design of earthquake resistance structures course work
TRANSCRIPT
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 1/25
8
Wsaahpy
Ik }biw ~pofcg}* h lphac w}psg}spc iw `cike mcwiekcm lop chp}bxshdc+
Ik }bc lipw} ~hp} ol }bc ~pofcg}* }bc ~pofcg} ik~s} |hjscw hpc ei|ck wsgb hw w~hk jcke}bw* }bc w}opcy
bcieb}* wjh` }bigdkcww* ji|c johm |hjscw lop }bc ljoopw* woij }y~c hkm }bc eposkm hggcjcph}iok |hjsc }bh}
}bc w}psg}spc uijj `c mcwiekcm }o+
]bc w}psg}spc uhw }o `c mcwiekcm lop Msg}iji}y Gjhww Acmisa* achkike }bc ckcpey miwwi~h}ike ik }bc
~jhw}ig bikecw ucpc cr~cg}cm }o `c ik woac jiai}w* mclikike }bc pcjh}i|c |hjsc ghjjcm `cbh|iop lhg}op }o
`c 7+9* ubcpchw ik Msg}iji}y Gjhww Bieb w}psg}spcw* }bc ckcpey `cike miwwi~h}cm iw hwwsacm }o `c biebcp
ik }bc ~jhw}ig vokcw wo h biebcp `cbh|iop lhg}op iw hmo~}cm+
]bc wol}uhpc Mphik0MR bhw `cck swcm lop }bc asj}i ‗ aomhj jikchp hkhjywiw+ Lop asj}i ‗ aomhj jikchp
hkhjywiw* iklopah}iok asw} `c ~po|imcm wsgb hw }bc wcg}iok wivcw hkm ~po~cp}icw* komhj johmw hkm
ahwwcw hw ucjj hw }bc w~cg}psa hggcjcph}iok }bh} iw gbhphg}cpiw}ig ol }bc woij }y~c hkm ubigb iw `cike
mi|imcm `y }bc `cbh|iop lhg}op ubigb pc~pcwck}w }bc hwwsacm miwwi~h}cm ckcpey mspike }bc chp}bxshdc
ik }bc ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw* hkm }bc eposkm hggcjcph}iok |hjsc+
Ik opmcp }o hgbic|c }biw* `chpike ik aikm }bc msg}iji}y gjhww `cike acmisa* lipw} }bc gojsak hkm `cha
wcg}iokw ucpc hwwsacm hkm }bcip ~po~cp}icw ucpc ik~s} ik }bc lijc* ui}b }bc o}bcp kcgcwwhpy
iklopah}iok ikgjsmike komhj ahww hkm johm |hjscw+
Hl}cp ec}}ike }bc pcwsj}w lpoa }bc asj}i ‗ aomhj jikchp hkhjywiw* wcg}iokw ucpc mcwiekcm hggopmike }o
mcwiek |hjscw+ @cghswc ol }bc mcwiek joeig* }bc `chaw ucpc }picm ko} }o `c o|cp ‗ mcwiekcm* wo }bh}
}bcy gosjm ahdc ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw hkm miwwi~h}c ckcpey+
]bc gokkcg}iokw ucpc mcwiekcm ik h ahkkcp ui}b w}pokecp gojsak ‗ uchdcp `cha wcg}iokw* wo }bh} }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw lopa ik `chaw* ph}bcp }bhk ik gojsakw+ Il gojsakw lopa ~jhw}ig bikecw `clopc }bc
`chaw* }bh} ghk ghswc h }o}hj gojjh~wc ol }bc w}psg}spc* ui}b `chaw bh|ike biebcp pcwiw}hkgc hkm ko}
eoike ik}o ~jhw}ig mclopah}iok* ubigb iw }o}hjjy ko} joeighj+
Ik }bc jhw} ~hp} ol }biw ~pofcg}* }bc w}psg}spc iw `cike hwwcwwcm hehikw} }bc pcgopmcm Cj Gck}po hkm
Acrigo chp}bxshdcw+
Ik }bc pcwsj}w i} ghk `c wcck }bh}* }bc mcwiek uhw wsggcwwlsj ik }bc uhy i} uhw achk} }o uopd* ui}b
lopaike }bc bikecw h} }bc `chaw ik }bc aow} miwhw}posw ik}cp|hjw ol }bc chp}bxshdc+
H} }bc ckm ol }bc pcwsj}w* goaack}w hpc ahmc bou }o ia~po|c }bc w}psg}spcw ~cplopahkgc mspike }bc
chp}bxshdc hkm }bcpc hpc goaack}w hl}cp c|cpy eph~b hkm liespc ~po|imcm+
@cghswc ol }bc jiai}cm }iac hkm }bc pc~op} `cike }picm }o `c dc~} ik lcu ~hecw* okjy pcjc|hk} eph~bw
hkm pcwsj}w bhw `cck }picm }o `c ikgjsmcm ik }bc pc~op} hkm mc}hijcm ghjgsjh}iokw bhw ko} `cck
ikgjsmcm+
Lop }bc ckmike* h ji}}jc goa~hpiwok iw ahmc ui}b }bc Acrigo Gi}y chp}bxshdc hkm }bc ~cplopahkgc ol
}bc `sijmike hehikw} }biw chp}bxshdc iw ik|cw}ieh}cm+
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 2/25
0
^hp} I6 ^pofcg} Ik~s} \hjscw
Ei|ck lphac ̀ sijmike hkm |hjscw6
W}smck} Pceiw}ph}iok Ko6 >9>88<2>9
W~hkw6 jr8 1 jr0 1 jr7 1 <+2 a* jy 1 <+3 a
W}opcy Bcieb}6 b 1 =+0 a
Ljoop Wjh` ]bigdkcww6 bl 1 >+0> a
\hpih`jc Johm6 ]o~ Ljoop6 8 dK/a0* O}bcp Ljoopw6
0+3 dK/a0
Hwwsacm Ah}cpihj ̂ po~cp}icw6 l gd 1 3> A^h*
l w}ccj*yicjm 1 =<> A^h* Gokgpc}c Mckwi}y 1 03de/a7
Eposkm Hggcjcph}iok6 >+=> e
Msg}iji}y Gjhww6 MGA* Eposkm ]y~c6 H
]bc lipw} }bike }bh} uijj `c iw4 }bc gojsak hkm `cha wivcw uijj `c hwwsacm lop ec}}ike }bc kccmcm johmw
hkm ahwwcw h} }bc komcw lop }bc aomhj hkhjywiw+ Hl}cp ghjgsjh}ike hjj }bc kccmcm |hjscw lop }bc komcw*
aomhj hkhjywiw uijj `c ghppicm os}* hkm wcg}iokw uijj `c mcwiekcm lop mcwiek hg}iokw+ Hl}cp }bc wcg}iokw
hpc mcwiekcm* }bc pcw~okwc ol }bc `sijmike }o h pcgopmcm chp}bxshdc uijj `c }cw}cm+
Komc hkm Cjcack} Ksa`cpike lop }bc ^pofcg}
Ik liespc 0* }bc cjcack} ksa`cpike hkm }bc gojsak hkm `cha wcg}iokw hpc ei|ck+ ]bc wcg}iokw hpc
hwwsacm ik wyaac}pighj ahkkcp* }bcpclopc okjy }bc pieb} bhkmwimc ol }bc w}psg}spc iw ei|ck+
Liespc 8 ‗ Ei|ck Lphac W}psg}spc
Liespc 0 ‗ Cjcack} Ksa`cpike hkm Hwwsacm @cha hkm Gojsak Wcg}iokw
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 3/25
7
Hwwsacm Gojsak Wcg}iok hkm ̂ po~cp}icw
Ik}cpkhj gojsakw bh|c `cck
gbowck ui}b `ieecp wcg}iokw
`chpike aikm }bc MGA hkm }bh}
}bc gojsak wcg}iokw uijj bh|c }obh|c aopc pcwiw}hkgc }bhk
`chaw ik gokkcg}iokw+
Hwwsacm @cha Wcg}iok hkm ^po~cp}icw
@W `u bu b}o}hj `l!ik} `l!cr Hik} Hcr} Iyik} Iycr} Hw
8 7>> 73> 33> 08>> 87>> 303>>> 7<3>>> 2+20C$>9 5+39C$>9 8<3>>>
0 7>> =>> <>> 08>> ! 3=>>>> ! 8+8=C$8> 82>>>>
7 7>> 7>> 3>> 0>3> 803> 3>>>>> 7=>>>> <+<3C$>9 3+<=C$>9 83>>>>
= 7>> 7>> 3>> 0>3> ! 3>>>>> ! <+<3C$>9 83>>>>
Lop ckcpey miwwi~h}iok hkm lop ~jhw}ig bikecw }o oggsp ik }bc `chaw* }bc
mcwiek iw ik}ckmcm }o `c ahmc ui}b w}pokecp gojsakw ‗ uchdcp `chaw
~pikgi~jc+ ]bc `cha ik y ‗ mipcg}iok iw hwwsacm }o 7>> r <>> aaw+
]bc chp}bxshdc hg}iok uijj `c biebcp ok joucp ljoopw hkm joucp ok biebcp
ljoopw* `chaw wcg}iokw hpc ec}}ike wahjjcp ik biebcp ljoopw+ ]bc `chaw
wcg}iokw uijj `c mcwiekcm }o `c uchdcp ik cr}cpkhj gokmi}iokw ol }bc
`sijmike `s} uijj `c kccm }o bh|c biebcp pcwiw}hkgc ik ik}cpkhj
gokmi}iokw+
^pogcmspc lop Likmike Komhj Ahww hkm Johm \hjscw
Kou }bh} }bc `cha hkm gojsak wcg}iokw hpc hwwsacm* }bc komhj ahww hkm johm |hjcw ghk `c
ghjgsjh}cm }bc ~pogcmspc ei|ck `cjou+ ]bc ghjgsjh}iokw hpc ko} ei|ck ik mc}hij lop c|cpy komc+
Crha~jc ̂ pogcmspc lop Komc 7>8>
Gojsak
Wcg}iok ` "aa) b "aa) I "aa=) Hg "aa
0) Hwb"aa
0)
8 3>> 3>> 30>277+7 03>>>> 0>53>>
0 =3> =3> 7=8582+2 0>03>> 8<2>>>+537 3>> 3>> 30>277+7 03>>>> 0>53>>
= =3> =3> 7=8582+2 0>03>> 8<2>>>+53
]h`jc 8 ‗ Gojsak Wcg}iok ^po~cp}icw
]h`jc 0 ‗ @cha Wcg}iok ^po~cp}icw ‗ Hjj |hjscw ik aa* aa0
hkm aa=
Liespc 7 ‗ @cha Miackwiokw
Miw}pi`s}cm Johmw `c}ucck 7>8> ! 7>0>
Wjh`6 >+0 r <+3 r 8 r 03 1 70+3 dK/a
@cha6 >+7 r >+73 r 8 r 03 1 0+<7 dK/a
\hpih`jc6 <+3 r 0+3 r 8 r >+7 r >+2 r >+7 1 7+9 dK/a
Wsa 6 79+= dK/a
^oik} Johmw h} komc 7>8>
y ‗ `cha6 <+3 r >+7 r >+= r 03 1 89+3 dK
Gojsak H`o|c6 >+=3 r >+=3 r 03 r =+0/0 1 8>+<7 dK
Gojsak @cjou6 >+3> r >+3> r 03 r =+0/0 1 87+87 dK
Wsa6 =7+0< dK
Likhj Komhj Johm hkm Ahww \hjscw6
Aoack} 1 79+= r <+20
/ 80 1 83>75+<0 dK+ga
^oik} Johm 1 79+= r <+2 / 0 $ =7+0< 1 853+9= dKAhww 1 ]o}hj ^oik} Johm / e 1 >+859= "dK / a / wcg
0 )
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 4/25
=
Likhj Komhj Ahww hkm Johm \hjscw
Komc ^oik} Johm Aoack} Ahww Komc ^oik} Johm Aoack} Ahww
0>8> 852+== 83>75+<7 >+82829 =>8> 850+85 8=297+87 >+85338
0>0> 780+=> 8==+3> >+782=3 =>0> 7>7+32 >+>> >+7>9=<
0>7> 780+=> !8==+3> >+782=3 =>7> 7>7+32 >+>> >+7>9=<
0>=> 852+== !83>75+<7 >+82829 =>=> 850+85 !8=297+87 >+85338
7>8> 853+9= 83>75+<7 >+85973 3>8> 83=+98 8=8=8+57 >+83598
7>0> 7>9+9> 8==+3> >+7839> 3>0> 059+<9 >+>> >+02388
7>7> 7>9+9> !8==+3> >+7839> 3>7> 059+<9 >+>> >+02388
7>=> 853+9= !83>75+<7 >+85973 3>=> 83=+98 !8=8=8+57 >+83598
Mcwiek Chp}bxshdc W~cg}psa
Hwwsaike }bc w}psg}spc uijj bh|c Msg}iji}y Gjhww A ‗
}bc h`o|c mcwiek w~cg}psa uhw gpch}cm ui}b h
`cbh|iop lhg}op ol 7+9 hkm h eposkm hggcjcph}iok
|hjsc ol >+=e lop }bc ei|ck woij }y~c+
Lop crha~jc* h w}psg}spc ui}b }bc moaikhk} ~cpiom
h} 8 wcg+ crgi}cm `y }biw eposkm }y~c chp}bxshdc uijj
`c mcwiekcm }o hk hggcjcph}iok |hjsc ol
h~~poriah}cjy 8<7+8 ga/wcg0
h} }bc }o~ ljoop+ ]bc
7+9 `cbh|iop lhg}op pc~pcwck}w }bc ckcpey miwwi~h}cm
`y msg}ijc `cbh|iop ol }bc w}psg}spc+ Wo ui}b }bc
hwwsacm msg}iji}y* }bc w}psg}spc ui}b 8 wcgokm
~cpiom uosjm `c hwwsacm ko} }o lhij lop hk
hggcjcph}iok |hjsc ol 7+9 r 8<7+8 1 <7<+8 ga/wcg0
h}
}bc }o~ ljoop ui}b lopaike ~jhw}ig bikecw }bposebos}
}bc w}psg}spc+
Wsaahpy ol ^hp} I]biw goa~jc}cw hjj }bc ik~s} |hjsc }bh} iw kccmcm }o psk }bc asj}i ‗ aomhj kok ‗ jikchp hkhjywiw+ ]bc
wcg}iokw bh|c `cck hwwsacm ik h uhy }bh} chp}bxshdc uijj `c bh|c }bc biebcp ia~hg} ok }bc joucp
ljoopw* hkm hjwo* }bh} }bc mcwiek uijj `c bh|c }o ahmc ui}b joeig ol w}pokecp gojsakw ‗ uchdcp `chaw*
wo }bh} }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw oggsp ik `chaw ph}bcp }bhk gojsakw hkm miwwi~h}c ckcpey+
Ik ~hp} II* }bc asj}i aomhj hkhjywiw uijj `c psk swike }bc wol}uhpc MPHIK0MR hkm }bc wcg}iokw uijj `c
mcwiekcm }o pcwiw} }bc chp}bxshdc hg}iokw+
]h`jc 7 ‗ Komhj Johm hkm Ahww \hjscw "Ski}w6 dK / a / wcg)
Liespc = ‗ Mcwiek W~cg}psa
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 5/25
3
^hp} II6 Asj}i ‗ Aomhj Kok ‗ Jikchp Hkhjywiw
Hkhjywiw Pcwsj}w ‗ Aomc Wbh~cw hkm ^cpiomw
Aomc 8 0 7 =
^cpiom "wcg) 8+>0> >+735 >+0<< >+8=2=
Lpcxsckgy "8/wcg) >+92> 0+2>8 7+539 <+579Cllcg}i|c Ahww "#) 20 80+3 7+7 0+8
]bc lipw} aomc gokwiw}w 20# ol }bc aomhj
ahww* wo ubck cri}cm }bc lipw} aomc uijj
ghswc }bc aow} hg}iok ok }bc w}psg}spc+ ]bc
lipw} aomc bhw h ~cpiom ol 8+>0+ ]bc wcgokm
aomc bhw h epch}cp W~cg}phj Hggcjcph}iok|hjsc* bouc|cp }bc cllcg}i|c aomhj ahww iw
80#+ @cghswc ol }bc |cpy jou aomhj ahww
|hjscw* }bc }bipm hkm lop}b aomcw uijj ko}
gok}pi`s}c hw asgb+
Ik }bc hkhjywiw ~pogcww* }bc |hjsc }bh} uijj `c
swcm lop }bc }o~ ljoop hggcjcph}iok uijj `c
hposkm >+8<e hggopmike }o }bc mcwiek
w~cg}psa uc bhm* hkm }bc cllcg}i|c ahww uijj
`c 20# lop }biw |hjsc+
Lop }bc wcgokm aomc* ubigb bhw h ~cpiom ol >+73< wcgokmw* }bc mcwiek hggcjcph}iok |hjsc
uijj `c hposkm >+7>e* bouc|cp ui}b hk
cllcg}i|c ahww ol 80+3 #
]bc wol}uhpc ahdcw }bc ghjgsjh}iokw
hs}oah}ighjjy hkm ei|cw }bc pcwsj}w+
Ski} Kopahjivcm Aomc Wbh~cw
Aomc 8 Aomc 0 Aomc 7 Aomc =
Eposkm Ljoop >+>> >+>> >+>> >+>>
Lipw} Ljoop !>+07 >+<2 >+52 8+>>
Wcgokm Ljoop !>+30 8+>> >+83 !>+93
]bipm Ljoop !>+20 >+82 !8+>> >+33
Lop}b Ljoop !8+>> !>+97 >+<0 !>+0>
]h`jc = ‗ Aomhj ^cpiom* Lpcxsckgy hkm Cllcg}i|c Ahww \hjscw
Liespc 3 ‗ Aomc Wbh~cw
]h`jc 3 ‗ Ski} Kopahjivcm Aomc Wbh~c \hjscw
Aomc Wbh~cw
Aomc Wbh~c 8 Aomc Wbh~c 0
Aomc Wbh~c 7 Aomc Wbh~c =
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 6/25
<
Gojsak Hrihj Johm \hjscw
Cj
Ko Komc Hrihj E
Hrihj
C
Ahr
Hrihj
Aik
Hrihj GW
88>8> 507+<
855+07> 9>>+27 3=<+75
7
0>8> !507+<
00>8> 37<+5
882+=5> <33+85 =82+077>8> !37<+5
77>8> 73>+<
<0+7>> =80+9> 022+7>
==>8> !73>+<
==>8> 8<2+2
0>+3<> 829+7< 8=2+0=3>8> !8<2+2
38>0> 88<7
85+=>> 882>+=> 88=3+<>
80>0> !88<7
<0>0> 239+=
80+2=> 250+0= 2=<+3<
7>0> !239+=
57>0> 339+5
5+50> 3<5+=0 338+92
0=>0> !339+5
2=>0> 0<3+2
0+7<> 0<2+8< 0<7+==3>0> !0<3+2
Gojsak Aoack} \hjscw
Cj
Ko Komc
Aoack}
E
H`wojs}c
AE
Aoack}
C
Aoack}
Mcwiek GW
88>8> 08>9 08>9 8925= 08927
70>8> =7=3 =7=3 88599 8<8==
00>8> <70< <70< 88258 82895
7>8> <898 <898 803>7 82<9=
77>8> =0<> =0<> 8>820 8===0
==>8> =30< =30< 92>7+7 8=709+7
==>8> <>99 <>99 399<+2 80>93+2
3>8> 5=27 5=27 57>2+= 8=598+=
3
8>0> !788+2 788+2 7007< 703=5+2
80>0> !<=0+7 <=0+7 0088< 00532+7
<0>0> !8>00 8>00 0=889 038=8
7>0> !8>9= 8>9= 0=2<9 039<7
57>0> !5<8+2 5<8+2 89<37 0>=8=+2
0=>0> !533+2 533+2 898=9 899>=+2
2=>0> !80<= 80<= 80=78 87<93
3>0> !82>0 82>0 8==3< 8<032
]h`jc < ‗ Gojsak Hrihj Johm Pcwsj}w "ski}w6 dK)
]h`jc 5 ‗ Gojsak Aoack} Pcwsj}w "ski}w6 dK+ga)
Ubck mcwiekike }bc gojsakw* }bc uopw} ghwc
wgckhpio uijj `c gokwimcpcm lop c|cpy ikmi|imshj gojsak wcg}iok+ ]bc joucw} ol }bc aikiasa
hrihj johm ok }bc gojsak uijj `c gokwimcpcm lop
aoack} pcwiw}hkgc hkm }bc ahriasa
goa~pcwwiok |hjsc uijj `c swcm lop h ~owwi`jc
hrihj johm lhijspc+
@cghswc }bc chp}bxshdc ghk bi} lpoa `o}b
wimc* }bc chp}bxshdc hrihj johm |hjsc iw `o}b
hmmcm hkm ws`}phg}cm lpoa }bc eph|i}y johm
hkhjywiw ol }bc w}psg}spc ik opmcp }o likm }bc
uopw} ghwc ~owwi`jc+
Hjj }bc |hjscw lop chgb gojsak wcg}iok hpc
ei|ck ik }bc }h`jc jcl} bhkmwimc+
Aoack} E |hjscw w}hkm lop }bc w}h}ig johm
ghwc aoack} |hjscw hkm Aoack} C |hjscw
hpc lop }bc aomhj hkhjywiw |hjscw+ Ik opmcp
}o o`}hik }bc mcwiek |hjscw "A!Cm) }bc
h`wojs}c |hjsc ol }bc E aoack} |hjscw hpc
hmmcm }o chp}bxshdc |hjscw `cghswc
chp}bxshdc ghk w}pidc ik `o}b mipcg}iokw+ ]bc
uopw} ghwc lop chgb ikmi|imshj gojsak
wcg}iok bhw `cck gokwimcpcm+
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 7/25
5
@cha Aoack} \hjscw
Cj
Ko Komc
Lircm Ckm
Aoack}w
Po}h}iok
Aoack}w
Po}h}iok
Wiek AE AC AE $ AC AE!AC A!Cm @W
80>8> 83>72 =7<< 8+>> 8><+50 009+79 77<+88 !800+<5 77<+8>
80>0> !83>72 0>3< !8+>> !809+20 08=+02 2=+=< !7==+8> 7==+>9
0 0>0> 83820 !790 !8+>> 833+5= 072+3= 79=+02 !20+2> 79=+02 00>7> !83820 790 8+>> !833+5= 072+3= 20+2> !79=+02 79=+02
=7>8> 83>72 =323 8+>> 8>=+37 080+29 785+=0 !8>2+7< 785+=8
87>0> !83>72 0070 !8+>> !805+>< 899+0< 50+0> !70<+70 70<+78
37>0> 83820 !=55 !8+>> 83<+39 00=+>5 72>+<< !<5+=2 72>+<<
07>7> !83820 =55 8+>> !83<+39 00=+>5 <5+=2 !72>+<< 72>+<<
5=>8> 8=297 =0<2 8+>> 8><+03 8=2+5= 03=+99 !=0+=9 03=+99
7=>0> !8=297 077> !8+>> !803+<7 879+80 87+=9 !0<=+53 0<=+53
2=>0> 8=297 !78> !8+>> 830+>7 8<0+83 78=+82 !8>+80 78=+82
==>7> !8=297 78> 8+>> !830+>7 8<0+83 8>+80 !78=+82 78=+82
8>3>8> 8=8=0 <<32 8+>> 5=+2= 57+>2= 8=5+90 8+53 8=5+90
73>0> !8=8=0 0539 !8+>> !887+27 <<+525 !=5+>= !82>+<8 82>+<8
88 3>0> 8=8=0 !935 !8+>> 83>+99 55+52< 002+55 57+0> 002+55 =3>7> !8=8=0 935 8+>> !83>+99 55+52< !57+0> !002+55 002+55
Ubck likmike mcwiek aoack}w* }bc aoack}w ghswcm `y po}h}iokw hpc ci}bcp hmmcm op ws`}phg}cm }o
}bc lircm ckm aoack}w* mc~ckmike ok }bcip gokmi}iok+ Lop ikw}hkgc* `cghswc* }bc foik} po}h}iok h}
cr}cpkhj gokmi}iokw uijj `c ik }bc whac mipcg}iok ui}b }bc aoack}* i} uijj pcjchwc }bc aoack} h} }bh}
komc* wo }bh} }bc po}h}iokhj aoack} iw ws`}phg}cm+ Hjwo* }bc whac ~pogcmspc bhw `cck swcm lop
likmike }bc likhj |hjscw* `o}b gokwimcpike }bh} chp}bxshdc ghk bi} lpoa `o}b wimcw+
Likhj Gojsak Mcwiek \hjscw lop Chgb Wcg}iok
Gojsak Wcg}iok Mcwiek Ahr Goa~pcwwiok Mcwiek Aik Goa~pcwwiok Mcwiek Aoack}
8 882>+=> 2=<+3< 703+=52
0 3<5+=0 0<7+== 0>=+8=2
7 9>>+27 =82+07 089+27
= =80+9> 8=2+0= 8=5+98=
Likhj @cha Mcwiek \hjscw lop Chgb Wcg}iok
@cha Wcg}iok Cr}cpkhj Gokmi}iok Aoack} Ik}cpkhj Gokmi}iok Aoack}
8 77<+88 7==+8>
0 r 79=+02
7 03=+99 0<=+53
= r 78=+82
Wsaahpy ol ^hp} II
\hjscw hpc o`}hikcm lpoa }bc ~poepha hkm }bc mcwiek |hjscw bh|c `cck loskm lop uopw} ghwcw+
]h`jc 2 ‗ @cha Aoack} Pcwsj}w "ski}w6 dK+ga)
]h`jc 9 ‗ Likhj Gojsak Mcwiek \hjscw lop Chgb Wcg}iok "ski}w6 dK hkm dK+ga)
]h`jc 8> ‗ Likhj @cha Mcwiek \hjscw lop Chgb Wcg}iok "ski}w6 dK+ga)
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 8/25
2
^hp} III6 Wcg}iok Mcwiek
@cha Wcg}iok Mcwiek
Wcg}iok mcwiekw bh|c `cck ahmc swike }bc wol}uhpc wcg}+crc+ ]bc ik~s} |hjscw }bh} hpc ko} ikgjsmcm ik
}bc }h`jc 0 hpc wbouk bcpc hw ucjj+
Hwwsacm go|cpw hpc 0> aaw lop hjj gojsakw hkm `chaw* hkm }bc jikdw hpc hwwsacm hw 2aaw+
@cha Wcg}iok 8 @cha Wcg}iok 0
Cr}cpkhj Gokmi}iok Ik}cpkhj Gokmi}iok Ik}cpkhj Gokmi}iok
Mcwiek \hjsc 77<+88 7==+8 79=+02 dK+a
Pciklopgcack} ]o~ 7 ] 70 7 ] 70 7 ] 70
Pciklopgcack} @o}}oa 7 ] 70 7 ] 70 7 ] 70
v ]o~ == == == aa
v @o}}oa 3>< 3>< 33< aa
] Wcg}iok Pcwiw}hkgc =0>+>= =05+<3 =57+2 dK+a
I ! ] Wcg}iok Pcwiw}hkgc =>=+<= =>=+<3 ==2+27 dK+a@cha Wcg}iok 0 @cha Wcg}iok =
Mcwiek \hjsc 03=+99 0<=+53 7==+8 dK+a
Pciklopgcack} ]o~ = ] 03 = ] 03 7 ] 70
Pciklopgcack} @o}}oa = ] 03 = ] 03 7 ] 70
v ]o~ =>+3 =>+3 == aa
v @o}}oa =39+3 =39+3 =3< aa
] Wcg}iok Pcwiw}hkgc 780+99 782+57 728+03 dK+a
I ! ] Wcg}iok Pcwiw}hkgc 7>>+9< 7>>+9< 732+5 dK+a
Gojsak Wcg}iok Mcwiek
GW 8 GW 0 GW 7 GW =
W}ccj ]o~ 3 ] 70 3 ] 70 3 ] 03 3 ] 03
W}ccj @o}}oa 3 ] 70 3 ] 70 3 ] 03 3 ] 03
v }o~ 8< 8< 80+3 80+3 aa
v `o}}oa !8< !8< !80+3 !80+3 aa
Mcwiek Goa~pcwwiok 882>+= 3<5+=0 9>>+27 =80+9 dK
Mcwiek ]ckwiok 2=<+3< 0<7+== =82+07 8=2+0= dK
^y} !708<+99 !708<+99 !89<7+3> !89<>+3> dK
^yg 8358<+99 877=8+99 8==<7+3> 80>22+3> dK
Ap> 395+2= 308+90 752+>3 778+=> dK+a
Aahr 8>=0+00 2=3+>> 285+2> <38+90 dK+a
Kahr 7=35+5= 02>8+20 7=58+07 052>+73 dK
Mcwiek Aoack} 703+=5 0>=+=2 089+27 8=5+98 dK+a
Aoack} Pcw 570+=8 339+5< ==<+22 737+77 dK+a
W}ccj Ph}io >+>700 >+>795 >+>89< >+>0=0 :>+>=
]bc gojsak Aoack} Pcwiw}hkgc |hjscw hpc o`}hikcm lop }bc joucw} hrihj johm hg}ike ok chgb wcg}iok
lpoa }bc goppcw~okmike hrihj johm ‗ aoack} eph~b lop c|cpy wcg}iok+ Crha~jc lop wcg}iok 8 iw ei|ck ik
}bc kcr} ~hec+
]h`jc 88 ‗ @cha Wcg}iok Mcwiek
]h`jc 80 ‗ Gojsak Wcg}iok Mcwiek
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 9/25
9
Aoack} ‗ Hrihj Lopgc Ik}cphg}iok Mihephaw
]bc bopivok}hj jikcw wbou }bc joucw} hkm biebcw} hrihj mcwiek johmw ok }bc gojsak wcg}iok ~owwi`jc+
]bc joucp jikc iw swcm }o ec} }bc aoack} pcwiw}hkgc ol }bc wcg}iok* hkm }bc biebcp jikc iw }o wcc }bh}
}bc ~owwi`jc biebcw} hrihj johm iw ko} bsec ckoseb }o mcgpchwc }bc aoack} gh~hgi}y ol }bc wcg}iok+
Gbcgd ol Ph}io ol Gojsak / @cha Pcwiw}hkgc h} Chgb Komc
Komc @chaPcw+ Jcl}
"dK+a)
@cha
Pcw+Pieb}
"dK+a)
]o}hj @chaPcwiw}hkgc
"dK+a)
Gojsak Pcw+
Mouk "dK+a)
GojsakPcw+ S~
"dK+a)
]o}hj
GojsakPcwiw}hkgc
"dK+a)
Ph}io Gbcgd"Gojsak / @cha
;8+7)
0>8> > =0>+>= =0>+>= ==<+22 ==<+22 297+5< 0+87
0>0> =05+<3 =57+2 9>8+=3 570+=8 570+=8 8=<=+20 8+<0
7>8> > =0>+>= =0>+>= ==<+22 737+77 2>>+08 8+98
7>0> =05+<3 =57+2 9>8+=3 570+=8 339+5< 8090+85 8+=7
=>8> > 780+99 780+99 737+77 737+77 5><+<< 0+0<
=>0> 782+57 728+03 <99+92 339+5< 339+5< 8889+30 8+<>
>
3>>
8>>>
83>>
0>>>
03>>
7>>>
73>>
=>>>
=3>>
3>>>
<>> <3> 5>> 53> 2>> 23> 9>> 93> 8>>> 8>3>
H r i h j J o h m " d K )
Aoack} \hjscw "dK+a)
Gojsak Wcg}iok 8 ! Aoack} ! Hrihj Johm Ik}cphg}iok Mihepha
Liespc < ‗ Hrihj Johm ‗ Aoack} Ik}cphg}iok Mihepha lop Gojsak Wcg}iok 8
]h`jc 87 ‗ Gojsak / @cha Pcwiw}hkgcw h} Chgb Komc
Liespc 5 ! Komcw
Wsaahpy ol ^hp} III
Ik }biw ~hp}* chgb ikmi|imshj wcg}iok bhw `cck pciklopgcm
gokwimcpike }bc uopw} ghwcw hkm goa`ikh}iokw ~owwi`jc+
H} hjj komcw }bc }o}hj gojsak pcwiw}hkgc iw epch}cp }bhk h} jchw}
h lhg}op ol 8+7 lop hwwspike }bh} }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw uijj lopa ik
`chaw ph}bcp }bhk gojsakw+
]bc `chaw hpc ko} biebjy o|cp!mcwiekcm wo }bh} }bc w}psg}spc
mocw ko} w}hy lsjjy cjhw}ig hkm w}opc hjj }bc ckcpey* `s} ph}bcp
eo ik ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw ik `chaw hkm miwwi~h}c }bc
chp}bxshdc johm ckcpey+
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 10/25
8>
^hp} I\6 Kok ‗ Jikchp ]iac Biw}opy Hkhjywiw
Ik }biw ~hp} ol }bc ~pofcg}* }bc ~cplopahkgc ol }bc `sijmike hehikw} }bc pcgopmcm Cj!Gck}po chp}bxshdc
iw `cike ik|cw}ieh}cm ik mc}hij* hkm }bc Acrigo chp}bxshdc iw ik|cw}ieh}cm ik ji}}jc mc}hij lop h `c}}cp
skmcpw}hkmike hkm h goa~hpiwok+
Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
]bc h`o|c liespc ei|cw }bc pcgopmcm hggcjcph}iokw ol }bc Cj Gck}po chp}bxshdc+ ]bc ~chd eposkm
hggcjcph}iok |hjsc iw 7=85+>> ga/wcg0+
Osp w}psg}spc bhw h lskmhack}hj aomc lpcxsckgy ol >+92 hkm wcgokm aomc ol lpcxsckgy ol 0+2 ubigb
bh|c }bc aow} aomhj gok}pi`s}iokw+ Hw ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc ~oucp w~cg}psa* Cj Gck}po chp}bxshdc
uijj h}}hgd osp w}psg}spc ~pc}}y ucjj ik }bc lipw} aomc hkm wcgokm aomc ui}b bh|ike bieb w~cg}phj
ha~ji}smcw+ ]bc w~cg}phj ha~ji}smc lop lipw} aomc iw hposkm >+>0* hw ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc liespc
h`o|c+ Uc hpc jsgdy }bh} osp w}psg}spcw lskmhack}hj lpcxsckgy iw ko} hposkm 8+7 op 8+<* op i} uosjm
`c asgb aopc miwhw}posw lop }bc w}psg}spc `cike hllcg}cm `y }biw chp}bxshdc+
Liespc 2 ‗ Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc Pcgopmcm Eposkm Hggcjcph}iokw
Liespc 9 ‗ Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc ^oucp W~cg}psa
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 11/25
88
Ha~jiligh}iok Lhg}op lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
]bc ahriasa h`wojs}c hggcjcph}iok ol }bc }o~ ljoop mi|imcm `y }bc ahriasa h`wojs}c hggcjcph}iok ol
}bc eposkm ei|cw }bc ‚hggcjcph}iok ha~jiligh}iok lhg}op‑+ ]bc h`wojs}c ahriasa hggcjcph}iok |hjsc ol
}bc eposkm iw6 7=85+>> ga/wcg0+
]bc hggcjcph}iok eph~b lop }bc }o~ ljoop iw hw lojjouw6
]bc h`wojs}c ahriasa hggcjcph}iok |hjsc ol }bc }o~ ljoop iw6 323+03 ga/wcg0+
]bcpclopc }bc Hggcjcph}iok Ha~jiligh}iok Lhg}op 1 >+85
Hjwo i} ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc hggcjcph}iok mihepha }bh} }bc ~chd hggcjcph}iokw oggsp `c}ucck wcgokmw
0 hkm 3 hkm h ji}}jc jcww `c}ucck 80 hkm 8=+
Ljoop Miw~jhgcack} ]iac Biw}opy lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
Ljoop miw~jhgcack} }iac biw}opy lop ljoop = iw ei|ck bcpc lop crha~jc6
!3=9+22
3<8+>2
!3<7+=>
=95+59
!703+73!<>>+>>
!=>>+>>
!0>>+>>
>+>>
0>>+>>
=>>+>>
<>>+>>
>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>> H g g c j c p h } i o k \ h j s c w " g a / w c g 0 )
]iac "wcg)
]o~ Ljoop Hggcjcph}iok ]iac Biw}opy lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
!8<+>>
!<+>>
=+>>
8=+>>
>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>> M i w ~ j h g c a c k } " g a )
]iac "wcg)
Lop}b Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
Liespc 8> ‗ ]o~ Ljoop Hggcjcph}iok ]iac Biw}opy lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
Liespc 88 ‗ Lop}b Ljoop Miw~jhgcack} ]iac Biw}opy lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 12/25
80
Ahriasa hkm Aikiasa H`wojs}c Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
]bc ahriasa hkm aikiasa w}opcy miw~jhgcack}w |hjscw hkm h~~chpike }iacw hpc6
Ljoop Ahr Miw~jhgcack} "ga) ]iac "wcg) Aik Miw~jhgcack} "ga) ]iac "wcg)
Lipw} 0+5= 7+>> !0+9< =+=0
Wcgokm <+32 7+>> !<+<0 =+=0
]bipm 8>+05 0+9< !9+<8 =+=<
Lop}b 80+32 0+9= !88+85 =+=<
]bc mclopah}iok ol }bc w}psg}spc h} wcg 0+9= hkm =+=< hpc hw lojjouw6
Ljoop Miw~jhgcack} "ga) ]iac Miw~jhgcack} "ga) ]iac "wcg)
Lipw} 0+37 0+9= !0+20 =+=<
Wcgokm <+08 0+9= !<+37 =+=<]bipm 8>+0> 0+9= !9+<8 =+=<
Lop}b 80+32 0+9= !88+85 =+=<
]bc lojjouike liespc wbouw }bc mclopacm wbh~cw hkm }bc aomc wbh~cw }oec}bcp* ui}b aomc wbh~c
`cike `hjhkgcm }o }bc miw~jhgcack} h} }o~ ljoop hkm `cike asj}i~jicm }bc o}bcp ljoopw `y }biw ph}io+
Hw i} ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc mihepha* }bc uopw} mclopah}iokw oggsp hjaow} crhg}jy ik }bc lipw} aomc
|i`ph}iok ol }bc w}psg}spc* msc }o bieb aomhj ahww hkm `cike cri}cm `y }bc chp}bxshdc ik }bc
~hp}igsjhp }iac ik}cp|hjw+ Hw ghk `c wcck* }bc w}psg}spc hjwo pcw~okwcw ik }bc wcgokm aomc hw ucjj+
>
8
0
7
=
!80 !5 !0 7 2 87
L j o o p K s a ` c p w
Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w "ga)
Hg}shj Miw~jhgcack}w ! Aomc Wbh~c 8
Aomc Wbh~c 8 ! aik
Aikiasa
Aomc Wbh~c 8 ! ahr
Ahriasa
]h`jc 8= ‗ Ahriasa hkm Aikiasa Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
]h`jc 83 ‗ Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w h} w~cgilig }iacw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
Liespc 80 ‗ Goa~hpiwok ol Hg}shj Miw~jhgcack}w hkm Aomc Wbh~c 8 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 13/25
87
Ik}cp ‗ W}opcy Mpil} ]iac Biw}opicw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
Ik}cp ‗ w}opcy mpil}w hpc ia~op}hk} `cghswc i} }cjjw yos h`os} }bc w}illkcww miw}pi`s}iok }bps }bc
w}psg}spc+ ]bc ik}cp ‗ w}opcy mpil}w wbosjm `c h} gjowcp |hjscw h} hjj }iacw ikmigh}ike }bh} }bcpc hpc ko
wol} w}opyw wo }bh} }bc w}psg}spc h`o|c }bc w}opcy mocw ko} hg} hw pieim hkm }bh} hjj }bc lopgc mocw ko}
hg} ok }bc wol} w}opcy +
!=+>>
!0+>>
>+>>
0+>>
=+>>
>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>
M p i l } " g a )
]iac "wcg)
Lipw} W}opcy Mpil}
!=+>>
!0+>>
>+>>
0+>>
=+>>
>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>
M p
i l } " g a )
]iac "wcg)
Wcgokm W}opcy Mpil}
!=+>>!0+>>
>+>>
0+>>
=+>>
>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>
M
p i l } " g a )
]iac "wcg)
]bipm W}opcy Mpil}
!=+>>
!0+>>
>+>>
0+>>
=+>>
>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>
M p i l } " g a )
]iac "wcg)
Lop}b W}opcy Mpil}
Liespc 87 ‗ Ik}cp ‗ W}opcy Mpil}w lop Ljoopw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 14/25
8=
Achk Ahriasa Ik}cp!W}opcy Mpil}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
Achk Ahriasa \hjscw ol Ik}cp ‗ W}opcy Mpil}w "ga)
Lipw} Ljoop Wcgokm Ljoop ]bipm Ljoop Lop}b Ljoop
0+9< 7+23 =+>0 0+<3
Hj}boseb* oggsppike h} }bc millcpck} }iacw "}bc millcpckgcw hpc |cpy wahjj ik }cpaw ol wcgokmw ol
ahriasa ik}cp!w}opcy mpil}w)* ubck aomc wbh~c 8 ahriasa miw~jhgcack} iw kopahjivcm ui}b }bc
ahriasa ljoop ik}cp!w}opcy ol }bc w}psg}spc* i} ghk `c wcck }bh} }bc ahriasa w}opcy mpil}w hpc |cpy
gjowc }o }bc ik}cp!w}opcy mpil}w ol }bc lipw} aomc wbh~c ol }bc w}psg}spc+ ]biw iw hehik msc }o bieb aomhj
ahww hkm }bh} }bc lipw} aomc iw `cike h}}hgdcm `y }bc chp}bxshdc+
Mhahec Jiai}h}iok Gok}poj Hggopmike }o Cspogomc 2
Ljoop b "ga) α Mpil} "ga) α Õ Mpil} b / 877 Ph}io CG2 Gbcgd
= =0> >+3 0+9< 8+=2 7+8< 0+87 OD
7 =0> >+3 7+23 8+90 7+8< 8+<= OD
0 =0> >+3 =+>0 0+>8 7+8< 8+35 OD
8 =0> >+3 0+<3 8+70 7+8< 0+79 OD
]bc mhahec jiai}h}iok pcxsipcack} iw wh}iwlicm msc }o Cspogomc 2 ui}b hjj }bc mpil} |hjscw asj}i~jicm
ui}b }bc pcmsg}iok lhg}op hpc `cike jcww }bhk }bc w}opcy bcieb} |hjscw mi|imcm `y 877 ubigb iw }bc
|hjsc ei|ck lop `sijmikew ui}b msg}ijc kok!w}psg}sphj cjcack}w+
>+>> 8+>> 0+>> 7+>> =+>> 3+>>
Lipw} Ljoop
Wcgokm Ljoop
]bipm Ljoop
Lop}b Ljoop
Achk Ahriasa W}opcy Mpil}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc hkm Aomc Wbh~c 8 Mpil}w
Aomc Wbh~c 8 Mpilw
Ahriasa Pcjh}i|c Ljoop
Miw~jhgcack}w
]h`jc 8< ‗ Achk Ahriasa Ik}cp ‗ W}opcy Mpil}w lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
Liespc 8= ‗ Goa~hpiwok ol Hg}shj Mpil}w hkm Aomc Wbh~c 8 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
]h`jc 85 ‗ Mhahec Jiai}h}iok Gok}poj Hggopmike }o Cspogomc 2 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 15/25
83
Oggsppike ol ^jhw}ig Bikecw }bps }bc @chaw `c}ucck wcgokmw 8+2> ‗ 3 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
&@jhgd `hpw pc~pcwck} Komc I* Ephy @hpw Pc~pcwck} Komc F
ol }bc pcjc|hk} `cha cjcack}+
8
0
7
=
3
<
5
2
9
8+2> 0+>> 0+0> 0+=> 0+<> 0+2> 7+>> 7+0> 7+=> 7+<> 7+2> =+>> =+0> =+=> =+<> =+2> 3+>>
@ c h a C
j c a c k } K s a ` c p
]iac
Liespc 83 ‗ ^jhw}ig Bikecw h} @chaw `c}ucck Wcgokmw 0 ‗ 3 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 16/25
8<
Liespc 83 wbouw }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw oggsppike ik }bc `chaw `c}ucck wcgokmw 8+2> hkm 3+ Ik }bc liespc }bc
y ! hriw ksa`cpw hpc wbouike }bc `cha cjcack} ksa`cpw+ ]bc `jhgd pcg}hkesjhp ik}cp|hjw hpc lop }bh}
~hp}igsjhp `cha’w I komc `cike ik }bc yicjm aoack} |hjsc hkm ahdike ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw* hkm }bc ephy
okcw hpc lop komc F+
]bc `chaw eo }o ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw ik woac o}bcp ik}cp|hjw ol chp}bxshdc hw ucjj* `s} ko} lop wsgb
joke }iacw ubigb achkw jcww ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw+ ]biw iw uby4 }biw ik}cp|hj iw aow} ia~op}hk} hkm iw
crhaikcm }o skmcpw}hkm }bc `cbh|iop ol }bc w}psg}spc }o Cj Gck}po chp}bxshdc+
@cha cjcack} 9 ‗ Komc F iw ei|ck bcpc hw hk crha~jc lop lipw} 83 wcgokmw ol chp}bxshdc ol lopaike
~jhw}ig bikecw6 Hw ghk `c wcck }bc okjy ia~op}hk} ik}cp|hj iw `c}ucck wcgokmw 0 hkm 3+ Aow} ol }bc o}bcp
`cha cjcack}w mo ko} c|ck ahdc ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw hl}cp 3}b
wcgokm ol }bc chp}bxshdc+ Hl}cp wcgokm
83 ko aopc ~jhw}ig bikecw hpc lopacm h} hky cjcack} ik }bc w}psg}spc hkm }bc w}psg}spc w}hyw ui}bik jiai}
aoack} |hjscw h} hjj cjcack}w hkm ko} pchgbike }bc yicjm aoack}w hkyaopc+
]bcwc }uo liespcw wbou ubcpc }bc gojsakw ahdc ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw+ Kokc ol }bc o}bcp gojsakw hkm
}bcwc }uo gojsakw lopa ~jhw}ig bikecw h} hky }iac mspike }bc w}psg}spc crgc~} }bcwc hkm pcahik ik
cjhw}ig vokc+ ]biw |cpilicw }bh}* }bc mcwiek uhw wsggcwwlsj ik }bc ik}ckmcm uhy* ui}b w}pokecp gojsakw hkm
uchdcp `chaw* ui}b `chaw lopaike ~jhw}ig bikecw hkm miwwi~h}ike ckcpey mspike }bc aow} miwhw}posw
ik}cp|hj ol }bc chp}bxshdc hkm h|oimike ckcpey }o `c w}opcm ik }bc w}psg}spc+
8+>> 7+>> 3+>> 5+>> 9+>> 88+>> 87+>> 83+>>
^ j h w } i g B i k e c w
]iac "wcg)
@cha Cjcack} 9 ! Foik} F
0+>> 0+0> 0+=> 0+<> 0+2> 7+>> 7+0> 7+=> 7+<> 7+2> =+>> =+0> =+=> =+<> =+2> 3+>> ^ j h w } i g B i k
e c w
]iac "wcg)
Gojsak Cjcack} 8 ! Komc I ! ^jhw}ig Bikecw
0+>> 0+0> 0+=> 0+<> 0+2> 7+>> 7+0> 7+=> 7+<> 7+2> =+>> =+0> =+=> =+<> =+2> 3+>>
^ j h w } i g B i k e c w
]iac "wcg)
Gojsak Cjcack} 87 ! Komc I ! ^jhw}ig Bikecw
Liespc 8< ‗ ^jhw}ig Bikecw lop @cha Cjcack} 9 ‗ Foik} F mspike Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
Liespc 85 ‗ ^jhw}ig Bikecw Gojsakw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 17/25
85
Oggsppike ol ^jhw}ig Bikecw }bps }bc W}psg}spc `c}ucck wcgokmw 0+0> ‗ = Cj Gck}po CX
]bc liespc h`o|c wbouw }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw }bh} lopa mspike }bc aow} gpi}ighj ik}cp|hj ol }bc chp}bxshdc ik}bc w}psg}spc+ Ik opmcp }o ia~po|c w}psg}spcw ~cplopahkgc* }bc }uo gojsakw }bh} lopa ~jhw}ig bikecw ghk
`c ia~po|cm h} }bc komcw }bcy skmcpeo ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw }o h|oim hky ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw ol }bc
gojsakw+
Lpoa }bc pcjc|hk} liespcw* `cha wcg}iok 8 "@cha cjcack}w 8* 7* = hkm <) cr}cpkhj gokmi}iokw wcca }o `c
}bc komcw }bh} ahdc }bc aow} ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw+
Liespc 82 ! Oggsppike ol ^jhw}ig Bikecw }bps }bc W}psg}spc `c}ucck wcgokmw 0+0> ‗ = Cj Gck}po
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 18/25
82
Bikec Po}h}iokw ol @chaw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
]bc h`o|c liespc wbouw }bc bikec po}h}iokw* aoack} |hjscw* hkm }bc ~owi}i|c hkm }bc kceh}i|c aoack} gh~hgi}y ol }bc `cha cjcack} 7 ‗ komc F mspike }bc
chp}bxshdc+ ]bc y ‗ hriw jcl} bhkmwimc iw lop }bc bikec po}h}iokw* hkm }bc y ‗ hriw pieb} bhkmwimc wbouw }bc aoack} |hjscw+ ]bc mhwbcm jikcw hpc }bc aoack}
gh~hgi}y |hjscw ik dK+a
Hw i} ghk `c wcck lpoa }biw eph~b gjchpjy* `cghswc }bc aoack} |hjsc ghkko} crgccm }bc gh~hgi}y aoack} |hjsc* ikw}chm* }bc `cha eocw }o ~jhw}ig bikec
mclopah}iokw hkm ahdcw bikec po}h}iokw hkm miwwi~h}cw ckcpey ui}bos} lhijike+ Hw joke hw }bc aoack} |hjscw hpc `cjou }bc yicjmike |hjscw* ko ~jhw}ig
mclopah}iokw oggsp+ ]biw gbcgd bhw }o `c mokc lop chgb `cha wcg}iok h} ik}cpkhj hkm cr}cpkhj gokmi}iokw* hkm msg}ijc `cbh|iop asw} `c eshphk}ccm }o hjjou
}bc mcwipcm bikec mclopah}iokw+ ]biw iw mokc ik kcr} ~hec lop cjcack}w ol @cha Wcg}iok 8 ‗ Cr}cpkhj Gokmi}iokw ik }bc lojjouike ~hec+
!=>=+<=
=0>+>=
!=3>
!73>
!03>
!83>
!3>
3>
83>
03>
73>
=3>
!<+>>C!>7
!=+>>C!>7
!0+>>C!>7
!8+>>C!85
0+>>C!>7
=+>>C!>7
<+>>C!>7
2+>>C!>7
>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>
B i k e
c P o } h } i o k
]iac "wcg)
@cha Wcg}iok 8 ! @cha Cjcack} 7 ! Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok ! Aoack} \hjscw ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y
Liespc 89 ! @cha Wcg}iok 8 ! @cha Cjcack} 7 ! Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok ! Aoack} \hjscw ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 19/25
89
Bikec Po}h}iokw ol @cha Wcg}iok lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
]bc bikec po}h}iok |hjscw lop @cha Wcg}iok 8* cr}cpkhj gokmi}iokw ghk `c wcck ik }bc h`o|c liespcw+ @cha
cjcack} 8* komc I ahdcw h po}h}iok ol 3+09 Õ 8>!7
phmihkw+ ]biw cr}cpkhj gokmi}iok ol @W8 bhw }o bh|c wo
asgb msg}iji}y ik opmcp ko} }o lhij hkm miwwi~h}c ckcpey+ Hjj }bc `cha wcg}iokw bh|c }o `c mcwiekcm lop
ckoseb msg}iji}y }o ahdc }bc po}h}iokw hw }biw `cha }o miwwi~h}c ckcpey hkm wbou msg}ijc `cbh|iop+
!0+90C!>7
3+09C!>7
0+=<C!>7
!=+>>C!>7
!0+>>C!>7
>+>>C$>>
0+>>C!>7
=+>>C!>7
<+>>C!>7
0+>> 5+>> 80+>> 85+>> 00+>> 05+>> 70+>> 75+>> =0+>> B i k e c P o } h } i o k
]iac "wcg)
@cha Cjcack} 8 ! Komc I ! Bikec Po}h}iok
!7+==C!>7
7+<3C!>7
0+>=C!>7
!3+>>C!>7
>+>>C$>>
3+>>C!>7
0+>> 5+>> 80+>> 85+>> 00+>> 05+>> 70+>> 75+>> =0+>>
B i k e c P o } h } i o
k
]iac "wcg)
@cha Cjcack} 7 ! Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok
!3+89C!>7
7+>9C!>7
7+85C!>=
!8+>>C!>0
!3+>>C!>7
>+>>C$>>
3+>>C!>7
0+>> 5+>> 80+>> 85+>> 00+>> 05+>> 70+>> 75+>> =0+>>
B i k e c P o } h }
i o k
]iac "wcg)
@cha Cjcack} = ! Komc I ! Bikec Po}h}iok
!3+83C!>7
8+97C!>7
0+92C!>=
!8+>>C!>0
!3+>>C!>7
>+>>C$>>
3+>>C!>7
0+>> 5+>> 80+>> 85+>> 00+>> 05+>> 70+>> 75+>> =0+>>
B i k e c P o } h
} i o k
]iac "wcg)
@cha Cjcack} < ! Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok
Liespc 0> ‗ ^jhw}ig Bikec Po}h}iokw lop @cha Wcg}iok 8 ‗ Cr}cpkhj Gokmi}iokw ‗ Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 20/25
0>
Wbchp Lopgc Iklopah}iok lop @chaw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
Ahriasa Wbchp Lopgcw "dK)
@cha Wcg}iok Cr}cpkhj Gokmi}iok Ik}cpkhj Gokmi}iok
Aikiasa Ahriasa Aikiasa Ahriasa
8 !809+3> 809+2> !809+2> 809+2>
0 r !8=7+3> 8=7+3>
7 !93+30 97+53 !97+53 93+30
= r !93+30 93+30
]bc ahriasa wbchp lopgc |hjscw hpc ei|ck ik }bc }h`jc h`o|c+ Wbchp lhijspc iw h `pi}}jc lhijspc hkm kc|cp
uhk}cm ik h w}psg}spc+ @cha hkm gojsak wcg}iokw bhw }o `c mcwiekcm }o w}hy ik cjhw}ig vokc mspike }bc
ubojc chp}bxshdc ui}b wslligick} jikdw h} }bc gokkcg}iokw* hjwo ~po|imike goklikcack} hkm gsp|h}spc
msg}iji}y h} }bc `cha ‗ gojsak gokkcg}iokw+
!0>>+>>
!83>+>>
!8>>+>>
!3>+>>
>+>>
3>+>>
8>>+>>
83>+>>
0>>+>>
>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>
W b c h p L o p g c w " d K )
]iac
@cha Cjcack} 0 ! Komc I hkm Komc F
!0>>+>>
!83>+>>
!8>>+>>
!3>+>>
>+>>
3>+>>
8>>+>>
83>+>>
0>>+>>
>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>> 7>+>> 73+>> =>+>> =3+>>
W b c h p L o p g c w " d K )
]iac
@cha Cjcack} 3 ! Komc I hkm Komc F
Liespc 08 ‗ Wbchp Lopgc \hjscw lop @cha Wcg}iok 0 lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
]h`jc 82 ‗ Ahriasa hkm Aikiasa Wbchp Lopgc \hjscw h} @cha Wcg}iokw lop Cj Gck}po Chp}bxshdc
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 21/25
08
Gojsak Aoack} Gh~hgi}y ui}b Gbhkeike Hrihj Johm ‗ Aoack} \hjscw Hg}ike ‗ Bikec Lopah}iok
]bc h`o|c liespc wbouw }bc aoack} hg}ike ok }bc gojsak cjcack} I h} komc I mspike }bc chp}bxshdc ik lipw} 03 wcgokmw+ ]bc }uo jikcw h} }o~ hkm `o}}oa
wbou }bc ~owi}i|c hkm kceh}i|c aoack} gh~hgi}y ol }bc gojsak gbhkeike ui}b }bc hrihj johm hg}ike ok }bc gojsak mspike }bc chp}bxshdc+ Hw i} ghk `c wcck*
cw~cgihjjy hposkm wcgokmw 0 hkm =* ubck }bc w}psg}spc iw mclopaike ik }bc ~owi}i|c mipcg}iok* ui}b }bc mcgpchwike hrihj johm ok }bc gojsak* }bc aoack}
gh~hgi}y mcgpchwcw* hkm ol gospwc* hg}ike aoack} ikgpchwcw+ ]biw iw ubcpc }biw gojsak cjcack} lopaw h ~jhw}ig bikec hkm ahdcw ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw+
]bc mhwbcm jikc wbouw }bc ~jhw}ig bikec po}h}iokw ol }bc gokwimcpcm komc mspike }bc chp}bxshdc+ ]bc |hjscw hpc ei|ck ik }bc pieb} bhkmwimc y hriw+ Hw i} ghk `c
wcck* ubcpc }bc aoack} gh~hgi}y eocw mouk msc }o jou hrihj johm* hkm }bc hg}ike aoack} pchgbcw }bc gh~hgi}y* hehik ~jhw}ig bikecw lopa hkm bikec
po}h}iokw oggsp+ ]bc eph~b iw jiai}cm }o lipw} 03 wcgokmw* `cghswc }bc aoack} |hjscw w}hy ik cjhw}ig vokc lop }bc pcw} ol }bc chp}bxshdc+
]bc ahriasa bikec po}h}iok }biw gojsak cjcack} ahdcw h} }biw komc iw ei|ck ik }bc liespc ui}b h |hjsc ol 0+82 Õ 8>!7
phmihkw+ ]biw gojsak wcg}iok bhw }o bh|c
wo asgb msg}iji}y ik opmcp }o ahdc }biw haosk} ol po}h}iok* bouc|cp* `c}}cp yc}* }bc aoack} gh~hgi}y wbosjm `c ikgpchwcm h} }biw komc wo }bh} i} w}hyw ik
cjhw}ig vokc+
0+82C!>7
!8+79C!>7!8+3>C!>7
!8+>>C!>7
!3+>>C!>=
>+>>C$>>
3+>>C!>=
8+>>C!>7
8+3>C!>7
0+>>C!>7
!2>>+>>
!<>>+>>
!=>>+>>
!0>>+>>
>+>>
0>>+>>
=>>+>>
<>>+>>
2>>+>>
>+>> 3+>> 8>+>> 83+>> 0>+>> 03+>>
A o a c k } \ h j s c w " d K + a
)
]iac "wcg)
Gojsak Wcg}iok 7 ! Gojsak Cjcack} 8 ! Komc I ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y hkm Hg}ike Aoack} ! ^jhw}ig Bikec Po}h}iokw
Liespc 00 ! Gojsak Wcg}iok 7 ! Gojsak Cjcack} 8 ‗ Komc I ! Bikec Po}h}iok ! Aoack} \hjscw ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 22/25
00
Acrigo Chp}bxshdc
Ik }biw ~hp} ol }bc gospwcuopd* }bc whac w}psg}spc uijj `c hwwcwwcm hehikw} }bc pcgopmcm Acrigo CX+
]bc Acrigo chp}bxshdc bhw jcww ~chd eposkm hggcjcph}iok goa~hpcm }o }bc Cj Gck}po4 bouc|cp }bc
~oucp w~cg}psa wbosjm hjwo `c gbcgdcm+
Hw ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc h`o|c liespc* }bc Acrigo chp}bxshdc bhw }bc aow} ckcpey ik jou lpcxsckgicw+
Osp w}psg}spc bhw h lpcxsckgy ol 0+2 ik wcgokm aomc hkm biebcp lpcxsckgicw ik biebcp aomcw* hkm }biw
chp}bxshdc wbosjm ko} hllcg} }bcwc aomcw hjaow} h} hjj hggopmike }o }biw ~oucp w~cg}psa+
Hjwo* hw ghk `c wcck lpoa }bc hggcjcph}iok }iac biw}opy* Acrigo chp}bxshdc bhw jokecp msph}iok ol }bc
mhaheike ik}cp|hj ubcpc hw Cj Gck}po okjy bi}w }bc w}psg}spc ui}b }bc ~chd hggcjcph}iok okjy lop h wbop}
}iac+
Liespc 07 ‗ Acrigo Chp}bxshdc Pcgopmcm Eposkm Hggcjcph}iokw
Liespc 0= ‗ Acrigo Chp}bxshdc ̂ oucp W~cg}psa
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 23/25
07
Hggcjcph}iok Ha~jiligh}iok Lhg}op lop Acrigo Chp}bxshdc
]bc ahriasa hggcjcph}iok ol }bc }o~ ljoop iw 837+<< a/wcg0
]bc ahriasa eposkm hggcjcph}iok iw 832= a/wcg0
]bc ha~jiligh}iok lhg}op lop }biw chp}bxshdc iw }bcpclopc6 >+>95
W}opcy Miw~jhgcack}wAhriasa w}opcy miw~jhgcack}w hkm }iacw hpc ei|ck lop }bc Acrigo chp}bxshdc ik }h`jc6
Ljoop Ahr Miw~ "ga) ]iac "wcg) Aik Miw~ "ga) ]iac "wcg)
8 0+>5 35+22 !0+80 39+>>
0 =+=3 35+2< !=+3< 39+>>
7 <+30 35+2= !<+5> 35+>>
= 5+<9 35+20 !5+9= 35+>>
Msc }o jcww ~chd eposkm hggcjcph}iok hkm }bc ~oucp w~cg}psa* hw cr~cg}cm* osp w}psg}spc ahdcw jcwwmclopah}iok goa~hpcm }o CJ GCK]PO chp}bxshdc h} chgb ljoop+
]bc w}psg}spc mclopah}iok h} crhg}jy }iac 1 35 goa~hpcm ui}b }bc aomc wbh~c 8 ei|cw sw6
Mhahec Jiai}h}iok Gok}poj Hggopmike }o Cspogomc 2
Ljoop b "ga) α Ahr Mpil} "ga) α Õ Mpil} b / 877 Ph}io CG2 Gbcgd
= =0> >+3 0+80 8+>< 7+8< 0+92 OD
7 =0> >+3 0+== 8+00 7+8< 8+39 OD
0 =0> >+3 0+89 8+>8 7+8< 0+29 OD
8 =0> >+3 8+0< >+<7 7+8< 3+>0 OD
Goa~hpcm ui}b CJ GCK]PO chp}bxshdc* uc bh|c jcww w}opcy miw~jhgcack}w* jcww w}opcy mpil}w* }bcpclopc
hs}oah}ighjjy uc gbcgd ui}b }bc mhahec jiai}h}iok gok}poj hggopmike }o CG2+
>
8
0
7
=
!8>+>> !3+>> >+>>
W } o p c y K s a ` c p
Mclopah}iokw "ga)
W}psg}spc Mclopah}iok h} } 1 35 wcg
W}psg}spc
Mclopah}iokAomc Wbh~c 8
]h`jc 89 ‗ Ahriasa hkm Aikiasa Ljoop Miw~jhgcack}w lop Acrigo Chp}bxshdc
Liespc 03 ‗ W}psg}spc Mclopah}iok h} } 1 35 lop Acrigo Chp}bxshdc
]h`jc 0> ‗ Mhahec Jiai}h}iok Gok}poj lop Acrigo Chp}bxshdc Hggopmike }o Cspogomc 2
Hw cr~cg}cm* }bc w}psg}spc iw
pcw~okmike ahikjy ik lipw}
aomc hkm }bc mclopacm
wbh~c iw |cpy gjowc }o }bc
aomc wbh~c 8+
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 24/25
0=
Bikec Po}h}iokw ol @chaw lop Acrigo Chp}bxshdc
Lop h goa~hpiwok ui}b CJ GCK]PO chp}bxshdc* }bc whac `cha cjcack} hkm whac komc bhw `cck }hdck ik}o hggosk}+ Hw i} ghk `c wcck lpoa h`o|c eph~b* }biw
}iac }bc gokwimcpcm komc okjy pchgbcw }bc yicjm aoack} |hjsc okgc* hkm lop h wbop} ik}cp|hj* ghswike h po}h}iok |hjsc ol 8+=2 Õ 8>!=
ubcpchw ik CJ GCK]PO }bcpc
ucpc po}h}iok ik `o}b mipcg}iok lop wc|cphj ik}cp|hjw ui}b h ahriasa po}h}iok |hjsc ol 7+<3 Õ 8>!7
ubigb iw hposkm 0= }iacw jhpecp }bhk }bc okc ik }biw chp}bxshdc+
Hjwo hw ik CJ GCK]PO* }bc ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw h} gojsakw h~~chpcm h} }bc whac komcw ui}b }biw Chp}bxshdc+ ]biw goklipaw* c|ck ui}b }bc pcjh}i|cjy uchdcp
chp}bxshdc ~jhw}ig bikecw hpc `cike lopacm ik }bc gojsakw* hkm ik opmcp }o ia~po|c }bc w}psg}spcw ~cplopahkgc* }bowc gokkcg}iokw "Gojsak 8 hkm Gojsak 87
komc I) ghk `c w}pcke}bckcm wo }bh} uc mo ko} lopa ~jhw}ig mclopah}iokw h} gojsakw h} hjj+
!8+=2C!>=
=0>+>=
!=>=+><
!3>>+>>
!=>>+>>
!7>>+>>
!0>>+>>
!8>>+>>
>+>>
8>>+>>
0>>+>>
7>>+>>
=>>+>>
3>>+>>
!8+<>C!>=
!8+8>C!>=
!<+>>C!>3
!8+>>C!>3
=+>>C!>3
9+>>C!>3
8+=>C!>=
>+>> 8>+>> 0>+>> 7>+>> =>+>> 3>+>> <>+>> 5>+>> 2>+>> 9>+>> 8>>+>>
]iac
@cha Wcg}iok 8 ! @cha Cjcack} 7 ! Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok ! Aoack} \hjscw ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y
Liespc 0< ‗ @cha Wcg}iok 8 ! @cha Cjcack} 7 ‗ Komc F ! Bikec Po}h}iok ! Aoack} \hjscw ! Aoack} Gh~hgi}y
8/8/2019 Design of Earthquake Resistance Structures Course Work
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/design-of-earthquake-resistance-structures-course-work 25/25
^hp} \6 Kok ‗ Sj}iah}c Jiai} W}h}c \cpiligh}iok hkm Mc}hijike
@chaw
Pcwiw}hkgc ik @ckmike hkm Wbchp
]bc `ckmike hkm wbchp pcwiw}hkgc ol `chaw wbosjm `c ghjgsjh}cm ik hggopmhkgc ui}b CG0+ "@cghswc
`cyokm }bc wgo~c ol }biw ~pofcg}* }bc wbchp jikdw bhw ko} `cck ghjgsjh}cm `s} hwwsacm+)
]bc }o~ pciklopgcack} ik ljhkecm `chaw wbosjm `c ~jhgcm ui}bik }bc uc`+
Mc}hijike Lop Joghj Msg}iji}y
Gpi}ighj pceiokw ol `chaw "vokcw ubcpc ~jhw}ig bikecw lopa) hpc gokwimcpcm }o `c jogh}cm ui}bik h jcke}b
j gp 1 bu lpoa }bc lhgcw ol }bc gojsakw+ ]bc }phkw|cpwc pciklopgcack} ik }bc gpi}ighj pceiokw wbosjm ~po|imc
goklikcack} }o ckh`jc wslligick} po}h}iokhj msg}iji}y ol }bc ~jhw}ig bikecw+
8) ψ% ; >+3 ψ Õ $ ψ% SJW
Pciklopgcack} ph}iow hpc whac h} }o~ hkm `o}}oa hkm epch}cp }bhk SJW
0) ψaik 1 >+3 Õ l g}a / l yd
>+>8=5 ; >+3 Õ = / =<> 1 >+>=7
Gojsakw
Pcwiw}hkgc ik @ckmike hkm Wbchp
Ljcrsphj hkm wbchp pcwiw}hkgc wbosjm `c goa~s}cm ik hggopmhkgc ui}b Cspogomc 0
Kopahjivcm hrihj lopgc ik gojsakw wbosjm `c jiai}cm }o : >+<3
GW 86 2>72+= / 03>>>> 1 >+>704 GW06 2>72+= / 0>03>> 1 >+>=>
GW76 =9><+03 / 03>>>> 1 >+>0>4 GW=6 =9><+03 / 0>03>> 1 >+>03
Mc}hijike Lop Joghj Msg}iji}y
>+8 : ]o}hj jokei}smikhj pciklopgcack} ph}io : >+= ui}b aikiasa ol 7 `hpw ok chgb wimc!; Gbcgd
]bc jcke}b ol }bc gpi}ighj pceiokw iw ahriasa ol 6
j gp 1 bg * j gp 1 j gj / <* j gp 1 >+=3a
@cha ‗ Gojsak Foik}w
]bc goklikcack} pciklopgcack} ik foik}w ol ~piahpy wciwaig `chaw hkm gojsakw wbosjm `c ko} jcww }bhk
}bh} w~cgilicm lop gpi}ighj pceiokw+