Designer of original PPT: Susan M. Pojer Designer of original PPT: Susan M. Pojer

AP US Chapter 15.2AP US Chapter 15.2

November 8, 2010November 8, 2010

What was the What was the Market Revolution?Market Revolution?

• Combination of inventions and improvements Combination of inventions and improvements that began to move the world to an that began to move the world to an industrialized, global economyindustrialized, global economy

• The creation of the The creation of the modern factory systemmodern factory system with the improved methods of with the improved methods of transportation transportation and communicationand communication and advancements in and advancements in agricultural productionagricultural production all worked together all worked together to produce the Market Revolutionto produce the Market Revolution– Couldn’t have happened without one of these three Couldn’t have happened without one of these three

piecespieces

Why did Europe Industrialize Why did Europe Industrialize Before America?Before America?

• America did not need to at first:America did not need to at first:– Plenty of landPlenty of land

• Therefore labor was scarceTherefore labor was scarce

– Lots of natural resourcesLots of natural resources• Resources needed for industrialization remained Resources needed for industrialization remained

untapped in the beginninguntapped in the beginning

– Not much money for capital investingNot much money for capital investing• Also meant that consumers were scarceAlso meant that consumers were scarce

– Competition against established British factories Competition against established British factories was also toughwas also tough

• England also protected the patents to the textile England also protected the patents to the textile machinery and did not let them outmachinery and did not let them out

ESSENTIAL QUESTION:ESSENTIAL QUESTION:

First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PAFirst Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), 1811Cumberland (National Road), 1811

591 miles - finally finished in 1852 with federal and state aid

Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons

Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

Robert Fulton & the Steamboat

1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont1820 – 60 steamboats on the Mississippi

1860 – 1000 steamboats on the Mississippi

Steamboats could head upstream at 10mph.

Erie Canal System (built 1817-1825)Erie Canal System (built 1817-1825)

•363 miles

•Could now travel from Buffalo (and Lake Erie) to New York City

•Buffalo->NYC

•Used to be: 20 days and $100 per ton

•Now: 6 days and $5 per ton

Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s

The building of The building of canals gave jobs canals gave jobs to out of work to out of work

frontiersmen and frontiersmen and hastened the hastened the

transition from transition from agricultural to agricultural to industrial or industrial or service laborservice labor

Lowering prices for agricultural products initially shook the New England economy – caused agricultural diversification, movement west, or transition to industrial labor

Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840

Cities along canals and Great Lakes sprang up and expanded

Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates

Clipper Ships (1840’s-1850’s)Clipper Ships (1840’s-1850’s)

American invention that could outrun the older steamers

Sacrificed cargo space for speed and were quickly replaced by the more stable British iron tramp steamers before the Civil War

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850 9000 mi. of RR track By 1860 30,000 mi.

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

• Immigrant laborbuilt the Northern Railroads.

• Slave laborbuilt the Southern Railroads.

The Pony ExpressThe Pony Express• Established in 1860 to carry mail the 2000 Established in 1860 to carry mail the 2000

miles from St. Joseph, MO to Sacramento, CAmiles from St. Joseph, MO to Sacramento, CA• Stations were 10 miles apart where Stations were 10 miles apart where

lightweight riders could trade out ponieslightweight riders could trade out ponies• Could make trip in 10 daysCould make trip in 10 days• Went bankrupt in 18 months Went bankrupt in 18 months • Like the clipper ship, the Pony Express was Like the clipper ship, the Pony Express was

replaced by technology (the telegraph) and replaced by technology (the telegraph) and was the end of the era of self-reliance and was the end of the era of self-reliance and personal or natural energy instead of personal or natural energy instead of machinesmachines

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

Resourcefulness & Experimentation

• Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try anything.anything.

• They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, theninnovators.innovators.

1800 1800 41 patents were approved, and 306 41 patents were approved, and 306 were registeredwere registered

1860 1860 4,357 patents were approved and 4,357 patents were approved and 28,000 were registered28,000 were registered

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

The Cotton Gin was The Cotton Gin was necessary to necessary to

supply the new supply the new fabric factories fabric factories

brought to brought to America by Samuel America by Samuel

SlaterSlater

The Cotton The Cotton Gin re-Gin re-

invigorated invigorated slavery in slavery in

the South – the South – now slavery now slavery

was was profitableprofitable

Eli Whitney’s Gun FactoryEli Whitney’s Gun Factory

Interchangeable Parts RifleInterchangeable Parts Rifle

OliverEvansOliverEvans

First prototype of the locomotiveFirst prototype of the locomotive

First automated flour First automated flour millmill

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

z They all regarded material advance as the They all regarded material advance as the natural fruit of American republicanism & natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise.proof of the country’s virtue and promise.

The “American Dream”The “American Dream”

A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed:observed:

Anything new is quickly introduced here, Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.pricks up his ears.

Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860

The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a The blue line shows, for comparison, the price of a year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was year’s tuition at Harvard College. In 1790 it was $24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.$24, but by 1860 had risen to $104.

General Incorporation Law General Incorporation Law passed in New York, passed in New York, 1848.1848.

Laissez faire Laissez faire BUT, government did muchBUT, government did much to assist capitalism! to assist capitalism!

Creating a Business-Friendly ClimateCreating a Business-Friendly Climate

• Supreme Court Rulings:Supreme Court Rulings:Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck 1810 (property rights) 1810 (property rights)Dartmouth v. WoodwardDartmouth v. Woodward 1819 (contracts) 1819 (contracts)McCulloch v. MarylandMcCulloch v. Maryland 1819 (implied powers) 1819 (implied powers) Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden 1824 (federal power to regulate 1824 (federal power to regulate interstate commerce)interstate commerce) Charles Rivers Bridge v. Warren BridgeCharles Rivers Bridge v. Warren Bridge 1835 1835 (contracts)(contracts)

Distribution of WealthDistribution of Wealthv During the American Revolution, 45% of all During the American Revolution, 45% of all

wealth was in the top 10% of the population.wealth was in the top 10% of the population.v 1845 Boston 1845 Boston top 4% owned over 65% of the top 4% owned over 65% of the

wealth.wealth.v 1860 Philadelphia 1860 Philadelphia top 1% owned over 50% of top 1% owned over 50% of

the wealth.the wealth.v The gap between rich and poor was widening!The gap between rich and poor was widening!v Social advancement was limited, but still greater Social advancement was limited, but still greater

than it had been in the Old Worldthan it had been in the Old Worldv Wages rose 1% per year from 1820-1860, Wages rose 1% per year from 1820-1860,

prevented revolutionprevented revolution

The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell in 1850Lowell in 1850

Lowell MillLowell Mill

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in TextilesNew England Dominance in Textiles

Starting for LowellStarting for Lowell

What were the differences between how society thought the Lowell girls were treated and what their lives were really like?

Lowell GirlsLowell Girls

In 1820, half of industrial workers were under In 1820, half of industrial workers were under 10 years of age10 years of age

Women and Factory Work

• 10% of white women worked for pay 10% of white women worked for pay outside their homes in 1850outside their homes in 1850

• 20% of all women had been employed at 20% of all women had been employed at some point before being marriedsome point before being married

• Most women left their paying jobs when Most women left their paying jobs when they got marriedthey got married

Lowell Boarding HousesLowell Boarding Houses

What was boardinghouse life like?What was boardinghouse life like?

Lowell Mills Time TableLowell Mills Time Table

The federal government set a 10-hour workday for federal projects in 1840, and many states followed

Early “Union”

Newsletter

Early “Union”

Newsletter

The Factory Girl’s GarlandThe Factory Girl’s Garland

February 20, 1845 issue.February 20, 1845 issue.

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

The Early Union MovementThe Early Union MovementWorkingman’s Party Workingman’s Party (1829)(1829)** Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City.New York City.

** Early unions were usually local, social, and weak, especially Early unions were usually local, social, and weak, especially after the Panic of 1837.after the Panic of 1837.

** There were a number of strikes in the 1830’s and 1840’s for There were a number of strikes in the 1830’s and 1840’s for higher wageshigher wages

Commonwealth v. HuntCommonwealth v. Hunt (1842).(1842).Ruled that unions were not illegal as long as they were Ruled that unions were not illegal as long as they were honorable and peacefulhonorable and peaceful

Worker political parties were still ineffective until the post-Worker political parties were still ineffective until the post-Civil War period.Civil War period.

Changes in CropsChanges in Crops

• Corn was too difficult to transport so Corn was too difficult to transport so Western farmers turned it into something Western farmers turned it into something elseelse– Corn in a bottle – liquorCorn in a bottle – liquor– Corn on the hoof – pigs Corn on the hoof – pigs

• Farmers were still looking for more ways to Farmers were still looking for more ways to improve profitsimprove profits

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

Changed America from subsistence farming to cash-crop agriculture

Also caused increasing debt for farmers

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

FarmingFarming

• In 1830, producing a bushel of grain took 183 In 1830, producing a bushel of grain took 183 minutes. By 1900 it took only 10 minutes with minutes. By 1900 it took only 10 minutes with the use of these machines. the use of these machines.

• The government also helped farmers by The government also helped farmers by creating agricultural colleges through the creating agricultural colleges through the Morrill Acts.Morrill Acts.

The Agricultural RevolutionThe Agricultural Revolution

• What allowed the agricultural revolution to What allowed the agricultural revolution to move forward?move forward?

• How did the agricultural revolution affect How did the agricultural revolution affect the factory system?the factory system?

Regional SpecializationRegional Specialization

EAST EAST IndustrialIndustrial

SOUTH SOUTH Cotton & SlaveryCotton & Slavery

WEST WEST The Nation’s “Breadbasket”The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

What will this mean as the country approaches Civil War?

Which groups are connected and how?

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

Changing Occupation Distributions:1820 - 1860

•Self sufficient households are disappearing as people begin to work for wages and use the wages to buy goods

•This causes the “traditional women’s work” to be devalued

•Home becomes a sanctuary from the outer world

The Cult of Domesticity

• Step 2 in American ideas about womenStep 2 in American ideas about women• Cultural creed that glorified the customary Cultural creed that glorified the customary

functions of the homemakerfunctions of the homemaker• Married women were the moral rulers of Married women were the moral rulers of

their familytheir family• Caused by industrialization and wages Caused by industrialization and wages

replacing the self-sufficient household replacing the self-sufficient household which made women’s work less valuedwhich made women’s work less valued

Changing Families

• Marriage was more for love than beforeMarriage was more for love than before• Families became the emotional center against Families became the emotional center against

the harshness of the worldthe harshness of the world• Families shrunkFamilies shrunk

– Fertility rate shrunk by half in the 1800’sFertility rate shrunk by half in the 1800’s– ““Primitive” form of contraception was practicedPrimitive” form of contraception was practiced– Meant child centered families – shape the child, Meant child centered families – shape the child,

don’t break the childdon’t break the child

ECONOMIC?ECONOMIC?

SOCIAL?SOCIAL?

POLITICAL?POLITICAL?

FUTUREPROBLEMS?

FUTUREPROBLEMS?

Practice EssayPractice Essay

(altered)2001(altered)2001

• The Jacksonian Period (1824-1848) The Jacksonian Period (1824-1848) has been celebrated as the era of the has been celebrated as the era of the ““Common man.Common man.”” To what extent did To what extent did the period live up to its the period live up to its characterization? Consider both of the characterization? Consider both of the following in your response.following in your response.

• Economic developmentEconomic development

• PoliticsPolitics