Descriptive GrammarDescriptive Grammarof English:of English:

Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetics and Phonology

dr dr Iwona KokorniakIwona Kokorniak

(with contribution from dr Jarosław Weckwerth)(with contribution from dr Jarosław Weckwerth)

11 October11 October 200 20088

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The vocal tractThe vocal tract

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Active and passive articulatorsActive and passive articulators

Active: tongue, lips, uvulaActive: tongue, lips, uvula

Passive: teeth, alveolar ridge, hard Passive: teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate (=velum)palate, soft palate (=velum)..

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Tongue partsTongue parts

TipTip

BladeBlade

FrontFront

CentreCentre

BackBack

RootRoot

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PhonationPhonation

Generation of voice for speechGeneration of voice for speech

Air from the lungsAir from the lungs

Passes by the Passes by the vocal foldsvocal folds (=vocal (=vocal cords)cords)

Depending on how tight they are, Depending on how tight they are, vibration may occurvibration may occur

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The glottisThe glottis

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The The states of the glottisstates of the glottis

Open: voiceless sounds, e.g. sssOpen: voiceless sounds, e.g. sss

Vocal folds close together, vibrating: Vocal folds close together, vibrating: voiced sounds, e.g. zzzvoiced sounds, e.g. zzz

Tightly closed: the ‘glottal stop’Tightly closed: the ‘glottal stop’..

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English consonants 1English consonants 1

ppen, en, ttea, ea, kkey; ey; bback, ack, dday, ay, ggetet

chchururchch, , jjuudgedge

ffat, at, ththing, ing, ssoon, oon, shship, ip, hhotot

vview, iew, ththis, is, zzero, pleaero, pleassureure

mmore, ore, nnice, ice, rriingng

llight, ight, rright, ight, yyet, et, wwetet

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English consonants 2English consonants 2

ppen – en – BBenen

ththing – ing – ththisis

ffan – an – vvanan

bubuzzzz – bu – buss

This distinction is called This distinction is called voicingvoicing..

Caused by vibration of the Caused by vibration of the vocal vocal foldsfolds ( (vocal cordsvocal cords) in the ) in the larynxlarynx..

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English consonants 3English consonants 3

ppen – en – tten – en – KKenen

vvow – ow – ssow – ow – hhowow

wwet – et – yyetet

This distinction is called the This distinction is called the place of place of articulationarticulation..

Depends on Depends on wherewhere you put your you put your tongue tongue or where you make the or where you make the soundsound

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English consonants 4English consonants 4

ttap – ap – ssap – ap – nnapap

shshooee – – chchewew

This distinction is called the This distinction is called the manner of articulationmanner of articulation..

Depends on Depends on what you do with your what you do with your tonguetongue, i.e. , i.e. howhow you produce the you produce the sound.sound.

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English consonants 5English consonants 5

It’s pIt’s possible to classify any ossible to classify any consonant in any language using consonant in any language using these three dimensions:these three dimensions:

VoicingVoicing

PlacePlace

MannerManner

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Place of articulation (where?)Place of articulation (where?)

organorgan place nameplace name

both lipsboth lips bilabialbilabial

lower lip + upper teethlower lip + upper teeth labiodentallabiodental

tongue + teethtongue + teeth dentaldental

tongue + alveolar ridgetongue + alveolar ridge alveolaralveolar

tongue + back of alv. ridgetongue + back of alv. ridge post-alveolarpost-alveolar

tongue + hard palatetongue + hard palate palatalpalatal

tongue + soft palate (velum)tongue + soft palate (velum) velarvelar

glottisglottis glottalglottal

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Place of articulation (where?)Place of articulation (where?)bilabialbilabial: : ppan, an, bban, an, mmanan

labiodentallabiodental: : ffan, an, vvanan

(inter)dental(inter)dental: : ththing, ing, ththanan

alveolaralveolar: : ttan, an, DDan, an, ssand, and, ZZen, en, llaanndd

post-alveolarpost-alveolar: : shshin, pleain, pleassure, ure, chchin, in, gginin

palatalpalatal: : yyenen

velarvelar: : ccan, an, ggoneone

glottalglottal: : hhenen

(additional) (additional) labio-velarlabio-velar: : wwetet; ; retroflexretroflex: : rreded

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Why is it good to know?Why is it good to know?

Because Polish is different in some Because Polish is different in some cases:cases:

Polish Polish t, d, s, zt, d, s, z are dental, not alveolar. are dental, not alveolar.

Polish doesn’t use interdental sounds.Polish doesn’t use interdental sounds.

Polish Polish ś, ź, ć, dź, ńś, ź, ć, dź, ń are are alveolo-alveolo-palatal.palatal.

Polish Polish chch is velar, not glottal. is velar, not glottal.

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Manner of articulation (how?)Manner of articulation (how?)

plosive (oral stop)plosive (oral stop): : ppan, an, bban, an, ttan, an, DDan, an, ccan, an, ggoneone

fricativefricative: : ffan, an, vvan, an, ththing, ing, ththan, an, ssand, and, ZZen, en, shshin, pleain, pleassure, ure, hhenen

affricateaffricate: : chchin, in, gginin

nasal (stop)nasal (stop): : mmaann, si, singng

approximantapproximant: : lland, and, rrun, un, wwin, in, yyenen

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A riddle: what are these?A riddle: what are these?

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/d//d/ /n//n/

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The plosives (oral stops) The plosives (oral stops) VoicingVoicing

/p t k b d g//p t k b d g//p t k//p t k/ voicelessvoiceless

/b d g//b d g/ voicedvoiced

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The plosives – PlacesThe plosives – Places

//p bp b/ / bilabialbilabial

//t dt d/ / alveolaralveolar

NOTE:NOTE: Polish Polish /t d//t d/ are are dentaldental

/k g//k g/ velarvelar

Three placesThree places

Voiced and voiceless at each placeVoiced and voiceless at each place

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The plosives: StagesThe plosives: Stages

Full contact between the active and Full contact between the active and

passive articulatorpassive articulator

Can also be called Can also be called oral stopsoral stops

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The plosives – First summaryThe plosives – First summary

/p//p/ voiceless bilabial plosive voiceless bilabial plosive

/b//b/ voiced bilabial plosive voiced bilabial plosive

/t//t/ voiceless alveolar plosive voiceless alveolar plosive

/d//d/ voiced alveolar plosive voiced alveolar plosive

/k//k/ voiceless velar plosive voiceless velar plosive

/g//g/ voiced velar plosive voiced velar plosive

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The plosives – First summaryThe plosives – First summary

bilabialbilabial alveolaralveolar velarvelar

voicelessvoiceless pp tt kk

voicedvoiced bb dd gg

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First conclusionsFirst conclusions

You can group sounds by their shared You can group sounds by their shared

properties, e.g. voicing, manner, place etc.properties, e.g. voicing, manner, place etc.

Sounds grouped in this way formSounds grouped in this way form

natural classesnatural classes

The properties are called The properties are called featuresfeatures in in

phonology, e.g. [±voiced]phonology, e.g. [±voiced]

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The fricativesThe fricatives:: Articulation Articulation

The active articulator approaches the The active articulator approaches the passive articpassive articulatorulator

The opening is very narrowThe opening is very narrow

Hiss (friction) resultsHiss (friction) results

Fricatives are aFricatives are also called lso called spirantsspirants

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The fricativesThe fricatives

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English fricativesEnglish fricatives

/f θ s ʃ h v ð z ʒ//f θ s ʃ h v ð z ʒ/

/θ/ /θ/ ththinging /v/ /v/ vvanan

/ʃ//ʃ/ shshoeoe /ð/ /ð/ ththisis

/z/ /z/ bagbagss /ʒ/ /ʒ/ pleapleassureure

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English fricativesEnglish fricatives:: Voicing Voicing

/f θ s ʃ h//f θ s ʃ h/ voicelessvoiceless

/v ð z ʒ//v ð z ʒ/ voicedvoiced

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English fricativesEnglish fricatives:: Places Places

/f v/ /f v/ labiodentallabiodental

/θ ð/ /θ ð/ dentaldental

/s z/ /s z/ alveolaralveolar

/ʃ ʒ/ /ʃ ʒ/ post-alveolarpost-alveolar

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The fricativesThe fricatives

/f/ voiceless labio-dental fricative/f/ voiceless labio-dental fricative

/v/ voiced labio-dental fricative/v/ voiced labio-dental fricative

/θ/ voiceless dental fricative/θ/ voiceless dental fricative

/δ/ voiced dental fricative/δ/ voiced dental fricative

/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative/s/ voiceless alveolar fricative

/z/ voiced alveolar fricative/z/ voiced alveolar fricative

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The fricativesThe fricatives

/z/ voiced alveolar fricative/z/ voiced alveolar fricative

/ʃ/ voiceless post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) /ʃ/ voiceless post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) fricativefricative

/ʒ/ voiced post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) /ʒ/ voiced post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) fricativefricative

/h/ voiceless glottal fricative/h/ voiceless glottal fricative

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The fricatives – summaryThe fricatives – summary

labio-labio-dentaldental

dentaldental alveolaralveolar post-post-alveolaralveolar

(palato-(palato-alveolar)alveolar)

glottalglottal

/f///f// /θ//θ/ /s//s/ /ʃ//ʃ/ /h//h/

/v//v/ //δδ// /z//z/ /ʒ//ʒ/

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The affricatesThe affricates:: Articulation Articulation

Plosive+fricative as one unitPlosive+fricative as one unit

““PPlosive withlosive with fricative releasefricative release””

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The affricatesThe affricates

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English affricatesEnglish affricates

/tʃ dʒ//tʃ dʒ/

((BrBr)) ch chururchch //tʃtʃɜːɜːtʃtʃ//((AmAm) ) chchururchch //tʃtʃɝːɝːtʃtʃ//

jjuudgdgee / /dʒdʒʌʌdʒdʒ//

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The affricatesThe affricates

/ʧ//ʧ/ voiceless post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) voiceless post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) affricate affricate

/ʤ//ʤ/ voiced post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) voiced post-alveolar (palato-alveolar) affricateaffricate

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ObstruentsObstruents

Obstruction in the airflowObstruction in the airflow::Plosives, fricatives, affricatesPlosives, fricatives, affricates

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English voiced obstruentsEnglish voiced obstruents

Can occur at ends of wordsCan occur at ends of wordsCan occur next to voiceless Can occur next to voiceless

soundssoundsAre Are lenislenis = weak = weakDifferent from PolishDifferent from PolishA natural class!A natural class!

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EngEnglishlish voiceless obstruents voiceless obstruents

English voiceless obstruentsEnglish voiceless obstruentsmake the preceding vowel shortermake the preceding vowel shorter

Are Are fortisfortis = strong = strongDifferent from PolishDifferent from PolishA natural class!A natural class!

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EngEnglishlish voiceless obstruents voiceless obstruents

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The nasalsThe nasals:: Articulation Articulation

There is There is a a complete closure in the complete closure in the mouthmouth......

...b...but the velum is loweredut the velum is lowered

Air can escape through the noseAir can escape through the nose

Therefore, also calledTherefore, also called nasal stopsnasal stops

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English nasalsEnglish nasals

/m n ŋ//m n ŋ/

/ŋ/ /ŋ/ thithingng

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English nasalsEnglish nasals:: Voicing Voicing

All voiced!All voiced!

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The nasalsThe nasals

/m/ voiced bilabial nasal/m/ voiced bilabial nasal

/n/ voiced alveolar nasal/n/ voiced alveolar nasal

/ŋ/ voiced velar nasal/ŋ/ voiced velar nasal

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The velar nasal in EnglishThe velar nasal in English

babanknk /bæ/bæŋkŋk//sisinknk /sɪ/sɪŋkŋk//

bang /bæŋ/

sing /sɪŋ/

but

no /k/ or /g/at the end!!!

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Oral and nasal stopsOral and nasal stops

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Velic vs. velar closureVelic vs. velar closure