Describe the interactions Describe the interactions that occur among systems that occur among systems that perform the functions that perform the functions

of regulation, nutrient of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or and defense from injury or

illness in animals.illness in animals.

Regulation- Integumentary System- Endocrine System- Excretory System- Nervous System

Nutrient Absorption- Digestive System- Respiratory System- Circulatory System

Reproduction- Reproductive System

Defense- Lymphatic/Immune System

- Muscular System - Skeletal System

- (Integumentary System)

Regulation

Structures: - Skin Cross-section - epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, hair, sweat

gland, sweat pore, oil gland (also known as sebaceous gland)

- Draw a Finger label the fingernail

Function:Serves as a barrier against infection and injury,

helps to regulate body temperature; provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Skin is largest organ.

Covers all other systems

Endocrine: Hormones stimulate oil secretion in skin

Immune: First line of defense

Digestive: Creation of Vitamin D

Nervous- stimulus response

Excretory – helps regulates body temperature by releasing sweat and gasses.

Structures: Endocrine diagram

hypothalamus, pancreas, ovaries, testes.Glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal

Function:Controls growth, development, metabolism and

maintains homeostasis.

Reproductive: stimulate puberty and birth of child (i.e.

contractions, “water breaking”)

Digestive: stimulates metabolism of sugars

Immune: helps with immune responses

Circulatory: provides main transport medium for hormones

Respiration: Epinephrine increases respiration by dilating bronchioles

Endocrine System

Structures:Excretory System kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra(also involved – skin and lungs)

Function:Eliminates waste products from the body in ways that help maintain homeostasis.

Circulatory: Filters nitrogenous wastes from blood in kidneys

Lymphatic: Maintains water balance in blood

Digestive: nitrogenous wastes reabsorbed can exit; Urea-made in liver

Endocrine: hormones regulate

Excretory System

Structures: - Nervous System brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves.

Function: Recognizes and coordinates body’s response to changes in internal and external environments.

Integumentary: Sense of touch

Respiratory: Involuntary breathing

Muscular: Impulse to contract

Digestive: controls hunger

Nervous System

Nutrient Absorption

Structures:Digestive system mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, pancreas, gallbladder, liver, salivary glands

Function:Converts food into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body; absorbs food; eliminates wastes

Excretory: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes produced.

Circulatory: Moves nutrients through body.

Endocrine: Hormones allow organs to function/digest properly, metabolism, hunger

Muscular: Muscle increases movement of food through the whole digestive tract

Digestive System

Structures:-Respiratory diagram nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs

Function:Provides O2 needed for cellular

respiration and removes excess CO2

from the body.

Muscular: Uses O2, increases respiration during exercise

Circulatory: Circulates O2 and CO2

Nervous: “Fight or Flight” affects breathing

Excretory: Kidneys dispose of other metabolic wastes (other than CO2)

Respiratory System

Structures:Circulatory System capillaries (4), artery, vein, vena cava (2),

aorta, heart, blood vessels

Artery Cross Section white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells

Function:Brings O2, nutrients and hormones to

cells, fights infection, removes cell waste, regulates body temperature, carries CO2 to lungs.

Endocrine: Circulates hormones

Lymphatic: Returns fluids to circulatory system

Digestive: Brings nutrients that were reabsorbed in intestines to cells that need them

Excretory System: Removes wastes from blood stream

Muscular: Provides sugars and O2 needed for ATP synthesis during muscle contraction

Circulatory System and Artery Cross Section

Reproduction

Structures:Female Reproductive System

ovary, Fallopian tube, uterus, vagina, cervix

Male Reproductive System testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland, seminal vesicle

Function:Creates gametes/reproductive cells, Nurtures/protects developing embryo

(females)

Muscular: supports reproductive organs and are active during childbirth

Endocrine: Secretes hormones that control sex organs

Digestive: developing fetus crowds digestive organs during pregnancy, which

can cause heartburn, constipation,

etc.

Defense from injury or illness

Structures:- Lymphatic/Immune System White blood cells, tonsils, thymus,

spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes, (also included are white blood cells and lymph vessels)

Function:Immune: Protects body from disease.Lymphatic: Collects fluid lost from

blood vessels and returns to the fluid to the circulatory system.

Digestive: Pathogens ingested are destroyed

Excretory: Fluid is filtered in kidneys

Circulatory: WBCs travel in blood vessels; fluid is returned into vessels

Skeletal: Cells are made in bone marrow

Integumentary: Skin acts as a barrier

Lymphatic / Immune Systems

Structures:muscle tissue types skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac

muscle and give brief description of each

structure of skeletal muscle skeletal muscle, bundle of muscle fibers,

single muscle fiber

Function:Works with skeletal system to produce voluntary

movement; helps to circulate blood and move food through the digestive system.

Circulatory: Circulates O2 to muscles (heart is composed of cardiac

muscle)

Skeletal: helps creates movement

Digestive: provides sugar needed for ATP synthesis

Nervous: Stimulates muscle contraction and movement

Structures:- Bone Cross Section bone marrow, spongy bone, compact

bone, osteocyte (bone cell)- Knee Structure femur bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons,

red marrow

Function:Supports body, protects internal organs,

allows movement, stores minerals, provides a site for RBC formation.

Muscular: Provides support, creates movement

Circulatory: provides RBCs

Digestive: Provides nutrients needed for healthy

bone growth

Endocrine: hormones regulate growth

Nervous: Protection of brain/spinal cord

Knee Structure and Bone Cross Section

When you are born, you have over 300 bones. As you grow these bones fuse together and result in about 206 bones.

The largest bone is the pelvis, or hip bone. In fact it is made of six bones joined firmly together.

The longest bone is the 'femur', in the thigh. It makes up almost one quarter of the body's total height.

The smallest bone is the 'stirrup', deep in the ear. It is hardly larger than a grain of rice.

The ears and end of the nose do not have bones inside them. Their inner supports are cartilage or 'gristle', which is lighter and more flexible than bone. This is why the nose and ears can be bent.

After death, cartilage rots faster than bone. This is why the skulls of skeletons have no nose or ears.

There are about 60 muscles in the face. Smiling is easier than frowning. It takes 20 muscles to smile and over 40 to frown.

The longest muscle in the body is the sartorius, from the outside of the hip, down and across to the inside of the knee. It rotates the thigh outwards and bends the knee.

The smallest muscle in the body is the stapedius, deep in the ear. It is only 5mm long and thinner than cotton thread. It is involved in hearing.

The biggest muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus, in the buttock. It pulls the leg backwards powerfully for walking, running and climbing steps.

The heart beats around 3 billion times in the average person's life.

About 2 million blood cells die in the human body every second, and the same number are born each second.

Within a tiny droplet of blood, there are some 5 million red blood cells, 300,000 platelets and 10,000 white cells.

It takes about 1 minute for a red blood cell to circle the whole body.

Red blood cells make approximately 250,000 round trips of the body before returning to the bone marrow, where they were born, to die.

Red blood cells may live for about 4 months circulating throughout the body, feeding the 60 trillion other body cells.

The brain looks like a giant, wrinkled walnut.Unlike other body cells, brain cells can not

regenerate. Once brain cells are damaged they are not replaced.

The brain and spinal cord are surrounded and protected by cerebrospinal fluid.

The skin secretes antibacterial substances. These substances explain why you don't wake up in the morning with a layer of mold growing on your skin - most bacteria and spores that land on the skin die quickly.

Tears and mucus contain an enzyme (lysozyme) that breaks down the cell wall of many bacteria.

Lymph nodes contain filtering tissue and a large number of lymph cells. When fighting certain bacterial infections, the lymph nodes swell with bacteria and the cells fighting the bacteria, to the point where you can actually feel them. Swollen lymph nodes may therefore be a good indication that you have an infection of some sort.

Adults eat about 500 kg of food per year.1.5 liters of saliva are produced each day.The esophagus is approximately 25cm long.Muscles contract in waves to move the food down

the esophagus. This means that food would get to a person's stomach, even if they were standing on their head.

An adult’s stomach can hold approximately 1.5 liters of material.

Every day 11.5 liters of digested food, liquids and digestive juices flow through the digestive system, but only 100 ml of fluid are lost in feces.

We get two sets of teeth. Our 20 'Baby Teeth’ are replaced starting at around 6-7 years of age with our 32 ‘Adult Teeth’.

At rest, the adult body takes in and breathes out about 6 liters of air each minute.

The right lung is slightly larger than the left.Hairs in the nose help to clean the air we breathe as

well as warming it.The highest recorded "sneeze speed" is 165 km per

hour.The surface area of the lungs is roughly the same size as

a tennis court.The capillaries in the lungs would extend 1,600

kilometers if placed end to end.We lose half a liter of water a day through breathing.

This is the water vapor we see when we breathe onto glass.

A person at rest usually breathes between 12 and 15 times a minute.

The breathing rate is faster in children and women than in men.