduction potential (similar to biodiesel ) Compared to FAME (blue line) HVO’s (green line)

boiling range is about 40°C lower

n Con’s n Limited cold flow properties compared to

conventional dieseln Restricted biomass potential, depends on

the availability of vegetable oil n Lower CO2-reduction potential compared to

BTL

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

0 20 40 60 80 100

% Recovered

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

Rape Seed Methyl EsterHVO from Palm OilConventional DieselBTL Diesel

Destillation Curve for Biofuels Compared to conventional Diesel


Agenda





AlternativePropulsions

Technology Costs And CO2-Emissions For Different Propulsion Systems

Costs(inkl. EGN)

CO2

PI

DieselGasoline

Target

? ?

Target

DI+…


Conclusions

§ Internal combustion engines will remain the dominant powertrain over the next decade. The degree of hybridization will depend on market and car segment.

§ For optimum results, further improvements in fuel quality are necessary. Intensive interactions between oil industry and car manufacturers are required to ensure the availability of clean conventional fuels, synthetic fuels and hydrogen.

§ DaimlerChrysler is committed to develop appropriate technologies to secure a sustainable and affordable mobility.


Thank you for your attention !Thank you for your attention !

der beitrag der automobilindustrie zum weg in eine ... · daimlerchrysler -dr. keppeler 8 100 eu...

Documents