design of a carbon neutral airport - george mason universityhydrofluorocarbons (hfc) and...
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Design of a Carbon Neutral Airport Joel Hannah, Danielle Hettmann,
Naseer Rashid, Chris Saleh, Cihan Yilmaz
Agenda
• Context/Background
• Stakeholders/Problem
• Airport Operations
• Case Study
• Airport Inventory Tool
• Results
• Recommendations
• Management
2
Aviation
Sources: The Global Airline Industry, Belobaba et al, 2009
FAA 2010 Year in review 3
0
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9
Pas
sen
gers
(i
n M
illio
ns)
Year
Enplanements at U.S. Airports Air transportation is a critical part of United States economy as part of movement of people and goods for economic growth
•$7.4 Billion profit for passenger carriers in 2010 •786.7 Billion revenue passenger miles in 2010
Climate Change
Sources: New England Aquarium, Introduction to Climate Change, 2012; White House Initiative on Global Climate Change, 1995
ACRP Report 11, Transportation Research Board 2009; Putting Aviation's Emissions in Context, International Civil Aviation Organization 4
•3.63% of U.S. GHG Emissions •2% of global CO2 Emissions
•Keeling Curve from data measured in Hawaii •Since 1960, data shows an increasing concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere
Emissions Introduction
Source: Adapted from Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009), doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024
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Governmental Response
• Kyoto Protocol (United Nations) – Aims to reduce four greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, and sulphur hexafluoride) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFC) and perfluorocarbons (PFC)
• National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (USEPA) – CO2 included as air pollutant since 2007, no CO2 in aviation
• International Air Transport Association (IATA) Carbon Neutral Growth – 1.5% average annual improvement in fuel efficiency from 2009
to 2020 – Carbon-neutral growth from 2020 – 50% absolute reduction in carbon emissions by 2050
Sources: The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 15th Conference of the Parties , Background Paper A, 2009
EPA, GHG Tailoring Rule, May 2010
IATA, Carbon-Neutral Growth by 2020, 8 June 2009 6
Agenda
• Context/Background
• Stakeholders/Problem
• Airport Operations
• Case Study
• Airport Inventory Tool
• Results
• Recommendations
• Management
7
Stakeholder Interactions
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Maturity
-customer complaints
-impacts on airport service
-regulations
Control
-negotiating airport budget
-capital investments
-manage daily ops
Emissions
-regulations (FAA, EPA)
-manage daily ops
-maintenance
Implementation
-handle customer complaints
-issues with airport service
-staff training
-manage daily ops
Evaluating Solutions
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Airport Manager
Problem Statement
• Airport needs to achieve carbon neutral growth operating an enterprise with limited control
• With unmitigated growth, unable to reach carbon neutral growth by 2050
Source: FAA, Office of Environment & Energy
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Notional FAA Domestic Projection for
Carbon Neutrality
2018
Agenda
• Context/Background
• Stakeholders/Problem
• Airport Operations
• Case Study
• Airport Inventory Tool
• Results
• Recommendations
• Management
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Airports as Sources of Emissions
•Aircraft
•Taxis
•Shuttles
•Rental Cars
•Personal Vehicles
•Tugs & Tractors
•Fuel Tankers
•Ground Power Units
•Buses
•Container Loaders
•Transporters
•Air Starter
•Catering Vehicles
•Passenger Boarding Stairs
•Pushback Tugs
•Mobile Lounges
•Boilers
•Waste Disposal
•Incinerators
•Training Fires
•Construction Activities
•Airport Vehicles
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Airport Operations
Four Main Sources of
Emissions:
Aircraft
Ground Access Vehicles
(GAV)
Stationary
Ground Support
Equipment (GSE)
General Idea:
•Passengers flow-in in
cars/buses/mass-
transit/airplanes
•Passengers leave on
airplanes/mass transit
Source: Google Maps 13
Airport Operations Video
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Landing-Take Off Cycle (LTO)
Source: Port of Seattle Seattle-Tacoma International Airport Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory - 2006 15
• LTO refers to the number of aircraft that land and then takeoff
• LTO is divided into 4 segments
• Approach
• Taxi-idle
• Takeoff
• Climbout
• Baseline for emissions calculations
• N = number of engines
• T = time in mode (minutes)
• F = fuel burn rate
• E = emissions index for LTO mode
• LTO = annual landing take-off cycles
•
Aircraft Emissions
Aircraft Emissions =
(𝑁𝑒𝑛𝑔 ) 𝑇𝑖 ∗ 𝐹𝑖 ∗ 𝐸𝑖 𝐿𝑇𝑂
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T = time in use
R = horsepower
L = load factor
C = CO2 emissions factor
GSE Emissions
GSE Emissions =
𝑇𝑔 𝑅𝑔 𝐿𝑔 (𝐶)
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Source: Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority
GAV Emissions
• D = distance travelled by vehicle
• F = fuel economy of vehicle
• E = emissions index value
• v = vehicle
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GAV Emissions =
𝐷𝑣
𝐹𝑣 (𝐸𝑣)
Stationary Emissions
• f = total fuel consumed
• E = emissions index of fuel type
• m = source
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Stationary Emissions
= 𝑓𝑚 ∗ 𝐸𝑚
Agenda
• Context/Background
• Stakeholders/Problem
• Airport Operations
• Case Study
• Airport Inventory Tool
• Results
• Recommendations
• Management
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Case Study – Washington Dulles International Airport (IAD)
• Operated by MWAA • Located in Chantilly, VA • Airport Opened – Nov. 1962 • Airport Property – 11,830 acres
– 3 Terminals – 104 gates – 4 Runways – Mobile Lounges – AeroTrain system
• 5 Public Parking Areas – 24,000 spaces – Serviced by MWAA controlled
shuttle buses
• Dulles Toll Road, Route 28 • Taxi Contract – Washington
Flyer
Source: Quick Airport Statistics, Dulles International Airport, http://www.metwashairports.com/dulles/208.htm 21
IAD Trends in Demand
Source: Air Traffic Statistics, Dulles International Airport, http://www.metwashairports.com/dulles/653.htm 22
-5,000,000
0
5,000,000
10,000,000
15,000,000
20,000,000
25,000,000
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
20
10
Passengers
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
20
10
Total Flights
Focus of Work
• Provide the airport manager a tradeoff analysis for strategies to achieve carbon neutral growth
– Carbon neutral growth by 2020
– Baseline of 2005
– Zero net growth of emissions by 2050
Sources: FAA Next Gen, faa.gov/nextgen
International Air Transport Association, http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2009-06-08-03.aspx
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Agenda
• Context/Background
• Stakeholders/Problem
• Airport Operations
• Case Study
• Airport Inventory Tool
• Results
• Recommendations
• Management
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Tradeoff Analysis – Airport Inventory Tool
• Airport Manager as user
• Calculate emissions for baseline
• Provides emissions projections
• Model reflects design alternatives
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Airport Inventory Tool
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Method - Aircraft
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Method - Aircraft
• Operations Data from Dulles Airport: – Fleet mix – Annual LTOs for each aircraft
• Fuel Burn Rates for each LTO segment (CATSR, George Mason University): – Applied FBR to each aircraft in Dulles fleet – Assumptions made if aircraft not in CATSR database by using similar class of
aircraft/engine – Supplemented with data from Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport
Environmental Impact Study
• LTO Emissions Factors / Fuel Consumption (kg/LTO/aircraft) verified with Aircraft Emissions Data from ICAO (2007)
• Time in Mode for each LTO segment (MWAA): – Applied time to each aircraft in Dulles fleet
• APU Emissions calculation (European Commission): – 1.6% of total aircraft emissions
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Airport Inventory Tool - Aircraft
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Airport Inventory Tool - Aircraft
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Method - GSE
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Method - GSE
• Derived GSE Groups based on Dulles Operational Data – List of GSE for IAD from Draft Environmental Impact
Statement for New Runways and Terminal Facilities (MWAA, 2005)
– Analyzed each aircraft type, found similar groupings of GSE, assigned group label
– Calculated emissions for each group using provided information: operating time, horsepower, load factor
– Emissions index values from EPA based on IAD specified fuel types
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Airport Inventory Tool - GSE
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Airport Inventory Tool – GSE Groups
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Method - GAV
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Method - GAV
• Total passengers for IAD in 2005 (MWAA) • O&D passengers Seattle-Tacoma Emissions Inventory, verified by
vehicles per year data from Roadway Database (IAD – EDMS) • Distribution of O&D passengers to vehicle type, MPG, distance
travelled (Seattle-Tacoma Emissions Inventory) • Passengers per vehicle:
– Personal vehicles: derived through assumptions of average vehicle capacity (Census data and first person observation)
– Parking shuttle: derived using passengers traveling by private vehicle. 60% of these passengers are assumed to park on airport property. Of these passengers, 60% are assumed to take a parking shuttle to the main terminal.
– Rental shuttle: 100% of passengers using rental cars are assumed to use the rental shuttles.
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Airport Inventory Tool - GAV
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Method - Stationary
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Method - Stationary
• Stationary data currently being collected by the airport for reporting to Clean Air Act regulations
• Emissions indices from EIA and EPA for each fuel type
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Airport Inventory Tool - Stationary
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Agenda
• Context/Background
• Stakeholders/Problem
• Airport Operations
• Case Study
• Airport Inventory Tool
• Results
• Recommendations
• Management
41
AIT Results
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LTO Modeled:
185,390
Domestic and International
Passengers (Annually)
27,052,118
O&D Passengers
19,748,046
Total CO2 Emissions (kg/year)
590,876,659
CO2/Passengers CO2 (kg) Aircraft (total CO2/total passengers) 9.43 GAV (total CO2/O&D passengers) 14.77 GSE (total CO2/total passengers) 1.10 Stationary (total CO2/total passengers) 0.52
25.83
Evaluating Alternatives
Source: Transportation Research Board, Airport Cooperative Research Program, Report 56 43
Score Implementation
Time Maturity of
Reduction Strategy Airport Control Emissions Reduction
1 Long-term: > 10
years Conceptual stage
Airport operator has no ownership, control, or influence over implementation of the strategy.
Does not decrease emissions
2 Medium-term: 6–
10 years Trial tested
Airport operator has no ownership or control but can influence the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions through policy, procedures, or training.
Low: Reduction of emissions is always relatively low.
3 Short-term: 1–5
years Proven
Airport has no ownership or control but can influence the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
through infrastructure improvements.
Medium: There is potential for the reduction of emissions to range from
low to high depending on implementation details.
4 Immediate: < 1
year Proven at airports
Airport operator has complete control over implementation of the strategy.
High: Reduction of emissions is always relatively high.
*4 is best, 1 is worst
Utility
Implementation Time
(0.15)
Maturity of Reduction Strategy
(0.15)
Airport Control
(0.30)
Emissions Reduction
(0.40)
Aircraft Implementation
44
Alternative How will this impact
emissions Goal
Utility
Value
CO2
Reduced
(kg)
Annually
Ranking
by
Utility
Cost
Ranking by
Emissions
Saving
Minimize the Use of
Auxiliary Power Units
(APUs)
Decrease emissions
through APU,
supplement APU
with electric ground
power
50% reduction in
emissions from
APU
0.63 6,129,651 1 8
Fuel Efficiency Targets
for Aircraft
Higher efficiency,
less fuel burned,
lower emissions
50% inc in
efficiency per
aircraft
0.60 125,591,052 6 1
Development of
Alternative Fuels for
Aircraft
Alternative fuels
have lower
Emission Index
compared to Jet A
Fuel
50% fuel mix in all
engines 0.32 67,920,449 11 2
Implement Emission-
based Incentives and
Landing Fees
Incentivize landing
more efficient
aircraft, lower
emissions/LTO
Shift total annual
LTO per aircraft
class to most
efficient aircraft in
that class
0.52 63,968,930 7 3
GAV Implementation
45
Alternative How will this impact
emissions Goal Utility Value
CO2 Reduced (kg) Annually
Ranking by Utility Cost
Ranking by Emissions
Saving
Alternatively Fueled Vehicles for Rental Cars
and Commercial
Vehicles
Convert Rental Cars from Gas to Hybrid
50% Rental Fleet to Hybrid
0.62 24,111,294 4 5
Provide Transit Fare Discounts
and/or Alternative
Mode Subsidies
Promote using low emission vehicles for
airport transport
10% GAV to Hybrid
0.52 17,093,539 7 6
Alternatively Fueled Taxis
Convert Taxi Fleet to Hybrid [Control through MWAA
Contract]
100% Taxi Fleet to Hybrid
0.63 2,545,749 1 9
Provide Priority Vehicle Parking for Emissions
Friendly Vehicles
Priority Parking encourages driving Emissions Friendly
Vehicles
2% GAV to Hybrid 0.50 1,084,202 9 10
GSE & Stationary Implementation
Alternative How will this impact
emissions Goal Utility Value
CO2 Reduced (kg) Annually
Ranking by
Utility Cost
Ranking by
Emissions Saving
Install Sustainable, Long-term Vegetation
Offset CO2 Emissions through trees (CO2
removed based on tree diameter)
4 acres of mature trees (planted 10 feet apart, each absorbing 10 kg CO2 annually)
0.63 17,400 1 11
Alternatively Fueled Ground Service
Equipment (GSE)
Convert GSE from Gas/Diesel to Electric
Power
50% GSE to Electric Power
0.48 10,386,825 10 7
Push Back Tugs Minimize taxi time,
implementing push back tugs reduces taxi time
Reduce Taxi Time 50%
0.62 37,016,242 4 4
46
Utility vs. Cost
47
CO2 per Passenger
CO2 (kg)/PAX [without
mitigation] 25.8 kg
CO2(kg)/PAX [with design alternatives
implemented] 7.8 kg
18.0 kg mitigated
48
Findings
0
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,200,000,000
1,400,000,000
1,600,000,000
1,800,000,000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
(kg)
Year
Emissions Projection 2005 to 2050 (2% Growth)
All Design Alternatives Combined Forecasted 2% Desired
49
Carbon neutral growth can be achieved with a margin of 51 million kg CO2 in 2050
Findings
-
200,000,000
400,000,000
600,000,000
800,000,000
1,000,000,000
1,200,000,000
1,400,000,000
1,600,000,000
1,800,000,000
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
CO
2 E
mis
sio
ns
(kg)
Year
Emissions Projection 2005 to 2050 (4% Growth)
All Design Alternatives Combined Forecasted 4% Desired
- Carbon neutral growth cannot be achieved
- Exceed desired levels beginning in 2038
- Gap of 302 million kg CO2 in 2050
50
Agenda
• Context/Background
• Stakeholders/Problem
• Airport Operations
• Case Study
• Airport Inventory Tool
• Results
• Recommendations
• Management
51
Recommendations
Alternative Goal Utility Value
CO2 Reduced (kg) Annually
Ranking by Utility
Ranking by Emissions
Saving
Minimize the Use of Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) 50% reduction in emissions from APU 0.63 6,129,651 1 8
Install Sustainable, Long-term Vegetation 4 acres of mature trees (planted 10 feet apart,
each absorbing 10 kg CO2 annually) 0.63 17,400 1 11
Alternatively Fueled Taxis 100% Taxi Fleet to Hybrid 0.63 2,545,749 1 9
Push Back Tugs Reduce Taxi Time 50% 0.62 37,016,242 4 4
Alternatively Fueled Vehicles for Rental Cars and Commercial Vehicles
50% Rental Fleet to Hybrid 0.62 24,111,294 4 5
Fuel Efficiency Targets for Aircraft 50% inc in efficiency per aircraft 0.60 125,591,052 6 1
Implement Emission-based Incentives and Landing Fees
Shift total annual LTO per aircraft class to most efficient aircraft in that class
0.52 63,968,930 7 3
Provide Transit Fare Discounts and/or Alternative Mode Subsidies
10% GAV to Hybrid 0.52 17,093,539 7 6
Provide Priority Vehicle Parking for Emissions Friendly Vehicles
2% GAV to Hybrid 0.50 1,084,202 9 10
Alternatively Fueled Ground Service Equipment (GSE) 50% GSE to Electric Power 0.48 10,386,825 10 7
Development of Alternative Fuels for Aircraft 50% fuel mix in all engines 0.32 67,920,449 11 2
52
Future Work
• Inhibiting factors to carbon neutral growth: – Technology (aircraft)
– Limitations of cost
– Stakeholder disagreement • Disagreement between people and policy
• Required cooperation between multiple regulatory agencies
• Evaluate how advances in technology impact ability to attain carbon neutral growth
• Evaluate the use of ‘green’ ticket fee to cover carbon offsets and invest in new technology
53
Agenda
• Context/Background
• Stakeholders/Problem
• Airport Operations
• Case Study
• Airport Inventory Tool
• Results
• Recommendations
• Management
54
WBS
55
Design of a Carbon Neutral
Airport
1.0 Planning
1.1 Context
1.2 Stakeholder Analysis
1.3 Problem
1.4 Need
1.5 Scope
1.6 Requirements
2.0 Design / Method of
Analysis
2.1 Research
2.2 CONOPS
2.3 Develop Tool
2.4 Analyze Tool
2.5 Enhance Tool
3.0 Implement
3.1 Apply Tool
3.2Analyze Results
3.3 Formulate Goals/Limits
3.4 Develop Mitigation Strategies
4.0 Deliver
4.1 Preliminary Project Plan
4.2 Final Project Plan
4.3Poster
4.4IEEE Conference Paper
4.5 Presentations
4.6 Competitions
5.0 Management
5.1 WBS
5.2 Budget
5.3 Weekly Activity Summary
5.4Timesheets
5.5 360 Evaluation
Schedule
56
Earned Value
57
CPI / SPI
58
Questions
59