designed by pyeongsug kim ©2010 [email protected]@att.net si session chapter 11 endocrine system...

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 [email protected]

SI session

Chapter 11

Endocrine System

(Part 1)

Spring 2010

Dr. Wright’s Bio 6 Lec.

Picture: http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p=10681

mailto:[email protected]

http://sibiology.science-i.com/



Endocrine system

regulates…..

Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009

GrowthDevelopment

MetabolismReproduction


Lack the ducts in the glands

Exocrine systemEndocrine system

Hormones

Go to target cells via blood stream

Go outside body via ducts

Sweat, wax,

Ducts in the glands

________________

Endocrine gland? Exocrine gland?

Exocrine gland Endocrine gland______________


_______ hormones - have a

backbone of four fused carbon rings

______ hormones -

modified amino acids

___________ = a chemical signalHormones


_____________ hormones -

polymers of amino acids

Amine

Peptide/Protein

Steroid

A

B

C

D

E

FH

G

Endocrine glandsEndocrine glands

A:

B:

C:

D:

E:

F:

G:

H:

Thyroid glands

Adrenal glands

Pancreas

Ovary

Testis

Pituitary glands

Pineal glands

Hypothalamus



•Glands •Secreting cells•Hormones

•Blood stream (plasma)

•Target organs•Target cells•Receptors

a specific ________ for the hormone in a cell.

Target organ

- The organ that receives the signal( ________)? hormone

How does the target organ receive the hormone?

After the target organ receive the hormone…

receptor


its receptor binds the hormone

Specific action!

The target cells in the target organs must have ______________ for the hormone/neurotransmitter. specific receptors


A receptor is specific for the hormone

The cells in the target organs must have _______________for the hormone/neurotransmitter

Specificreceptor

Endocrine glands

specific receptors

Different

receptor

Hormones are secreted into the ____________ byendocrine glands.

Target organs

blood stream



Liphophilic HormonesLiphophilic Hormones

- (can/cannot )diffuse into target

cells.-Steroid and thyroid hormones. -Receptors in ______________

Water soluble HormonesWater soluble Hormones-(can/cannot )diffuse into target

cells.

-Receptor on ______________ -with (channel / 2nd messengers)

cytoplasm or nucleus

Cell membrane


_______ is time required for blood level to be reduced by half.Half-life

Hormones - Not accumulated in the blood. - removed by target cells and by liver. - excreted in the urine. - Converted into inactive forms by enzyme. e.g. steroids water soluble Excreted in the urine and bile.

_______ hormones

:stimulate endocrine glands to release hormones

Tropic


Gland2 target organ

Gland1 Gland2 target organTrophic hormone

Over secretion caused usually by _______.a tumor

Normal gland Normal target organ

Normal action

Tumor gland

Abnormal action


Normal target organOver secretion

Trophic hormone

Tumor gland

Over secretionAbnormal action

Normal gland

Endocrine system disordersEndocrine system disorders

::over secretion or under secretion of hormones.

Tumor gland

Abnormal action


Normal target organ

Trophic hormone

Tumor gland

Over secretionAbnormal action

Normal gland

“The tumor can be in the gland that controls the target organ or in a gland

that releases tropic hormones to control the gland that controls the target

organ.”

Tumor glandAbnormal action

Tumor gland

Trophic hormoneOver secretion

Under secretion caused by _______.damage

Normal gland Normal target organ

Normal action

Damaged gland

Abnormal action


Normal target organUnder secretion

Damaged glandAbnormal action

Normal glandTrophic hormone

under secretion

Endocrine system disordersEndocrine system disorders

::over secretion or under secretion of hormones

___________ store and releases hormones made in

hypothalamus.

A

B

C

A: B:

C: B&C:Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary Pituitary gland

________________ secretes its own hormones.Hypothalamus,Anterior P.

___________ secretes its own hormones

regulated by hypothalamus feedback control.

Anterior P.

Posterior P.

___________ produce trophic hormones: GH, TSH, ACTH,

FSH,LH, PRL.

Anterior P.


AB

C

D

E

H

F

A:

C:

E:

G:

H:

Cell body(neuron)

Primary capillary

Anterior P.Inhibiting/releasing hormone

Anterior P. hormones

Secondary capillary

Posterior P.

-secretes inhibiting or releasing hormones to

(anterior/posterior) P. by capillary network.

G


B:

D:

HypothalamusHypothalamus-Master gland?-connected directly to (anterior/ posterior)

pituitary release _____________.Oxytocin & ADH

___________

-store and releases hormones: ____________________

The hormones are made in ____________ .

A

B

C

A: B:

C: B&C:Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary

Posterior pituitary Pituitary gland

________________ secretes its own hormones.Hypothalamus, A.pituitary.

___________ secretes its own hormones

regulated by hypothalamus feedback control.

A. pituitary

P. pituitary

A. pituitary produce ___________________________.


hypothalamus

oxytocin & ADH(antidiuretic hormone)

GH, prolactin, & trophic hormones

Hormones secreted by the Anterior P.

A

BC

D

E

F

G

H

I

A:

B:

C:

D:

E:

F:

G:

H:

I:

Hypothalamus

Anterior P.

Posterior P.

PRL: Prolactin

GH: Growth H.

LH

FSH

ACTH

TSH


Trophic hormone in A. pituitary gland: control ___________________________________Thyroid glands, adrenal glands, & gonads

PRL: Prolactin, GH(Growth H.), LH, FSH,

ACTH, TSH

_____________ promotes growth, protein synthesis, and movement of amino acids into cells.

GH(Growth H.)

_______ stimulates thyroid to produce and secrete T4 and T3.TSH

_______ stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, aldosterone.

ACTH

_________stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and sperm production.FSH

________causes ovulation and secretion of testosterone in

testes.

LH

____________stimulates milk production by mammary

glands.

PRL: Prolactin


___________

-store and releases hormones: ____________________

The hormones are made in ____________ .

P. pituitary

hypothalamus

oxytocin & ADH(antidiuretic hormone)


ADHADH-controlled by the hypothalamushypothalamus-Hypothalamus monitor the blood’s osmolarity with osmoreceptors.

-Osmolarity is high in the bloodOsmolarity is high in the blood :Low water ;“dehydrated”. by excess perspiration, not drinking, sufficient liquids, diarrhea. more ADH, reabsorb more water into the blood

-Osmolarity is low in the bloodOsmolarity is low in the blood : High water by drinking excess beverages less ADH reabsorb less water into the blood



ADH(Antidiuretic hormone)

Plasma volume

Plasma osmolity

Osmotic pressure

Detected by

osmoreceptors in

_____________

_____ is released

Thirst

______reabsorption

Plasma volume

Urinehypothalamus

ADH H2O

How is kidney function specifically regulated by (i.e., which part of the nephron and what happens); Antidiuretic hormone, Renin-angiotensin system, Aldosterone, Sympathetic nerve activity

Do these tend to increase or decrease urine production? With respect to aldosterone: which ion is reabsorbed, and which is secreted, when aldosterone is produced?

Water balanceWater balance

-Gained from beverages and foods

-Lost in urine, feces, perspiration(sweating),

and evaporation(skin/lungs)

-Regulated by __________________


ADH (antidiuretic hormone)ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

Picture from http://weblogs.sun-sentinel.com/news/weather/hurricane/blog/2009/06/

ADHADH

- released from the pituitary

-Cause the nephron to reabsorb water

from the blood

-Less ADHLess ADH

____ water reabsorbed

__ water in blood

_________________ urine

-More ADH More ADH

____ water reabsorbed

__ water in blood

______________________ of urine


Diluted, high volume

Less

More

Picture from: http://www.creationofman.net/chapter3/res/52.jpg

Concentrated, low volume

http://www.creationofman.net/chapter3/res/52.jpg

Release of Anterior P. hormones is controlled by

hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting factors and by

(positive/negative) feedback from levels of target gland

hormones.Designed by Pyeongsug Kim, ©2009

AB

C

D

C

D

A: B:

C: D:

Adrenal gland Kidney

Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla

_____________ synthesizes catecholamines

(epinephrine, norepinephrine).

Adrenal medulla

____________controlled by ACTH from anterior

pituitary.

Adrenal cortex


____________ -The formation or synthesis of glycogen.

____________ -The biochemical breakdown of glycogen to

glucose.

Glycogenolysis

____________ -The process that converts excess dietary carbohydrates into fat for storage as a source of long-term energy.

Lipogenesis

__________ is the breakdown of fat stored in fat cells.

Voca. ReviewVoca. Review

Glycogenesis

Lipolysis


________________ production of glucose from amino acids

and lactic acid.

Gluconeogenesis

-synthesizes catecholamines (__________,

____________).

epinephrineNorepinephrine

AdrenalAdrenal medullamedulla


:Regulate the body’s response to

____________short-term stress

AdrenalAdrenal cortexcortex

Glucocorticoids (cortisone and cortisol)-Steroid hormones- inhibits glucose utilization and stimulates gluconeogenesis (Fats & proteins glucose)-released response to _____________.

-(decrease/increase) the immune system’s activity

long-term stress

__________which stimulate kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and

secrete K+.; mineralcorticoids

____________________inhibits glucose utilization and

stimulates gluconeogenesis.

AdrenalAdrenal cortexcortex

Cortisol(glucocorticoid)

Aldosterone

__________ some supplementary sex steroids.Androgens

Chronic stress can induce high levels of _______.cortisol


-controlled by _______ (A.pituitary).

-Cholesterol based hormones steroid hormones

-depress immune response; inhibit inflammation.

ACTH


CortisolCortisol

-Glucocorticoid hormone(steroid)

-from adrenal (cortex/medulla)-stimulated by ______ (A. pituitary)

- __ Glucogenesis and (inhibit/stimulate) glucose utilization

overall __ blood sugar level.

-__ lipolysis release of free fatty acids into the blood.

Adrenal cortex

ACTH

-Reduce _______ system activity -To treat inflammatory disease. eg. Asthma

Synthetic glucocorticoidsSynthetic glucocorticoids immune

Rheumatoid Arthritis



_________________

-OverOver secretion of glucocorticoids.

- High blood sugar, muscle degeneration,

and fatty deposits on neck and face.

Cushing’s syndrome

_______________

-UnderUnder secretion of glucocorticoids and

mineral corticoids.

-Sodium imbalance, low blood sugar,

dehydration, and weakness.

Addison’s disease

United States president John F. Kennedy

(1961-63), probably the single most famous

case of Addison's Disease. – Wikipedia.org

Glucocorticoid hormone disordersGlucocorticoid hormone disorders

-synthesizes catecholamines (__________, ____________).

-similar to (parasym./sym.)nervous system

(Increased/decreased) respiratory rate

(Increased/decreased) HR and cardiac output

(vasoconstriction/vasodilation)

epinephrine Norepinephrine

(Rise/lower) in blood glucose

(Rise/lower) in blood fatty acids

glycogenesis

lipolysis

AdrenalAdrenal medullamedulla


“Fight or flight”

Parathyroids secretes _____. -promotes a rise in blood ______ levels.

_______ -set BMR and are needed for

growth, development. Protein synthesis

Maturation of nervous system

Increase rate of cell respiration

AB

A: B:

C:

Trachea Thyroid glands

C

Parathyroid glands

Thyroids secretes _________________.

T4, T3, & Calcitonin

PTHCa2+

T4, T3

_________

- inhibits dissolution of bone

- stimulates excretion of Ca2+ in urine

therefore, (lower/rise) Ca2+ level in blood.

Calcitonin


_____-increase resorption in bone. -increase absorption in small intestine.-increase absorption in kidney. therefore, (lower/rise) Ca2+ level in blood.

________- inhibits dissolution of bone- stimulates excretion of Ca2+ in urine therefore, (lower/rise) Ca2+ level in blood.

Calcitonin

PTH

Calcium levels regulated by hormone- ______________

calcitonin & PTH



When blood Ca2+ level rises…. When blood Ca2+ level rises…. What sorts of mechanisms increase, and decrease, calcium levels in the blood?

Negative feedback!

When blood Ca2+ level falls…. When blood Ca2+ level falls….


What sorts of mechanisms increase, and decrease, calcium levels in the blood?

Negative feedback!

Thyroid hormones are regulated(stimulated)

by _____ produced in ________.TSH Anterior P.

Ca2+ level in blood regulated by ________ & _____.

- ________ increases Ca2+ level in blood.

- ________ decrease Ca2+ level in blood.

Calcitonin PSH

PSH

Calcitonin

Release of TSH is controlled by

(positive/negative) feedback from

__________________________levels of target gland hormones


Thyroid hormones are regulated(stimulated)

by _____ produced in ________.TSH Anterior P.

If iodine inadequate

______ is an essential element that enables the thyroid

gland to produce thyroid hormones.

Iodine


http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://img.quamut.com/chart/6921/01_deepwater_shrimp.jpg&imgrefurl=http://quamut.com/quamut/shrimp&h=325&w=500&sz=96&hl=en&start=15&um=1&usg=__oNr_5FSqjVWRF5sN5XAHbzAulZE=&tbnid=1Uj5lo2jz6Zv2M:&tbnh=85&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dshrimp%26ndsp%3D18%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN

GoiterGoiter- Iodine (deficiency/excess)make (excessive/little) T3 & T4.

(high/low) T4 level in the blood.

Decrease ability to adapt to cold.causes (excessive/little) TSH (stimulates abnormal/inhibits) thyroid

growth

Inadequate secretion of thyroid hormones

are called _____________.Hypothyroidism


Thyroid hormones(T3/T4) are secreted when ____ binds their receptors.

TSH

Graves’ diseaseGraves’ diseaseNormal Graves’ disease

T3/T4 are excesses and (suppress/stimulate) TSH.(Low/High) T3/T4 in the blood (Low/High) TSH in the blood

In high level, T3/T4 (inhibit/stimulate) TSH.

In low level, T3/T4 (inhibit/stimulate) TSH.


___________ = Over secretion of thyroid hormone.

___________ = Under secretion of thyroid hormone.


Hyperthyroid

Hypothyroid

Hyperthyroid

(Graves Disease)Hypothyroid

(cretinism)Goiter

-low ______ in diet

(Hyper-/Hypothyroid)iodine

-KidneyKidney

the major organ for balance of

blood substances

:Water balance

:Na+ and K+ balance

:Blood pressure

:H+ balance (pH)



_________: A substance enters the glomerular ultrafiltrate.Filtration

_____________: A substance is transported from the filtrate, through

tubular cells, and into the blood.Reabsorption

_____________: A substance is transported from peritubular blood,

through tubular cells, and into the filtrate.Secretion

In the kidneyIn the kidney


Sodium balance-Gained from beverages and foods

-Lost in urine, feces, and perspiration

-regulated by the adrenal hormone aldosteronealdosterone

Aldosterone Aldosterone -released adrenal gland

-reabsorb sodium into the blood

-Less aldosteroneLess aldosterone

Less sodium reabsorbed

Low sodium in blood

High sodium in urine

-More aldosteroneMore aldosterone

More sodium reabsorbed

More sodium in blood

Less sodium in urine


Sodium balanceSodium balance

-Gained from beverages and foods

-Lost in urine, feces, and perspiration

-regulated by the adrenal hormone

aldosteronealdosterone

AldosteroneAldosterone

-Low sodium in the bloodLow sodium in the blood

More aldosterone in adrenal gland

reabsorb more into the blood

-High sodium in the bloodHigh sodium in the blood

Less aldosterone in adrenal gland

reabsorb less into the blood


* High sodium diet causes high sodium concentration in the blood.

Potassium balancePotassium balance-Aldosterone-Aldosterone

:causes the nephrons to secrete potassium

-More aldosteroneMore aldosterone

More potassium secreted into nephron

Low potassium in blood

High potassium in urine

-Less aldosterone Less aldosterone

Less potassium secretion

High potassium in blood

Low potassium in urine


BC

A

A: B:

C: D:Beta-cell

Alpha-cell

Pancreas

GlucagonGlucagon

-Secreated by (alpha-/beta) cells.-(glycogenesis/glycogenolysis/

lipogenesis/lipolysis)

-respond to (low/high) blood glucose

-(Increase/decrease) blood glucose.

InsulinInsulin

-Secreated by (alpha-/beta) cells.

-(glycogenesis/glycogenolysis/lipogenesis/lipolysis)

-responds to (low/high) blood glucose

-(promotes/inhibits) the entry of glucose into tissue cells.

-(Increases/decreases) blood glucose in the blood

D

Islet of langerhans



Why do we sleep at night?Why do we sleep at night?

What is she doing?What is she doing?

SCN(suprachiasmatic nucleus)

-In hypothalamus

-primary center for circadian

rhythms

- Reset by daily light/dark

changes


-Receive information from the _______about the daily pattern

of light and darkness.

retina

A

A:Pineal gland


-Secretes ________ in response to activity of

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of ____________.

-At darkness

(Increase/Decrease) melatonin

-At light

(Increase/Decrease) melatonin

melatoninhypothalamus


During autumn and winterDuring autumn and winter

- Excess ________

- Seasonal affective disorder, a form of

depression

melatonin

________

the inability to obtain an

adequate amount or quality of

sleep.


InsomniaInsomnia

-Elderly people - lowest ________ at night.melatonin

designed by pyeongsug kim ©2010 [email protected]@att.net si session chapter 11 endocrine system...

Documents

pyeongsug kim

target organsblood stream

secretion of hormones

thyroid hormones

hormones tropicdesigned

hormones polymers

hormonethe cells

exocrine glandendocrine