design portfolio
DESCRIPTION
select undergraduate, graduate, competitive workTRANSCRIPT
design portfolio nathanael dunn
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toronto market
logan square
tod
air force chapel
2016 olympics
geneva library
transducer
chaos fixture
sketches
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contents
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ntransition . funnel
abstract . considering the freshwater of the great lakes basin as a valuable resource and amenity, research the development of the toronto waterfront, determine how to further develop it in a meaningful manner through a master plan charette, and develop a building appropriate for the local context of the master plan and the city of toronto.
master plan approach . the master plan charette was undertaken as a section of 11 students who—after visiting toronto, studying existing proposals for the waterfront development, and keeping in mind the importance of fresh water—decided to focus on the corner of the toronto bay where the don river empties into the harbor. currently filled with empty parking lots and abandoned warehouses, this piece of land is greatly underutilized, and the mouth of the don river shows neglect as it lies stagnant while collecting debris. these conditions drove the design of the community planned there to be focused around general wellness as it aims to restore the land while at the same time introducing a healthy urban fabric into this area.
market approach . the public market supports the ideal of the wellness community through the provision of fresh, locally acquired food alternatives, which it makes available to the general public, the adjacent fine arts academy, and local restaurants. as a means of furthering its connection to the community and making its resources more readily available to the area’s inhabitants that are spread throughout the master plan’s three districts, the market extends through the site to physically integrate itself into the other portions of the development. utilizing this approach, it can function as a transitional piece of the community’s fabric and bridge the three districts. the main market hall is the primary market building containing the majority of the program and therefore is the primary destination when traveling to the market. as a result, many of the less traditional market programs that can exist more easily on their own are located in the branches that connect the main market to the rest of the community. to further this idea that the main market is the primary destination and that the market is funneling people from one area of the site to another, the form of the building responds to its location in relation to the main market; the building’s forms mimic the idea of a funnel by converging and releasing in a build-up to the formal and programmatic climax—the main market hall.
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waterfront development
wellness division
proposed circulationproposed primary usescommercial watercraftoffice pedestrianresidential highwaygreenspace local
site context
site image
while not strict boundaries, the community is divided into districts that generally guide the plan’s massing and organization. the commercial district primarily boarders the waterfront providing scenic views of the city core and tying into an existing boardwalk. the office district serves as a core and
this plan embodies two major goals: the restoration of the mouth off the don river and the introduction of an urban fabric. the proposal addresses the problem of the stagnant, hardscaped termination of the river by proposing that the river be once again allowed to follow a natural trajectory
into the toronto bay. with the new path as the organizing element, the plan takes on a binary approach that provides a public green amenity and actively cleans the don through natural and man-made means while allowing a fabric to frame and selectively infiltrate the site.
boarders the primary circulation back into the city core. the bulk of the housing units exists in the residential district although it is dispersed throughout the site as well.
local circulation links into existing city grid providing access within and out of the site.
7 lower don lands master plan
existing conditions
1 urban wetland
9 public market
2 don river delta interactive center
10 creative arts academy
3 maggie cancer care center
11 community recreation center and energy storage plant
4 vertical farm5 lower don lands hydro electric
6 transit center7 marina8 toronto symphony concert hall
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commercial
officeresidential
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district bridging contextual connections axial derivation formal extension funnel formationthe master plan proposal contains three districts. the market, located in the residential district, focuses on connecting these fabrics through form and program.
to determine the market form and its affect on the surrounding fabric, the community was analyzed for elements to connect with and guide the overall form: green space, the marina, the arts academy, the recreation center.
the contextual elements informed the primary east-west axis that bridges the three districts and connects to the marina as well as the secondary axis, which frames the green space and addresses the fitness center and arts academy.
the form and program of the market physically reach out to make the connections along these axes and bridge the districts.
a funnel form is employed to emphasise the fact that the building is being used to move people from one area of the community to another area.
aerial perspective
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site plan
community plan
formal development
east-west site section north-south site section
1 main market hall2 weekend farmer’s market3 garden market4 antique market5 fish market6 culinary school restaurant7 community street
9 park8 community structure
10 marina
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vertical compressionhorizontal compression block division formal climax fabric integrationheight fluctuations correspond with horizontal ones and reinforce the compression and release theme.
funnels naturally contain compression and release moments. the building form is further manipulated to exaggerate these moments and reinforce the idea that the form is building towards a climax.
the continuous form is divided by the transportation routes of the site.
the axes cross at the center of the main market mass, marking it as the most prominent portion of the entire program. this overlapping space contains the most exaggerated forms and volume and the largest portion of the traditional market stalls.
the final form of the market bridges the fabric districts and frames the park in the center of the community.
park approach
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west market entrance
dining terrace
southern approach
11 southern approach
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n1 main market hall2 restaurant3 cafe4 dining terrace5 restroom
skylightsthe roof openings also serve as a means to allow a higher amount of natural daylight into the center of the market.
stack ventilationroof punctures are designed to allow warm air to escape the building, creating cross-ventilation in the lower volumes of the market via operable openings in the glass facades.
structurethis cross-bracing form grounds the roof spans.
mechanical distributiondirectly adjoining the mechanical rooms, this volume serves as the primary distribution point for the market’s service requirements.
6 green roof7 market hall below8 mechanical
longitudinal section
floor 2 floor 1
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farmer’s marketthis outdoor space expands the market’s vendor capacity on weekends by temporarily shutting down the street running between these two market massings while the farmer’s market is in progress allowing easy pedestrian circulation.
roof structurethe three-part beam design accommodates the long spans of the main market hall.
dining terracethe terrace provides both indoor and outdoor spaces for pedestrians to eat, relax, and socialize.
topography variationincreasing recessions nearing the main market hall reinforces its cutting theme and the main market hall as the most important piece of the building.
transverse section
1 the grid determines the location of all the market’s details.2 the stalls correspond with and mimic the grid angles.3 the roof structure is extruded directly from the grid.4 all roof structure is coordinated with the grid.5 the glazing structure is also based on the grid lines.6 all glazing structure coordinated with the grid.7 daylighting at 12:00 march 208 daylighting at 12:00 june 209 daylighting at 12:00 september 2210 daylighting at 12:00 december 21
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loga
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green infusion
abstract . design an urban plan for a portion of the logan square area of chicago, il. the site is bounded by fullerton ave. [north], western ave. [west], armitage ave. [south], and california ave. [east].
approach . logan square is a developing area of chicago that is becoming increasingly popular. however, because it is still being revitalized, both the immediate and expanded contexts lack a cohesive urban fabric and accessible, visible green space. the goal of the proposed urban plan is to infuse the site with green; this is accomplished primarily through the systematic removal of urbanistically fractured and dead areas. these zones are then replaced with parks, green systems—such as boulevards and walking paths—and a fabric infill that is physically and functionally green.
based on visits to the site and a broader general analysis, the intersection of milwaukee ave. and western ave. presents itself as a pivotal point in the urban fabric of this area. it is hierarchically relevant because it is the intersection of the two most prominent streets on the site, and it is also the point on the site that is in greatest need of urban restructuring. it is because of these factors that this intersection becomes the focal point of this proposal’s efforts to infuse the site with green. for example, the proposal makes the milwaukee-western intersection even more hierarchically significant by increasing its density and height to be the highest of the area. furthermore, it is the starting point—stage 1 of 3—of the staged development of this portion of logan square. finally it is the location of a public square, the gathering place of the community.
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green . some variation must be incorporated in all aspects of the solution to infuse a site that greatly lacks green along its primary corridors
crossing . safe passage across the primary traffic corridors
refurbish . reusing or renovating existing building fabric
fabric . the first of the two elements in which green will be infused containing all built structures
square . public gathering space to remedy the need for a primary public gathering area
mixed income . a building type incorporating all financial situations into one structure or development
community garden . dedicated space for people to grow their own food
infrastructure . the second of the two elements in which green will be infused involving all transportation methods
build . necessary new construction to complement the existing fabric
green roof . a portion of a new structure’s green infusion
parking lots vacancies
10 stories 10 storiespark park
mixed use buriedsingle family
1 story 1 story
mixed income tod
southern approach existing density
existing fabric
altered density
altered fabric
extended context
park
0.25 mile walking radius
area of immediate context without accessible green space
immediate context
area of primary street with access to green space
park
0.25 mile walking radius
crime prone areas
fractured lines indicate vacancies, parking lots, or open land
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park . public green space to remedy the lack of accessible parks
landscape . the primary means of tying green infrastructure to the fabric
buried . a fully landscaped, integrated type
boulevard . convert existing unused paving to green areas
tod . a building type centered around connections to public transport
planting . individual or limited areas of planting that introduce green to a space
mixed use . a building type focusing on ensuring a local population
vegetal planting . located on building faces adjacent to the new pedestrian network
road restructure . reorganize existing road organization to allow for green infusion
automated parking . above or underground parking designed to eliminate dependence on surface parking
single family . a building type necessary to fill some fabric gaps
courtyard . a construction method allowing for interstitial green
southern approach
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loga
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square overview nw square approach
western blue line entrance
1 story max
integrated into surrounding landscape
buriedautomated parking
5 story max above ground
above ground | 80%+ vegetal covering
underground | integrated into surroundings
19square overview
4 stories above ground max
vertically removed
setback per context
single family
2-5 stories in low density areas
6-10 stories in high density areas
direct connection to cta through pedestrian network
40%+ vegetal covering when adjacent to pedestrian network
tod
2-5 stories in low density areas
6-10 stories in high density areas
40%+ vegetal covering when adjacent to pedestrian network
indistinguishable buildings and units
dispersed locations
mixed income mixed use
2-5 stories in low density areas
6-10 stories in high density areas
40%+ vegetal covering when adjacent to pedestrian network
50%+ of use must be residential
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loga
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public spaceburiedtodmixed usemixed incomesingle familyparking structureboulevard + buffer systemcta blue linesurface crossing
bridge crossing
the angular cuts and pathways originated based on the shortest paths a pedestrian could take between points of significance on the site and/or general ease of travel. they branch out from the main streets and connect back into the existing fabric to help integrate the new fabric into the old.
armitage
calif
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milwaukee
comprehensive plan
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green roof
milwaukee square section blue line alley alleytod milwaukee mixed usesquare
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stage 1
stage 2
stage 3focal plan
armitage
wes
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milwaukee
mixed use mixed use mixed use alleywestern boulevard
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green atrium
greenatrium
green roof
integratedlandscaping
western boulevard section
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tod
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wind . machine
abstract . design a 350,000 - 450,000 ft2 transit oriented development for a site in logan square, chicago. the design must address the cta rail and stop that exist on the site.
approach . chicago is a city that consistently maintains high levels of wind; however, despite this fact, few buildings attempt to take advantage of the sustainable advantages wind has to offer. this tod project explores integrated wind power in a building through form and technology.
the existing blue line cta rail running through the site creates a natural division and inspired the general massing of the tod to become two forms—one on either side of the tracks. this division becomes critical to the function of the building because the two massings are shaped to funnel the wind between them based on the prevailing wind directions of chicago: the functionality of the building’s shape was confirmed through wind tunnel tests. by forcing the wind through a narrow opening at the end of the massings, the wind’s velocity along the surfaces of the building can be increased to heighten the output of strategically-placed, wind-harnessing technologies located along the building’s faces. the building contains two major wind-harnessing technologies: the micro darrius rotors mounted in the building’s second skin and the larger, highly efficient turbines modeled after jet engines and located at the compression point of the building’s form.
programmatically, the building both faces the streets and creates an inner community space between the building’s two massings. sheltered from the winds by the canopy surrounding the blue line rail above, this space encourages the concentration of pedestrian activity around a sustainable means of travel.
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tod
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in addition to molding a general massing that could funnel the wind patterns efficiently, the wind rose for the chicago area guided the specific wind-funneling forms of the screening system that holds the miniature darrius rotors and determined the placement of large turbines.
wind tunnel tests provide proof that the form does, in fact, effectively funnel wind from the intended directions of the most consistent wind load.
wind tunnel . nw flow
west entrance
chicago annual wind rose
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wind tunnel . w flow wind tunnel . sw flow wind tunnel . s flow
east entrance
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tod
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typical floor planground floor plan platform floor plan
site plan
retail unitlive work unitoffice spaceresidential unitblue line platform
darrius rotor skinturbine arraycompression pointexisting structureskin structural systemoperable windowsraised floor ventilation
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street view rooftop view turbine view
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
27double skin detail cross section
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centrally mounted micro darrius rotors easily catch even slight breezes
panels house the rotors, collecting energy for the building’s use
panels containing rotors are concentrated along the surfaces with the highest wind loads
turbines complete the wind system where the wind’s intensity is the greatest
wind energy collection system
sun
scre
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sun screens
residential unit
circ
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buffe
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buffe
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residentialunit
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live work unit
live work unit
existing blue line stoptu
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darrius rotor screens
darri
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funnel . connect
abstract . design a 14,000 ft2 chapel for the air force village of san antonio, texas whose residents are retired veterans aged 60 and up.
approach . the air force chapel physically reaches out and connects with the site in order to draw people around and in it. one method in which this is accomplished is by extending the forms of the primary building out into the surrounding site; the resulting arms have several functions: to visually connect the building to the site and its features, to guide or funnel people into the chapel’s spaces, and to create exterior community spaces. the arms integrate into the parking lot, around the existing healthcare center, and towards the lake as containing walls for the reflecting pool. they help guide people into the chapel by reinforcing the funnel-shaped form of the narthex. the narthex opens up and out from the overall form to create an open, welcoming feeling thus creating a double-sided funnel to gather people as they approach and enter the building. the extending arms reinforce that funnel. the arms’ final function is to create exterior gathering and interactive spaces. these areas are located at each of the main entrances as well as in the rear of the building near the reflection pool. another way this chapel connects with the site is through the placement of screens. while the screens function as sun-shading devices, they are also positioned to emphasis certain exterior views from within the building. in addition, the absence of the screens from the entrance areas of the building helps highlight those areas as entrances.
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narthex
west approach sanctuary . night
sanctuary . day
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east approachfunneling form
narthex
the chapel is situated to naturally bring people into the building through extended forms and landscaping. the building fans across the surrounding area to guide people towards the narthex of the chapel, which acts as both a gathering point for the site and a dispersal point for the rest of the building once inside.
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narthexsanctuarychoirblessed sacramentmulti-faith worshipcatholic sacristyprotestant sacristysenior chaplain officeprotestant officecatholic officeadministrationadministration restroomstoragepublic restroomsmechanicalhealthcare centerwater retention area
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position 1 . three reliable reflections in addition to direct sound. one late reflection comes too late in time to confuse with the other stronger sources, which would drown out the late reflection.
position 2 . three reliable reflections in addition to direct sound. it also has a late reflection that is at 54 msecs—just past the threshold for speech. however, it would likely be diffused by the people sitting in its path.
reverberation for this space as calculated is 1.91 seconds. this is slightly higher than the desirable 1.3 - 1.6 seconds for a contemporary space, but this space will be used for a more traditional type of service where a slightly higher reverberation time would be desirable. the higher reverberation time would also give the music a fuller quality; as it is, the reverberation time is directly between a contemporary and traditional service, which potentially gives the space balance and flexibility.
site plan
plan
water channeling and retention
transverse section
north approach
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materialwood screensglassconcrete ceiling/floorrammed earth wallsdoors seatspeople cubic volume
rt = [(0.49)(103,436)]/ 2658.8 = 1.91 seconds
reverberance calculationstotal ft2
3388ft2
2746ft2 4724ft2
6158ft2
212ft2
300300103,436ft2
alpha.05.06.02.1.04.894.6
reflectiondirect1234
directionfrontleftaboverightback
path length25 ft42.5 ft54 ft72.5 ft148 ft
path change0 ft17.5 ft29 ft47.5 ft123 ft
time0 msec15 msec25 msec42 msec107 msec
reflectiondirect1234
directionfrontrightaboveleftback
path length54 ft63.5 ft64 ft84 ft116 ft
path change0 ft9.5 ft10 ft30 ft62 ft
time0 msec8 msec8 msec26 msec54 msec
position 1
position 1
position 2
retention pool
longitudinal section
position 2
plenum ventilation
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tkeloo . germination
abstract . based on chicago’s bid for the 2016 summer olympics, the project took place in three phases: research, master plan, building design. research involved both the compilation of appropriate materials and the construction of a general site model. in the master plan phase, groups of three people proposed a solution containing an olympic village [6-8 million ft2], an aquatics center [approx. 500,000 ft2], and a transit terminal [ft2 unspecified]. finally, each person developed one of the three building types from their respective master plan solution.
master plan approach . the concept behind the plan originated from the experience of the site’s city grid breakdown into open spaces and parks as it transitions towards the lakefront. the plan focuses on pulling the organic nature of the existing park and shoreline into the city grid, which it accomplishes through several means: a morphosis from organic to rectilinear in the building massings, alterations in shape of the river, shifts in the road grids, and changes in the organization of the landscape. the river acts as an organizing spine for the proposal by linking the entire plan both visually and functionally through the implementation of a water taxi system that runs between the plan’s two transit hubs and the rest of the chicago. the introduction of a berm is another major element of the plan; it spans over the train tracks that cut off the lake from the majority of the site and pulls the green shoreline deeper into the site.
transit terminal approach . the transit terminal is located in the organic area of the master plan, and as a result, takes on an organic expression. formal inspiration originates from a seed, the source of many organic life forms. the idea was further developed into a germinating seed in which a symmetrical seed is split by irregular forms originating from within the shell. germination is also the determining factor for major material changes: concrete for the shell and metal paneling for the irregular forms. in relation to the master plan, the terminal is located on the berm, which creates a split level condition for this structure. another major concept of the transit center is utilizing these levels to create a vertical openness throughout the hub and visually connect all of the levels.
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master plan
site section
master plan overview canal view park view
37 transit overview
berm level entrance sectional perspective
02 . berm level 00 . water taxi level 03 . bus level 01 . train level
in addition to providing an access point from the park, the berm level entrance fronts the main area of park along the shorline and uses the massing of the berm to transition into the landscape.
the levels shown in the sectional perspective open to each other giving pedestrians visual cues to their surroundings in addition to alleviating the congested nature that transit terminals often posses. as shown in the plans below, level 03 serves buses, 02 serves as a circulatory and organizational level, and 01 serves trains.
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npublic . private
abstract . design a 55,000 ft2 library for the city of geneva, il using the site designated for the actual project.
approach . the design addresses the two faces of this site: public and private. the north and east sides were treated “publicly” based on primary approach to the site and scale of the contextual buildings. the south and west sides were seen as “private” because of lower volume roads and small, detached houses. the library’s design responds to these factors through scaling and use of materials to create the proper experience for all sides of the site. the “public” sides utilizes greater volume and height coupled with a glass and concrete material pallet in an effort to create an institutional feel on the respective faces. furthermore, the function of volumes on these sides is primarily public and only open during library hours. on the other hand, the “private” sides use smaller volumes to relate to the small scale buildings fronting those faces; additionally, they utilize wood slats for both shading and softening the volumes facing these directions. functionally, the volumes of the private sides are more flexible allowing for the community to utilize them at extended hours.
39 public entrance
site overview public face private face
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sound harvesting
abstract . this project was designed with three additional students for the 2009 evolo skyscraper competition in which entrants were encouraged to redefine the skyscraper with a program and context of their choosing.
approach . globally, cities suffer from many types of pollution that tarnish not only their own quality but that of the planet. one of the most prevalent forms of pollution in cities comes from noise: a pollutant often overlooked and rarely considered harmful. however, the increasing noise pollution poses serious issues for 21st century cities.
sound in its simplest sense is energy, and as can be concluded from newton’s law of conservation of energy, this energy is not lost to nothingness upon absorption, but it is transformed into new energy. this resultant energy is usually heat, which is potentially contributing to the rising issue of global warming. as the amount of noise production continually increases, so will the amount of resultant heat, furthering the increase of earth’s average temperature. if current trends continue, this issue is headed towards greater severity as population increases result in louder living.
the urban transducer takes advantage of city noise pollution in chicago by capturing airborne sound, converting it into usable energy, and using that energy to help power the skyscraper.
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synthesispanelsstructurehubspodscore
pods . adaptible, two-floor residential units suspended from the structure betweent the hubs
hubs . large, public units containing commercial, retail, and green spaces
core . the anchor and primary support for the building
as part of the skyscraper’s skin, the acoustic panels form the outermost layer of the building, providing maximum exposure to city noise. covering a wide spectrum of frequencies, this noise potentially includes vehicles, pedestrians, trains, building inhabitants, and even passing aircraft. each 15’ x 30’ panel contains multiple metal bands with individual tuners, allowing each band to resonate separately at a specific frequency.
the tuning process begins with sensors located at various points throughout the building; they constantly perceive the present frequencies, relaying this information to the tuners so they can adjust accordingly.
the tuners work as clamps on the metal bands; they slide to the required locations where they compress on the bands, changing the bands’ effective length, and therein their natural frequency. coalescing the straps with the contextual frequencies maximizes vibration amplitudes and improves the efficiency of this sound collection technique. the vibration displacements of the metal bands are picked up by a magnetic rod wrapped in a copper coil that runs the length of the metal strap; this creates a magnetic field that is altered with every movement of the metal bands. the vibrating bands change the magnetic field in a process called electrostriction. this movement is collected by a piezoelectric transducer that transforms it into an electrical current and sends it to a storage
unit at the end of each band where it can be rerouted throughout the rest of the building.
wind panels are also integrated into the skyscraper’s skin; they are placed in the areas of greatest wind intensity, whether natural or human-produced. the densest collection of wind panels forms the top of the skyscraper where wind forces are the strongest and most consistent due to the high elevation coupled with the windy nature of chicago. wind panels are also located over the roads and the train line. the wind turbines account for sporadic and low-intensity winds through small-scale and multi-directional design, so every wind force will spin the turbines to create energy.
acoustic panel detail
key components
wind panel detail mid-level hub
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synthesispanelsstructurehubspodscore
structure . the support system for pods, hubs, and panels panels . sound and wind energy harvesters and a secondary skin
synthesis . all of the key components as a complete composition
mid-level hub
44
urba
n tr
ansd
ucer
grad
uate
unde
rgra
duat
eot
her w
ork
com
petit
ion
the building integrates with its site via two streets—michigan ave. and south wabash avenue—and the cta green line, giving it the opportunity both to harness the sound energy produced in those vicinities and to create a public green space that strengthens the connection of the train to the city.
wind panel
structure
pod
core
hub
acoustic screen
mich
igan
ave
nue
s w
abas
h av
enue
cta
gree
n lin
e
northwest street view building section
site plan michigan ave. aerial view
45
the urban transducer is featured in evolo’s limited edition book, EVOLO SKYSCRAPERS, featuring the top 300 projects from among the 4000+ entries received through the years 2006 - 2011. the project appears on pages 278-231.
michigan ave. street view
detail section
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full
smal
l sca
legr
adua
teun
derg
radu
ate
othe
r wor
kco
mpe
titio
nchaos fixture
abstract . using an appropriate concept, create a light fixture using 1/8” steel rod, shoji paper, and a spot welder.
approach . the driving concept behind the design of this light fixture, chaos, initially seems to contradict the idea of an ordered design. however, as inspired by the chaos theory, it is merely an appearance of disorganization; order always exists beneath the surface’s appearance, and the key is having the proper tools to decipher it. this fixture is built based on a rule of thirds: 3 lengths of rod cut to 1/3 proportions, 3 rods of each length, connections between rods or bends in them are at 1/3 points on the segments, 3 strips of shoji paper cut with widths at 1/3 proportions. the rods form the framework of the fixture following a 3 phase construction process—each phase utilizes one of each of the 3 lengths of segment and was placed in the final piece in the same order [long to short]. the shoji paper is a free-form element inspired by the lorenz attractor, a graphed equation that follows the same pattern [a double spiral] but never repeats itself. the shoji paper mimics this by not repeating itself or following a strict construction method as the framework does; instead, its placement is determined by reacting to the framework that holds it and traveling where it is directed from each connection point.
47 fixture . on
process fixture . off 1 fixture . off 2
select process models describe the journey beginning in disorganization and resulting in the appearance of disorganization.
spot-welded steel rods form the frame work and support the shoji paper, which is fastened to the rods with grommets.
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sket
ches
grad
uate
unde
rgra
duat
eot
her w
ork
com
petit
ion
hand sketches
abstract . select images completed for various courses taken during undergraduate studies.
approach . the piranesi expansion is an addition to an original etching composition created by the artist piranesi; the artist’s techniques and style were to be imitated as part of the learning experience. the jubilee church was drawn as a requirement of a summer study abroad trip taken in Italy and Greece. the other sketches are a sample of the required drawings completed for a class focusing on techniques for creating hand-drawn renderings of architecture.
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fallingwater
jubilee church
piranesi expantion
elgin house
elgin detail house royal ontario museum