design modules for a pipe line project

7/27/2019 Design Modules for a Pipe Line Project

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Design Modules for a Project

Process Plant Layout And Piping Design

Module 1 : The Basics of Plant Layout Design

The Plant Layout DesignerProject Input DataBasic Layout PhilosophyAbbreviations, Standards, and TerminologyThe Components of Specification

Module 3: Plot Plans

The Plot Plan in the Process UnitDefinition

Plot Plan DevelopmentTypes of Plot PlansEquipment LocationPipe RacksRoads, Access Ways, and PavingBuildingsEquipment SpacingSample Plot Plan Arrangement

Module 4 : Compressors

Auxiliary EquipmentCentrifugal Compressors : Nozzle OrientationsTypes of Compressor DrivesLube Oil SystemSeal Oil SystemSurface Condensers and Auxiliary EquipmentCompressor MaintenanceCompressor Arrangement and LocationElevations of MachinesInter and AfterCoolersHousing and Platform Requirements

General Compressor Layout

Module 5 : Drums

Types of Drums.Location of Drums, Nozzle LocationsPlatform ArrangementsPiping ArrangementsDrum Instrumentation
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MaintenanceFurther Considerations

Module 6 : Exchangers

Exchanger Construction

Exchanger Location and SupportNozzle OrientationExchanger PipingExchanger Maintenance

Module 7 : Furnaces

Basic Operation and Primary Parts of a FurnaceTypes of FurnacesTerminologyBurners

Combustion Air Preheating SystemsGeneral Arrangement of FurnacesPiping Layout for a FurnaceTail Gas Incinerator and Waste Heat Unit

Module 8 : Pumps

Pump TerminologyNPSH RequirementsTypes of PumpsPump Locations

Pump PipingPump Piping Supports

Module 9 : Reactors

Process OperationDesign Considerations for ReactorsLocation of ReactorsSupport and ElevationNozzle Locations and ElevationsPlatform Arrangements

Piping ArrangementsMaintenance

Module 10 : Towers

The Distillation ProcessTypes of TowersDesign Considerations for Towers


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Tower Elevation and SupportNozzle Elevation and OrientationPlatform ArrangementsTower PipingTower InstrumentsMaintenance

Module 11 : Pipe Racks

Establishing Width, Bent Spacing, and ElevationsSetting Line, Valve, and Instrument LocationsPipe Flexibility and SupportsStructural ConsiderationsOther Considerations

Module 12 : Structures

Design Features. Structural TermsStructural DetailsSmall StructuresMediumSized StructuresLarge StructuresStair StructuresDrill StructuresOperations Platforms

Module 13 : Underground Piping

Industry StandardsTerminologyTypes of SystemsConstruction MaterialsOily Water and Storm Water SystemsChemical and Process (Closed) SewersProcess and Potable WaterFire Water SystemUnderground Electrical and Instrument DuctsUnderground DetailsDouble ContainmentUnderground Systems

FabricationUnderground Composite

Module 14 : Instrumentation

Types of InstrumentsInstrument LocationsMiscellaneous


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Module 15 : Process Liquid Storage Tanks

Codes and RegulationsTerminologyTypes of Tanks

Spill ContainmentDike AccessSizing Tanks and DikesTank DetailsTank Supports

Module 16 : Stress Analysis

Introduction to Piping StressPipe Stress Analysis Work ProcessImpacts of Excessive Pipe Stress

Causes of Pipe StressLayout Solutions for Weight StressLayout Solutions of Thermal LoadsLayout Solutions for Other Stress

Module 17 : Computer-Aided Design

Basic CAD ApplicationsIntegrated Modeling SystemsSystems Engineering and Instrument DesignCAD Benefits Summary

Electronic Spool Sheets


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Piping & Instrumentation Diagram

P&ID shows all of piping including the physical sequence of branches, reducers, valves,equipment, instrumentation and control interlocks.

The P&ID are used to operate the process system.

A P&ID should include:

Instrumentation and designations

Mechanical equipment with names and numbers

All valves and their identifications

Process piping, sizes and identification

Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers, increasers

and swagers

Permanent start-up and flush lines Flow directions

Interconnections references

Control inputs and outputs, interlocks

Interfaces for class changes

Seismic category

Quality level

Annunciation inputs

Computer control system input

Vendor and contractor interfaces

Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others

Intended physical sequence of the equipment

This figure depict a very small and simplified P&ID:

A P&ID should not include:

Instrument root valves

control relays

manual switches

equipment rating or capacity

primary instrument tubing and valves

pressure temperature and flow data

elbow, tees and similar standard fittings
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extensive explanatory notes

Stress Calculation Check List

PROJECT NO: _________________________ Analysis By: ________________

Date: ________

STRESS FILE:__________________________ Checked By: _______________Date: ________

MARKINGS FOR CHECKING PROCEDURE (Analyst and Checker areresponsible for the assigned column)

Analyst / Checker ( ) Checked / Not Applicable / Unchecked ( / X / Blank)

INPUT CHECKS

1. CHECK THE GENERAL LAYOUT OFMODEL

Starting and terminating points agree with model.

Modifications to existing piping have been avoided.

If expansion joints are used, approval has been obtained by Client.

2. CHECK THE FOLLOWING PIPING INPUT

PARAMETERS: (AGAINST P & ID, DWGS.)

PIPE METHOD

Diameter Plot Diameter, List Elements

Wall Thickness Plot Thickness, List Elements

Insulation Thickness Plot ( I ), List Elements

Insulation Weight List Elements

Contents List Elements

Pressures (Ensure they meet line spec) Plot Highlight Pressures

Temperatures (Ensure they meet line spec) Plot HighlightTemperatures

Allowable Stresses

Material Properties (Check E, V, Sa) Plot (M), List Elements

Corrosion Allowances Plot (C)

Sifs/ Tees / Elbows (Default to Unreinf. Fab. Tees) Plot (T,B) List SIFS

Requirements for reinforcing pads (Pressure + Stress) (Calculate per

B31.3)
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Valve Weights, Flange Ratings List Rigid

Expansion Joint Rates and Tie Rod Orientation List Bellows/

Restraints, Plot3. CHECK THE BOUNDARY

CONDITIONS

Restraints (Anchors, Other Supports) Plot Restraints, Anchors, Springs

Displacements (At Vessels, Etc.) Plot/List Displacements

External Forces/Moments (correlate with iso) List Forces

Spring Settings (Ensure proper vendor is used) List Forces

Uniform Loads List Uniform Loads

Wind Loads List Wind

Friction Coefficients List Restraints

4. CHECK IF PROPER SCOPE HASBEEN APPLIED TO MODEL

Model has been extended to existing anchor - or

Model has been run on a point where further effects would not affect

new system

Beginning elevation (Optional)

Overall lengths, and critical lengths around sensitive equipment

5. CHECK FOR VARIOUS UPSET/ABNORMAL CONDITIONS

Hydrstatic Test Loads (for pipe sizes 8 diameter and above)

Steam-Out

Weight with No Contents

Safety Valve Discharges

Dynamic Loads (Hydraulic Shock, Water Hammer, Earthquake, Two-

Phase Slug Flow) High Pressure Cases (Use B31.3 Chapter 9 Allowables, f, Etc).

6. SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE/PRESSUREREQUIREMENTS:

Greater of High temperature /

Ambient differential and Low Temperature / Ambient differential used

Maximum Differential Temperature

Range

Minimum Design Metal Temperature

Concurrent pressures at temperatures

7. EQUIPMENT INPUT CHECKS Movements at Nozzle Connections

Lengths Through Rotating Equipment

STRESS CASE CHECKS

1.CAESAR II SETTINGS:

Ensure Liberal Allowable Limits are not being used on new piping.


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Follow all Caesar II settings as described in Stress Analysis

Procedures (elsewhere)2.LOAD CASE CHECK: (Other conditions

may need additional studies.)A. NORMAL LOAD CASES

1. W+T1+P1 (OPE) OPERATING

CASE FOR T1 USUALLY DESIGN2. W+T2+P1 (OPE) OPERATING

CASE FOR T2 USUALLY OPERATING3. W+T3+P1 (OPE) OPERATING

CASE FOR T3 USUALLY MDMT4. W+P1 (SUS) COLD

SUSTAINED CASE CODE CHECK5. WNC (SUS) WEIGHT - NO

CONTENTS SUSTAINED CASE (OPT.)6. DSI-DS4 (EXP) EXPANSION

CODE CHECK FOR T1

7. DS2-DS4 (EXP) EXPANSIONCODE CHECK FOR T2

8. DS3-DS4 (EXP) EXPANSIONCODE CHECK FOR T3

9. DSI-DS3 (EXP) MAXIMUMDIFFERENTIAL EXPANSION CODE CHECK

B. WIND LOAD CASES(OPTIONAL/SITUATIONAL) (NOTE 4)1. W+T1+P1 (OPE) OPERATING

CASE FOR T1 (Other cases may be required)2. W+P1 (SUS) SUSTAINED

CASE3. W+T1+P1+WIND (OPE)

EFFECTS F WIND DURING OPERATION4. DS3-DS1 (OCC) NET

EFFECTS OF WIND WITH NON LINEAR MOVEMENT5. ST2 + ST4 (OCC) CODE

STRESS CHECK FOR WIND LOADS.C. HOT SUSTAINED LOAD CASES

(OPTIONAL /SITUATIONAL)1. W+T1+P1 (OPE)2. W+P1 (SUS)

3. TI (EXP) INTERMEDIATEEXPANSION CASE

4. DS1-DS3 (SUS) HOTSUSTAINED FOR T1 (Other temperatures also needed)

NOTES:

1.If springs or other forces are present,all (OPE) , (SUS) cases need FI


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2.If displacements are present ,operating cases need DI

3.Size spring manually if spring loadsappear inappropriate

4.Wind can be replaced by Ux forearthquake loads

3.SPECIAL CASES CHECK: (NotApplicable )(Other conditions may need additional studies.)

Spring supported vessels (Refer to Stress Analysis Procedure

Differential temperature between piping and vessels, multiple case

studies

OUTPUT CHECKS

1.STRESSES

All cases pass allowable limits

2.

HOT SUSTAINED OUTPUT CHECK Ensure supports do not lift off or

Run a hot sustained Caesar check (conservative)

3.MOVEMENT

Comment on excessive sag location in sustained case (over )

Comment on large movements (over 2) in thermal runs

4.BOUNDARY CONDITION CHECK

Comment on all new restraint loads.

Comment on existing piping lateral/axial restraint loads over 2000 lb.

Comment on existing piping support loads over 5000 lb.

Indicate deficiencies in Special Instructions if any boundary

assumptions are made.5.EQUIPMENT CHECKS (Not Applicable

)

WRC-107 analysis of non-critical vessel shells.

FE/Pipe / Nozzle Pro check on critical vessel shells or shells falling out

of the WRC-107 range.

FE/Pipe \ Nozzle Pro check on tank nozzle connections or use chart in

Piping Analysis Procedures.

API-610 checks on each individual API pump nozzle.

Vendor allowable check on all ANSI pumps, non-standard equipment

(Glass/ Graphite/ FRP/ etc.) NEMA SM23 check through turbines, resolved at discharge flange

(Use 1.0 X NEMA limits)

API-617 check through compressors, resolved at suction flange (Use

1.0 X API-617 limits)

API-560 checks on all fired heater nozzles (Use 1.0 X API-560

allowable limits)


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API-661 checks on all fin fan cooler nozzles (3X the allowable limits w/

Mechanical confirmation)

5.SPRING CHECKS (Not Applicable )

Cold loads do not vary from installed setting

Cold loads are near to center of spring range

Cold/ Hot loads are within spring range Isometrics are marked with figures, sizes, rates, cold loads, hot loads,

and movements

Hydrotest loads greater than 2 X the design loads are marked on the

isometrics

Constant force springs are marked with actual and design movements

6.EXPANSION JOINT CHECKS (Not

Applicable )

Movements are within allowable limits (Axial, Lateral, Angular,

Torsional)

Torsional stiffness is rigid, or torsional rate and movement specified on

drawings

Appropriate movements for tie rod orientation.

Tie rod orientation indicated on isometric drawings and bellows

purchasing record

Indicate as preliminary analysis in Special Instructions until actual

vendor rates are obtained.

7.SNUBBER CHECKS (Not Applicable )

Indicate Pin-to-Pin dimensions, Cold Setting, and Stroke on isometrics

Ensure snubber weight has been included in analysis around

equipment or springs

8.FLANGE LOAD CHECKS (NotApplicable ) (Mandatory for Category M services)

At equipment connections

At observed highly loaded connections


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Types of Valves

Angle Valves:

Angle Valves are important industrial fittings, deriving theirname from the the 90 configuration of inlet and outlet ports.

Metallic angle valves in material such as stainless steel,

bronze, brass are used for cryogenic applications requiringextreme temperatures, ranging from 450 to -250C. High

quality of materials used and workmanship ensure longevity

and trouble-free service of these valves.Types of Angle Valves

Manual

Pneumatically

Air to open/spring to close

Motorized

Application of Angle ValvesAngle Valves are widely used in commercial and industrial applications such as:

Hot and cold water

HVAC

Steam

Compressed air

Gas and other general utility services

Globe Valves:

Globe valves derive their name from the roundedbodies/spherical shape and are widely used in fitting industry

to regulate fluid flow in both on/off and throttling service.

These linear motion valves consist of moving parts includingdisk, the valve stem, and the hand wheel.

The stem is used to connect the hard wheel and the disk; the

valves are threaded and fit into the threads of the valvebonnet. These specialty valves allow fluids to pass the spaces

between the edge of the disk and the seat when open.

Types of Globe ValvesThese valves are available in three main body types, namely : Angle Design, Y-designand Multi-piece Design. Angle valves are a type of globe valves, so designed, that theinlet and outlet are perpendicular, for transferring flow from vertical to horizontal. Y-

design valves derive linear action from the incline between the axis of the inlet and outlet

ports. The inlet and outlet are not of single piece construction. These valves offer precisethrottling and control and have high-pressure limits. They also offer a low coefficient of

flow and are however not good selections in applications requiring cleanliness or sterility.
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Ball Valves:Ball valves are widely used industrial fittings, for a widerange of fluid applications in process, power and

instrumentation. The valves are quarter-turn, straight

through flow valves having a round closure element withcomplementing rounded seats, permitting uniform sealing

stress. The type of seat can vary according to the valvepressure rating and materials of construction.

These are wide duty valves, enabling transfer of gases,liquids and liquids with suspended solids (slurries).

Common ball valve are available in materials including brass, bronze, copper, cast iron,

ductile iron, stainless and other steel types, metal alloys and plastics including PVC andCPVC. In contrast to other types of valves, ball valves provide superior ease of operation

and can maintain and regulate high volume, high pressure and high temperature flow and

often offer rugged construction providing for a long service life, and a comparably lowcost. These specialty valves are available in a variety of configurations for positive leak

tight shut-off and control and are used for both manual as well as remote valve actuation.

The popular and standard configurations include:

Miniature

2-way

3-way

Swing-out

Spring-loaded

Manifold Valves:

Manifold valves are widely used in the industrial fittings toreduce the cost of installation and prevent potential leakage.

They help to simplify piping, improve the appearance and

reduce the space requirements. These valves can further becustomized according to a preferred connection type such as

sockets, threaded, flare or o-ring face etc and are available in

different configurations and styles for a wide range of processcontrol applications.

The device helps to control flow, pressure, level, distribution

and blow down of water. Valve Manifolds are also available in either a block, single

flange or double flange connection for remote or direct installation.

The popular and standard configurations include :

2 Valve Manifold : This valve consists of either a single flange or double flangeconnection for direct installation.

3 Valve Manifold : This valve consists of two isolation and one equalizing valve.


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5 Valve Manifold : This valve consists two isolation valves, two equalizingvalves and a vent valve.

Rigid Mount

Specialty Manifolds

Butterfly Valves:

Butterfly valves are throttling valves used to control flowthrough a circular disc by turning the valves main axis at

ninety degree or right angles towards the direction of flow

in the pipe. These valves use an inflatable seat to seal with

air pressure, thus requiring less torque and a smalleractuator, resulting in lower overall valve cost.

The demand for actuated butterfly valves is growing

because actuated butterfly valves can provide: precise,

repeatable control for industrial process, complex automatic

sequencing for process control. These important industrial fittings control the flow of gasor liquid by means of a disk, which turns on a diametrical axis inside a pipe or by two

semicircular plates hinged on a common spindle, which permits flow in a singledirection. These compactly designed valves offer a rotary system movement of less than

90 degree. The valves are manufactured in materials including stainless steel, plastic,

ceramic and PVC.

Advantage of Butterfly ValvesThese valves can be used in areas where space is limited, this is so, because butterfly

valves are available in small dimensions and are used in a variety of chemical services.

Needle Valves:Needle valves are kind of throttle valves, similar in operationand designing of globe valves. These valves have a slender,

tapered point at the end of the valve, which is lowered

through the seat to block flow. These valves are used tocontrol flow into delicate gauges, which might be damaged

by sudden surge of fluid under high pressure and also to

control the end of a work cycle.

Needle valves are available in stainless steel, bronze, cast ironetc depending on the kind of application and are designed

with a metallic needle in materials including brass, bronze, stainless steel, along with seatgenerally made form PVC, CPVC, PTFE etc. Needle valves are normally manuallyoperated, but can be modified to act as a variable restrictor. These valves are available in

different types of end connections including double ferrule type, NPT, BSPT and many

other standard connections and in various packing materials for different applicationsdepending on requirements, temperature and medium to be moved.

Application of Needle Valves Aerospace


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Zoological science

Gas and liquid dispensation

Instrumentation control

Power generation

Check Valves:A check valve is a mechanical device used as anindustrial/plumbing fitting, which normally allows fluid orgas to flow through it in uni-direction. A double check valve

is often used to prevent back flow and to keep potentially

contaminated water from siphoning back. Clapper valves, atype of check valve is used in or with firefighting, and has a

hinged gate (often with a spring urging it shut) that only

remains open in the outflowing direction.

Types of Check Valves

Single Disc Swing Valves : These valves can be mounted both vertically as ell ashorizontally and are designed with a closure element attached to the top of the

cap. This closure element can be pushed aside by the flow, but swings back intothe close position upon flow reversal.

Double Disc or Wafer Check Valves : These valves consist of two half-circledisks hinged together that fold together upon positive flow and retract to a full-

circle to close against reverse flow. Lift-Check Valves : These valves can operate in either vertical or horizontal

mounting. Silent valves : These valves are quite similar to lift check valves with a center

guide extending from inlet to outlet ports.

Ball-Check Valves : These valves are good for most services and can evenhandle fluids that produce gummy deposits. Since the disc is free to rotate, this all

helps to keep the valve seats clean. Cone Check Valves : These valves use a free-floating or spring loaded cone

resting in the seat ring as the closure element. Incase of a reverse flow, the cone is

forced back into its seat preventing back flow.

Application of Check Valves Few types of irrigation sprinklers and drip irrigation emitters have small check

valves built into them to keep the lines from draining when the system is shut off. Offshore Oil and Gas

Civil Engineering Gas-Turbine Systems

Pressure Relief Valve:


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A pressure relief valve is a device mounted on a hot water

heater or boiler and is designed to release any high steampressure in the tank and thus prevent tank explosions. These

specialty valves are used for systems that contain gases and

liquids in a variety of pneumatic, hydraulic, and cryogenicapplications to provide protection from over-pressure in

steam, gas, air and liquid lines. The working involves lettingoff the steam when safe pressure level is exceeded and thenclosing of the valve after the pressure level drops to the preset

level; Back pressure regulating valve helps to maintain

upstream pressure at the desired level by allowing excess upstream pressure to flow

downstream. These self-operating valves are installed to prevent over pressurization ofthe system.

Application of Pressure Relief Valve

Petrochemicals

Pneumatic equipments Hydrocarbons

Chemical Processing

Control Valves:A Control Valve is an important industrial fitting device

used to modify and control the fluid flow rate in a processsystem. Also known as proportional valve, this power-

operated device can be used to modify pressure rate in a

process system.

There are various specifications and parameters which mustbe considered for these power-operated valves including

diameter, working pressure and operating temperature.

Available in choice of material including copper, brass,bronze, cast iron and stainless steel, and other plastic material such as PVC AND CPVC,

these valves are the most used fittings.

Types of Control ValvesGlobe, Gate, Diaphragm, Needle, Butterfly, Ball and Plug Valves are all, kinds of controlvalves and are used for different applications in large number of industries.

Application of Control Valves

Waterworks

Fire Protection

Irrigation

Industrial

Petroleum

Aviation Fueling


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Y-Strainer:Y-Strainer are special devices, used for mechanically removingsolids from flowing liquids or gases by using a perforated or

wire mesh straining element/equipment. These strainers are

used in pipelines to protect equipment such as pumps, meters,control valves, steam traps and regulators. These strainers are

generally used where the amount of material to be removed issmall and when frequent straining is not needed. Y type strainerare widely used for handling steam, these compact and

cylindrically shaped strainers are very strong and can handle

high pressures. These strainers can be installed both

horizontally as well as vertically. Cast iron, bronze, carbonsteel, or stainless steel are the common materials used to manufactured these specialized

strainers. Iron is most widely used because it costs the least.

Gate Valves:Gate valves, also known as Slide or Knife Valves, are named

after a wedge-shaped internal plastic barrier, called a gate

which rises and falls inside the valve as a handle is turned.These are linear motion valves in a which a flat closure

element slides into the flow stream to provide shut off and are

designed to minimize pressure drop across the valve in thefully opened position and stop the flow of fluid completely.

Knife valves effectively regulate flow rates from zero to full

flow, they work well with solids-laden water, and these

valves can be serviced in place. Knife Gate valves work well in applications involvingslurries as the gates can cut through the slurry, also these valves are advantageous in

applications involving viscous liquids such as heavy oils, varnish, molasses etc.

Types of Gate Valves

Parallel Gate Valves: These valves use a flat disc gate between two parallel seatslocated upstream and downstream.

Wedge-Shaped Gate Valves: These valves use two inclines seats and a littlemismatched inclined gate allowing tight shut-off.

Application of Gate Valves Viscous liquids such as heavy oils, creams etc.

Slurries


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Pipe Fitting Types

Pipe Adapter:

A pipe adapter is a fitting that is used to connect pipes of differentmaterials or pipes that require different joining methods. For

example, it can join a pipe that is threaded to a pipe or tube that is

not threaded, one of the most important type of pipe fittings.Adapters are available in various materials like aluminum, brass,

bronze, copper, steel, stainless, plastic etc, depending on their

final application. Apart from being available in various materials,these are also custom made in a large range of sizes, depending on

their Inner and Outer Diameters (ID and OD).

Some of the popular types of adapters are : Female Adapters

Male Adapters

Terminal Adapters

Hi Low converter Adapters

Twist to lock Y cord Adapters

Auto Converter Adapters

Conduit Box Adapters

Reduce Drive Adapters

Red Adapters

Male and female adapters from a popular classification criteria. Female Adapters are used to add a female threaded pipe connection on a solvent

welded pipe (they must never be used when converting to a metallic pipe as themetal male pipe threads tend to split the PVC fittings). Also, metal male threads

should never be inserted into any female threaded PVC fitting. Male Adapters are used to add a male threaded pipe connection to a solvent weld

pipe section.

Features of industrial adapters are that they are :

Sanitary or Food Grade Rated

Insulated

Plated
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Pipe Offset:

An Offset means a combination of pipes and/or fittings that brings

one section of the pipe out of line but into a line, parallel with theother section. These offset fittings are available in a number of

materials like titanium, tantalum, zirconium, nickel, monel (Ti, Ta,Zr, Ni, Mo) etc.Apart from different materials, these offset pipefittings are manufactured in a wide range of dimensions (degrees

and length) as per the specific requirements of the applications.

Also, these fittings encompass a large variety like offset flange,offset bends, offset out adapters, equal spread offset, soil pipe

offset etc, each one performing a similar function with other pipe

fittings. For eg, a soil pipe offset is a fitting that is designed to join two parallel soil pipes

which are different parallel levels.

A look at some of the popular Offset in this category are :

Single Pipe Offset (67 1/2 ,60 , 45, 30,15, 11 1/4 )

Equal Spread Offset (67 1/2,60,45, 30 ,22 1/2,15, 11 1/4 )

Solving 45 Pipe Offset With a Steel Square

Starting Point of a Piping Offset With the Pipe Touching a Beam

Starting Point of a Piping Offset Around a Corner of a Wall

Starting Point of a Piping Offset Around a Tank or Post

Locating the Center of an Offset From the Corner of a Wall

22 1/2 Welding Elbow Offsets

30 Welding Elbow Offset

45 Welding Elbow Offset

60 Welding Elbow Offset Offsets for 90 Welding Elbows (Used With Less Than 90 Welding Elbows)

Fabricating Odd-Angle Elbows From 90 Long-Radius Welding Elbows

Pipe Cap:A pipe cap is a fitting with a female (inside) thread. It is

used like a plug, except that the pipe cap screws on the malethread of a pipe or nipple. A cap may have a solvent weld

socket end or a female threaded end and the other end is

closed off. If a solvent weld cap is used to provide for a

future connection point, it must be left several inches of

pipe before the cap (as when the cap is cut off for the futureconnection, there will need to be enough pipe present to

glue a new fitting onto).Available in a wide range of sizes,caps can be made from Aluminum, Delrin, Ethyl Vinyl

Acetate Monel, Nylon, Polyetheretherketon (PEEK),

Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Silicrub Styrene Butadiene, Steel Stainless steeletc.


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The industrial caps can be round; square; rectangular; U shaped; I shaped and have

Round Hand Grip or Flat Hand Grip.

Features of these caps are that they can be:

Threaded

Tapered Anti-roll

Knurled

Slot Head / Slotted Head

Ret Ring / Retaining Ring

Tear Tab

Hanger Tip

Pull Tab

Vented

Pipe Plug:

Pipe Plugs/Sewer Pipe Plugs are designed to provide a quick

and simple means to perform a variety of jobs such asstopping flow in a pipeline (for maintenance or repair), down

stream pipeline acceptance testing, or to stop flow so that

infiltration of a section can be measured etc.Thus, a Sewer

Pipe Plug is thus a device that is used to arrest the flow ofcontents further in the pipe. It is available in a variety of

styles, sizes, and configurations so as to match your specific

job requirements.

Plugs are mainly used in fluid plumbing applications to plug off a FPT fitting, havevarying pressures (from low pressure to high pressure) and are available as expandable,

mechanical and inflatable, something just right for virtually any application.

These plugs simplify the maintenance of all types of shell and tube heat exchangers andspeed the performance of in-service inspection of pipe, pipelines, piping systems and

pressure vessels.

Some of the popular types of plugs are :

Mechanical pipe plug : Mechanical Pipe Plugs are designed for use in concrete,clay, and some plastic pipes. They dont require air and are good for long termapplications.

Pneumatic disk pipe plug : These sewer pipe plugs are designed for use inconcrete, clay, plastic as well as steel pipe. They have slim profile, bolt together

sections, higher back and test pressure capabilities more than other low pressureplugs.

Single size pneumatic all rubber pipe plug : These are designed for use in awide variety of pipe types and styles. Their advantages include their ability to seal


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most slightly out of round pipes and are economical to use when only one pipe

size is needed. Multi-size pneumatic pipe plug : These Plugs are designed for use in a wide

variety of pipe types and styles as well as job requirements. Their usage does not

require the need to know the exact pipe size and they are compatible with avariety of pipe sizes. They also seal most slightly out of round pipes and are

excellent for standard low pressure air testing. These plugs are also used forblocking or leak locating.

Multi-size flow-through pipe plug : These pipe plugs seal multiple line sizes andthe major application includes blocking, testing and diverting. They are most

useful for by-pass pumping, leak locating or blocking and gravity flow diversion. High pressure pipe plug : Available in a large number of sizes and pressures,

they are used for testing or blocking of lines up to high pressures (around 150

PSI).

Coupling - Flexible:

Coupling Flexible connect rotating members while allowingsome degree of angular or parallel misalignment. The key to a

flexible couplings longevity is the elastomeric element that is

sandwiched between the coupling halves.

Most coupling flexible manufacturers use compression-molded, rubber-like materials for their standard grommets.

Torque tests and shock loads are used to check the strength

and durability of these coupling.

They can be made from different materials like steel, aluminum, cast iron coupling etc.

Some of the coupling types are :

Coil Spring

Double Loop

Tire

Flexible Link

Multi Jaw

Helical Flex

Magnetic

Metal Bellows

Diaphragm Roller Chain

Schmidt

Shear

Sliding Block

Steel Grid

Spider

Flexible Disc


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Rigid Coupling:

Rigid coupling provides reliable holding power and maintain

alignment when no movement is required. They are ideal forunsupported shafts, shafts running at high speeds and vertical

shafts with suspended loads.

Rigid coupling transmits around three times the torque of

conventional clamp-type couplings, are available with orwithout a keyway and are easy to assemble and remove. Their

simple, robust construction provides for easy installation and

adjustment.

They are available in a range of standard as well as with step bore combinations, in

various sizes and have varying axial load (torque) handling capacity.

Rigid coupling are available in the following types :One-Piece Rigid CouplingIt is easy to install and is provided with 4 screws.

Two-Piece Rigid Coupling

It has greater adjustment potential than one piece coupling. It comes with eight screws.

Reducer - Concentric:

A reducer normally refers to a fitting that is used to reducethe diameter of the suction piping to fit the pump intake. It is

thus used to join two pipes of different sizes. Reducer is

available in both eccentric and concentric designs. Concentricor eccentric reducers are used to properly reduce into and out

of circulating pumps. The various advantages include keeping

big pipes and small pipes together as well as reducing noiseand vibration at the same time.

They are manufactured in a large number of materials, like

Rubber, Stainless Steel, Carbon Steel, Copper, Nickel, Polypropylene, PVDF (sanitary

control). Also known as tapered expansion joint, the reducers made from rubberconnect unequal size pipes that share a common centerline. These joints eliminate the

need for metallic reducers and at the same time provide sound and vibration isolation and

expansion compensation. The concentric reducer pipe fitting also allows both the inletand outlet ends to align to a common center line.

Some of the important parameters used to select a concentric reducer are

pressure/vacuum, max temp compression, approximate force, elongation etc. They are

manufactured in various alloys, schedules, sizes and flange configurations. Concentricreducers frequently trap air when used at the suction of the pump.


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Some of the industries where they find application are oil, gas, petrochemical, onshore

and offshore sectors. They are used in both cargo transfers operations and vapor recoverysystems. Reducers for vapor recovery include a pin on one flange and vapor hole on the

opposite flange. Concentric reducer save installation space and reduce costs. Piping

systems must be anchored when using concentric reducer.

Eccentric Reducer:

An Eccentric reducer, also called a Bell reducer, has two

female (inside) threads of different sizes with centers so

designed that when they are joined, the two pieces of pipe arenot in line with each other, but they can be installed so as to

provide optimum drainage of the line.

An eccentric pipe reducer fitting is designed with the smaller

outlet off center to the larger end, allowing it to align withonly one side of the inlet. The high quality reducer fittings are

designed to be welded with ease and offer superior strengthand leak resistance.

Eccentric pipe reducer must be installed with straight side up to prevent trapping air atthe pump suction. They are designed to allows simple connection of different sized pipes.

These can be used as pipe reducers flexible connectors and vibration eliminators.

Eccentric reducers eliminates noise and isolate vibration in the pipeline, reduces stress,

eliminates electrolysis and protects against start-up surges.They are fabricated using different materials like:

Rubber Silicone

Viton

Alloys

Buna-Nm EPDM

PTFE

The advantage of an all-rubber reducer over a metal reducer is the flexibility and

durability of the elastomer. Filled reducers are usually used on slurry and abrasiveapplications to prevent the collection of material, which can settle in the arches.

Cross / 4-Way Fittings:

Cross fittings connect four pipe sections together. Crosses

may have solvent weld socket ends or female threaded ends

(no female threads available for PVC). They create a greatdeal of stress on the pipe because they have four connection

points. In theory, this is the same principle that makes a 3 leg

stool (a tee) more steady than a 4 leg stool (a cross).


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If the branch line passes through the tee, the fitting becomes a Cross. If the side inlet

passes through the fitting, it would be a 4-way tee. If the cross has a side inlet, it couldaccommodate 5 different pipes.

These cross fittings are mainly find their application in hardware industry and are made

of different materials, from PVC and aluminum to any other material of choice.

Pipe Return / Trap:

It is a pipe fitting that holds water to prevent entry of sewergases. A Trap or Return is a U or S shaped equipment that

inverses the direction of the pipe. Flexible trap and standard

trap is an absolute solution for smelly and clogging basins,tanks, sinks etc and provide the plumber with easy to install and

practical products. They are used to prevent the passage of

sewer gas from the plumbing system into house through theplumbing fixture drain.

Return or pipe trap falls under the head of Tubular products

along with other fittings that are found under sinks and connect them to the drainage

lines. Tubular products are manufactured in a sizing standard that is neither compatiblewith IPS pipe nor with CTS tubing. These products are made in tube sizes, but the threads

used on them are incompatible with other products. They are adjustable, easily removed

for repairs or cleaning, and can be assembled without making precise measurements andcuts.

Every open drain requires a trap to be installed below it to prevent sewer gas from

escaping into the house. This trap is always full of water. The specific configuration of

the trap depends on the type of sink under which its installed and the location of thedrainage pipe to which it connects.

There are a wide variety of trap fittings available to accommodate nearly any situation

one might encounter. Some of the popular types of trap available in the market are:

Adjustable P-Trap with Union

Bell Trap

Drum Trap

L.A Psttern P trap

P-Trap with Clean out

Bell Trap Drain Fittings Drain Grate

Vinyl PVC floor strainer


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Elbow - 45:45 degree elbow, also called 45 bends or 45 ells aretypically made as LR (Long Radius) elbows. Available in

various sizes (in mm or inches), 45 degree pipe elbow is

available with different male to female BSP threadconnections. Providing a wide choice of colors, these

elbows can be manufactured to meet differentspecifications, in terms of size and diameter.

They can be made from different materials like 3 plymaterial, silicone etc and both long and short radius

elbows are available in the market.

Applications45 degree elbow find frequent applications in:

Water supply facilities

Food industrial pipeline networks Chemical industrial pipeline networks

Electronic industrial pipeline networks

Air conditioning facility pipeline

Agriculture and garden production transporting system

Pipeline network for solar energy facility

Elbow - 90:90 degree elbow, also called 90 bends or 90 ells, aremanufactured as SR (Short Radius) elbows and LR (Long

Radius) elbows. SR (Short Radius) elbows have a Center-to-

Face dimension of 1.0 X diameter and are typically used intight areas where clearances are an issue. LR (Long Radius)

elbows have a Center-to-Face dimension of 1.5 X diameter

and are the more common type and used when space isavailable and flow is more critical.

This is a fitting device which is bent in such a way to produce

90 degree change in the direction of flow of the content in the pipe. An Elbow is used to

change the direction in piping and is also sometimes called a quarter bend.

A 90 degree elbow attaches readily to plastic, copper, cast iron, steel and lead. It can also

attach to rubber with stainless steel clamps. Available in many materials like silicon,rubber compounds, galvanized steel etc, they connect rigid or IMC circuit together to

allow for 90 degree bends.

The main application area of an elbow (90 degree) is to connect hoses to valves, waterpressure pumps, and deck drains. These elbows can be made from tough nylon material

or NPT thread.


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Side Outlet - Elbow:Side outlet elbow find its application in diverse areas. Theyoffer solutions for interior and exterior handrail applications;

from balconies, roof terraces and patio grab rails to

commercial shop fittings and are also used for rigidstructures, racks, greenhouses, awnings, fencing, cages. For

instance, a stainless steel side outlet elbow fitting is ideal forhigh use and durability in public areas.

Available in a wide number of materials, varying fromstainless steel, brass, rugged steel, aluminum, PVC etc, side

outlet elbows are given finishings using a number of

polishing options. Special care is taken to make them corrosion and rust free. To fitdifferent pipes, they are fabricated in different dimensions, as per the exact specification

of the customer.

In most of the cases, no welding is involved and so pipe structures are easily reconfigured

if the pipe design needs to be changed. They also require no threading, drilling andbolting and are 100% reusable and form one of the quickest ways to assemble structural

pipe work.

Nowadays, round tubings are combined with square fittings to give a more contemporary

feel to the side outlet elbow.

A few of the common side outlet elbows are :

A 90 degree corner joint is most frequently used for the top rail of guard railing. It

can also be considered for the top corner joint of benches, work tables, and other

rectangular structures. A socket elbow with threaded side outlet allows the side outlet to be used as a

bypass or temperature sensing point without additional plumbing fittings. It has

socket x spigot x female threaded ends. Aluminum side outlet elbow is ideal for making simple, strong, rust free launch

pads. Each elbow comes with a hex head screw for easy removal of the legs. They

are available in different sizes to accommodate any size of pad.

Side Outlet - Tee:A side outlet tee is similar to a standard tee (a T-shapeddevice that act as an outlet for the pipe) with a minor change

that in addition to the three openings, this side outlet tee hasone more opening at the plane perpendicular to the tee plane.

All septic tanks have an opening for the waste to enter thetank and another one for the waste to exit the tank. This exit

is called the outlet. Inside the tank, there is either a PVC or

metal tee fitting, consisting of a short section of horizontalpiping leading into a slightly longer vertical section of piping

that is open on both the top and the bottom. The top of the vertical section must extend


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above the level of the scum mat, and the bottom of the vertical section must extend below

the bottom level of the scum mat. The outlet tee is usually several inches below the levelof the inlet tee.

A side outlet tee is also another hand rail fitting that is made of made of different

materials (like an extremely corrosive resistant aluminum cast, giving a light weight,

durable, long lasting, rust proof pipe frame joint) and available in various sizes. Thisfitting slips on and comes with a set screw to secure the pipe in the fitting. No threading,

bending, or welding is needed.

A side outlet tee is available in several dimensions, depending on the nature ofapplication, pipe size, tube outer diameter etc. A look at some of the common side outlet

tees and their application areas:

A solid brass side outlet tee fitting is ideal for high use and durability in public areas.

An adjustable Side Outlet Tee is used to form variable angle joints between 60 and 200

degrees.

A Split 90 degree Side Outlet Tee / Split Two Socket Cross is used for adding on to and

modifying existing structures. Because of its movable components, it can be added to an

existing an existing tubular structure.

Elbow - Other Angle:

Industrial elbows are fitting accessories often used in variousindustrial sectors in pipe fitting. An elbow is frequently used

in pressurized applications and comes in different shapes and

sizes for use in various applications.

They are manufactured using different plastic compounds foruse in flow lines for fluids and gases in industrial processes,

medical and many other specialized applications. They are

constructed strictly with heavy materials for rigid applicationslike extreme high/low temperature resistance etc.

Numerous elbow-to-elbow combinations are possible (the end of one elbow welded to

another). 180 degree bends are easily fabricated this way. The two main types of Pipe

elbow are:

Fixed Elbows

Adjustable Elbows

Also, while die-stamped fixed elbows offer a smooth, obstruction-free interior, gored

fixed elbows dont have as smooth an interior as die-stamped (they still are obstruction-

free inside and cost about 20% to 30% less).


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For odd angles, an adjustable-angle elbows are the best (the radius must at least be 1-1/2

times the diameter of the pipe and made of 24-gauge metal). Pipe Elbow can be custommade for other angles like :

30 degree

60 degree

130 degree 180 degree

They are popularly used in the following industries : Construction

Food

Medical

Machinery

Elbow - Reducing:

Reducing Elbows are like a reducing piece and elbowcombined into one. They are used to change the direction and

quantity of flow in pipe systems. Made up of different materialslike silicone, brass, stainless etc, these reducing elbows are

mainly manufactured on CNC machines. Pipes of different

diameter are connected together by making use of a reducingelbow.

Reducing elbows are available in any size and degree, with

optional radius. Typical standards are 45 degree and 90 degree.

They are also available in different weights and center to end sizes. Apart from various

dimensions, they can easily be supplied in different colors and finishes (typically blue,black or red).

Tee - Bullhead:When a branch is larger than the other two run openings, it isreferred to as a bullhead tee. On a bullhead tee the side

outlet is the largest socket on the tee and the side outlet is

referred to as the bullhead. Thus, Bullhead Tees are the teesin which the ports of the run are smaller than the port of the

branch.

In general, the specifications for a fitting indicate the sizes forboth ends of the run first, followed by the size of the branch.In the case of run openings being different sizes, the larger

run opening would be listed first. In similar fashion, if there are two branches of differing

sizes, the larger branch opening would be listed before the smaller branch opening. But inall cases, branches are always listed after run openings.


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problems of misalignment and wall thickness mismatch that are inherent to butt welded

joints.

Testing has proven that belled end pipe fittings are equal in burst and superior in fatigue.

Manufactured from pipe with starting wall thicknesses that is very close to the actual pipe

wall nominal thickness, the belled end pipe fitting when joined to pipe, creates a flex

continuum.

When a belled end pipe fitting fillet joint is installed in applications involving pipe

flexing and vibrations, a longer life cycle can be expected. These can be manufactured

from full finished, annealed and pickled minimum wall welded and seamless pipe. Thelatest cold forming techniques are used to produce belled end pipe fittings of superior

quality and reliability.

Tee - Standard:

A tee is amongst the most common pipe fittings and is

available with all female thread sockets, all solvent weldsockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet

with female threads. This is a T-shaped device which has three

openings that act as an outlet for the pipe.

A tee is used for connecting pipes of different diameters or forchanging the direction of pipe runs. A common type of pipe

tee is the STRAIGHT tee, which has a straight-through

portion and a 90-degree takeoff on one side. All threeopenings of the straight tee are of the same size.

Tees (branch outlets) are manufactured as Equal or Reducing. Equal tees are exactlythat, all three ends are of the same size. Reducing tees come with a combination of

different outlet sizes. They are used for branch connections in irrigation systems.

Typically, standard Tees are belled on all ends but any combination of belled or plain can

be produced. There are many different combinations of sizes. Unusual combinations of

sizes can also be achieved using component parts of tees, reducing tees and street

reducers.

Some of the key dimensions while selecting a tee are:

Main Inlet Diameter Main Outlet Diameter

Branch Outlet Diameter

Installed Length of Reducer

Some of the industrial tees are: Straight Tee

Reducing Tee


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Double Branch Tee

Double Branch Reducing Tee

Conical Tee

Double Branch Conical Tee

Bullhead Tee

Conical Reducing Tee

Double Branch Conical Reducing Tee Tangential Tee Double Branch Tangential Tee

The above tees are categorized on the basis of their shapes and structure, they can also be

classified on the basis of the application they are required to perform. For instance,

Sanitary Tees are used for sanitation works (and in vertical position only) where asCombination tees are used to attach PE tubing to PVC pipe and fittings.

Expansion Joint / Coupling:

Expansion coupling are devices with at least one bellow or

airtight chamber, that absorb movement, stress, noise andvibration to protect pipe or duct fittings. They allow for rigid

mounting of pipes in constricted areas and eliminate more

complicated means of protecting piping from changes. The

joints, made usually of rubber or plastic, are manufactured invarious sizes to accommodate different pipe and duct sizes.

Expansion joints or couplings connect sections of pipe and

provide allowance for movement due to service load, shock,or thermal cycles. They may have solvent weld socket ends or female threaded ends. The

flexible component of an expansion joint is called bellowand is typically constructed of

materials that have high ductile strength to withstand the stresses of deflection. Often, abellows expansion joint can withstand thousands of deflection cycles without breaking.

Expansion joints provide a wide range of deflection capability. A flexible expansion joint

may be designed to deflect lateral, axial, angular, or torsional stresses, or a combination

of any of these. Some of the expansion joints with a varying deflection capabilities are

hinged expansion joints, gimbals and universal expansion joints and elbow expansionjoints.

Some of the popular types of expansion joints (on the basis of material used inmanufacturing) are:

Metal Expansion Joint

Fabric Expansion Joint

Rubber Expansion Joint

Significance of an expansion coupling/joint :A variety of elements can negatively affect pipe fittings over a period of time. Thermalexpansion and contraction, along with minute shifting or vibrations, can lead to costly


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and irritating repairs. As the environment around piping shifts, so does the size of the

piping. It may be minute, but in a long series of piping, it can result in significantmovement and bending. Expansion joints shield the most vulnerable sections of piping

from such conditions.

Pipe Union:

Pipe Union is a fitting equipment that unites two pipes andthey can be detached without causing any deformation to the

pipes. Small diameter piping connections that require a

positive seal and easy assembly as well as disassembly aremade with the help of union.

Union provides a leak-proof disconnection point in any PVC

plumbing application and at a low cost. If a valved-

disconnection point is required, use a single-union ball valve.A standard union pipe is made in three parts, consisting of :

A nut

A female end

A male end

When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts then provide the necessary pressureto seal the joint. Since the mating ends of the union are interchangeable, changing of a

device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time.

Unions are commonly used for inserting metering and regulating devices into a piping

system or for connecting piping system to vessels. There are two types of pipe unions:

Ground Joint Union

Flange Union

The Ground joint union consists of three pieces. It most commonly has a brass grounding

section between the two halves.

A Flange Union is made in two parts. An economical, practical and reliable alternative towelded and screwed systems, a Union Flange joins plain-ended pipe to flange-ended

equipment, fittings and valves and on-site installation is simple. Union Flange is a unique

solution to the problems which can occur in the use of pro-fabricated flanged piping, such

as downtime, reliance on off-site suppliers and inaccurate dimensions. The design of theUnion Flange comprises three elements: the flange, the gasket and the restraint.

Both types are used for joining two pipes together and are designed so that they can be

disconnected easily. Unions are successful in numerous municipal and industrialapplications such as fire protection, water and wastewater, and process piping systems.


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Pipe Ferrule:

A Pipe Ferrule is a name for various types of metal objects, of

which most consist of a circular clamp used to hold togetherand attach fibers, wires or posts. A pipe ferrule is thus a ring

or cap attached to an object to protect against damage,

splitting or wear. It is also known as a circular fitting devicethat is used to hold the pipes together.

A pipe ferrule is used in various industries like hardware,

electrical & electronics, fiber optics, lawn and gardeninstruments, automotive, compressed-gas, fire suppression,

welding, furniture, beverage, appliance, farm and lighting industries etc.

Ferrule, apart from holding parts of a rod etc together, are also used for giving strength toweakened materials and for preventing wearing or splitting.

A few of the applications of Pipe Ferrule :

Ferrules are used in compression fittings for attaching piping.

Ferrules are used together with the connector that connects the fiber cable either

to another cable or to a transmitter or receiver. They keep the fibers accurately

aligned within the connector. In fiber optics, ferrule is used to align and protect the stripped end of a fiber.

Also known as a Tube insert, ferrule can also be a metal, glass, plastic or ceramic tubethat is inserted into the end of a heat exchanger tube to provide a specific function. The

purpose of a ferrule here is to either be sacrificial to the effects of inlet-end erosion,corrosion, impingement, or induce a fluid to fall on the ID of a tube in a falling film

exchanger, or transfer extremely high heat past the tube sheet to the exchanger tubes.

Each of the above applications requires a specific style of design.

Even though there are some applications where plastic performs satisfactorily, a metaltube insert is more durable in environments where there are concerns of the stability of

the product, its tendency to transfer erosion problems down the tube, its durability in an

abrasive environment and its reaction to elevated temperatures.

In some cases, ceramics also exhibits good performance well like in a situation when thetemperatures are extremely high. Also, ceramic bonds well to glass and its expansion

coefficient is close to that of the glass fibers, making it environmentally stable. However,

ceramics can be subject to breaking.

Some of the metal ferrules are :


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Brass Ferrule

Aluminum Ferrule

Stainless Steel Ferrule

Copper Ferrule

Pipe Flange:

A Pipe Flange can be defined as an external or internal rib, or

rim, for strength (as the flange of an iron beam) or for aguide (as the flange of a train wheel) or for attachment to

another object (as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam

cylinder, etc). It allows two pipes to be mechanicallyconnected together, or a pipe to be mechanically connected

to a valve, tee, choke or other piece of equipment. Hence,

it is a connection profile that is used in pipe work and

associated equipment to provide a means of assemblingand disassembling components.

The design and specification of a flange relates to the size and pressure capacity of the

equipment to which it is fitted. All flanges are sized according to their nominal bore size.

For the majority of pipe sizes, this designation does not represent either their actualoutside diameter or inside diameter.

Working of a Pipe Flange :The basic principle of working is to use a mechanical force (exerted by the bolts) to pre-load the gasket so that when internal pressure (end cap force) is applied, there is enough

contact stress between the flanges and gasket to maintain a seal. The flange itself needs to

be connected to the pipe. This is usually achieved by welding, though threaded and other

weldless connections also exist.

Flange can be made of various materials like :

Carbon Steel

Chrome Alloys

Stainless Steel

Aluminum

Hastalloy

Inconel

Incolloy

Monel Copper

Naval Brass

Titanium

Galvanized Carbon Steel

Some of the common types of Pipe Flanges : Weldneck Flange


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Slip-On Flange

Socket Weld Flange

Lap Joint Flange

Threaded Flange

Wye - Reducing:

A Reducing Wye is used in connecting a reducing branch line

into a horizontal drain pipe. Also, it can be used in conjunctionwith a Twist-Lok plug to provide a clean out in a drain pipe

Material used for manufacturing Wye-Reducing:These can be supplied in virtually any size or material, ranging

from carbon steel, stainless steel, iron, copper, monel, nickel,CPVC, Polyolefin to titanium or zirconium.

Some popular types of Reducing Wye :

Reducing Single Wye

Reducing Double Wye

Reducing Long turn Wye

Reducing Double Long turn Wye

Wye - Standard:

As the name implies, this fitting device is Y shaped. The

branch runs out from the run port at an angle other than 90

degree. It is a fitting with three openings and is used to create

branch lines. A standard wye allows one pipe to be joined toanother at a 45 degree angle.

Wyes are similar to tees except that the branch line is angled

to reduce friction that could hamper the flow and that theconnection is typically at a 45-degree angle rather than a 90-

degree angle. If a branch turns out at the end to be

perpendicular to the through line, the fitting becomes a tee wye.

PVDF Corrosive Waste Piping Systems utilize wye fittings that feature smooth IDwithout any irregularities for uninterrupted flow path. These fittings should be able to

withstand acids, bases, and solvents, flame-retardant systems withstand intermittentcorrosive fluids up to high temperatures. Polypropylene and PVDF Double Wyes andDouble Reducing Wyes come in various sizes and are largely used for this purpose.

A wye branch allows to split a branch line equally in two directions. The opening sizes

can vary for different situations, for instance in situation where a large main line needs to

be split into two smaller branches.


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Economy wyes are often spot-welded together; industrial wyes have a continuous weld at

each seam. A true Wye fitting is also engineered for closed system instrumentationpigging configurations or wherever a smooth pipe branch is required.

The end connections of a standard wye can be :

Buttweld BlueSky Clamp Pipe Connector

RF or RTJ Flange

Special to suit application

Pipe Nipple:

A Pipe Nipple is a short pipe (12 inches or less), with small

opening which provides way for the liquids or gases to pass

through the pipe. It has a male thread on each end and isused for extension from a fitting.

Some of the popular usages of Pipe Nipple are :

Used in fluid application to connect two FPT fittings.

Used in plumbing system or for ceiling and wall

supports and extensions. Used for ceiling or wall supports.

Used to extend shower riser.

Some of the common materials used in manufacturing Pipe Nipple are : CPVC

PVC Stainless Steel

A look at popular variants of Pipe Fitting Nipple: Nippple close-NC

Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections NIpple hex-NH

Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections Nipple hex-NH

Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections Reducing hex nipple- RHN (Male NPT Threads)

Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections Reducing hex nipple-LHN

Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections Long hex nipple- LHN (Male NPT Threads)

Usage : Male Pipe to Male Pipe connections

A few other types of nipples are: Dielectric Nipple


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Barbed Nipple

Brass Hex Nipple

Swage Nipple

Threaded Pipe Nipple


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Pipe Support Span (For ref.Only)

Span (mm)

pipe size

pipe

O.D. thickness

W(include water)

(kg/M) mimum length

3/4 27 3 2 3670.57

1 33 3 3 3915.53

1 1/2 48 4 5 4933.16

2 60 4 8 5251.77

2 1/2 73 5 12 5804.75

3 89 5 16 6326.67

4 114 6 24 7223.65

5 141 7 35 8030.66

6 168 7 47 8559.41

8 219 8 75 9643.7110 273 9 111 10651.93

12 324 10 147 11610.40

14 356 10 170 12040.79

16 406 10 211 12622.32

18 457 10 256 13170.26

20 508 10 305 13669.74

22 559 10 358 14129.08

24 610 10 415 14554.62

26 660 10 476 14934.07

28 711 10 541 15306.67

30 762 10 610 15657.39

32 813 10 684 15983.02

34 864 10 761 16297.89

36 914 10 842 16583.68

38 965 10 927 16869.95

40 1016 10 1017 17139.51

42 1067 10 1111 17398.30

44 1118 10 1209 17647.23

46 1168 10 1309 17882.32

48 1219 10 1415 18113.71
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design modules for a pipe line project

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