designing gaze interaction systems john paulin hansen the it university of copenhagen denmark
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Designing gaze interaction systems
John Paulin HansenThe IT University of
CopenhagenDenmark
Short Message System (SMS)
• Mobile• Maximum of 160 characters• Very popular among the 15-24 age
group• Asynchronous• Discreet• Language culture with slang and
abbreviations
% SMS among mobile phone users
Source: Smoreda, Z., Thomas, F. (2000): ”Use of SMS in Europe”
The problem with SMS
• Low efficiency (WPM = 7.93)
• Difficult to learn• Few and small
buttons• Mode-dependent• No mental models
to build on
Solutions to mobile texting
• Virtual QWERTY • Speech recognition • Hand printing (Graffiti)• OPTI, FOCL, ABC-
tapping etc. • BUT:
– still not truly mobile and discreet
– may be difficult to learn– not always 100 %
reliable– Far from QWERTY-
efficiency
?
Gazetalk
• Digital cameras (web and Firewire)
• Type-to-talk • Browser• E-mail• Adaptive word prediction• Freeware and Open
Source• Danish, English and
Japanese versions by 2003
Gaze based interaction
• First system for people with disabilities in 1990 (Frey et. al.)
• Several efficient systems available today - used by e.g. people with ALS
• Why then yet another system?
Problems with existing systems
– Quite a large portion of users is not able to get a sufficiently good calibration
– Most systems are only for stationary, indoor use
– Requires a rather complicated installation by computer experts
– The price is prohibitive (>50.000 d.kr. + PC) which prevents potential users from testing whether this interaction mode would work for them
Question• Date: Tue, 06 Feb 2001 14:41:07 +0200
• Hi there
• I stay in South Africa and my father has had a brain stem stroke. • He cannot move or speak. He can communicate with his eyes. • We are currently using an alphabet chart, but it takes too long • and he gets tired quickly.
• I'm looking for some type of EyeMouse. Something we can plug • into a PC, Design like a virtual keyboard.
• Can you please advise me. • I will appreciate any help.
• Thanks • Nuno Lourenco
Answer• Dear Nuno,
• I'm sorry to tell you but eye trackers that are accurate enough for your • father to indicate at which letter your father is looking at are much too expensive • and are not available for private use. • If your father still can hear, you can ask him to look left or right or up or down • under certain conditions. It may work as a yes or no. • • • • -- • Lo Bour, PhD
• Department of Neurology/Clinical Neurophysiology, H2-222• Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam
Video Demo
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• UI test with eye tracking system
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Freeware versions 2003
Danish Japanese English
Design Process
• 2000: Design students made prototypes
• 2001: Usability students tested first version with limited functionality
• 2002: ALS patients to test version 1.0
Big button browser
Big button browser
Low res head- & eye tracking
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Color: Mean-shift
Shape: Active appearence models
Gaze determination
Web cam Video cam
Ongoing Experiments
• 12 Japanese students• 4 hours of training• Typed 20 JP
characters per minute ~10 WPM with gaze (tested with ”Quick glance”)
• 12 % errors - 3 % with mouse
sec/activation
0,400
0,600
0,800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
m-click m-dwell eye-dwell
Comments from novice users of gaze dwell time
typing:• ”A bit difficult to get used to not
dwelling at un-intended buttons .. reacts in panic”
• ”Difficult to orient yourself without activating something”
• ”It can be hard to keep starring at the buttons you wanth”
Loose coupling of gaze and pointer
• 35 mouse activations analysed:– 40% gaze remaind at
dwelling key– 40% went to other
key durring dwell periode
– 12% went to text field durring dwell periode
– 8% the eye was at another key durring all the dwell periode
Theoretical upper limit
• ”Perfect” Eye tracker and trained user, utilizing all the predictions :– 2 characters per activation– 1,2 seconds per activation (500 ms
dwells. cf. Japanese results)
= 100 characters per minute = 20 wpm, = 24 wpm, 300 ms dwells
Reaching for the moon?
• People talk at 160 to 200 WPM !!!!• Non-typist write at 20 - 35 WPM• AAC typing systems 2 - 26 WPM (1977-
1985)• SMS (Multitap) at 8 WPM • Eye typing systems from 1 to 7 WPM• Birger Bergmann Jeppesen peaked at 12
WPM (Wiwik + QuickGlance)
How fast is fast enough?
• ”It should be clear that speed, in itself, should not be an object, but rather proficiency and ease of operation. On the other hand, when there is a lot to say, or when there is a need for extensive personal interchange, a minimum speed of 25 - 30 wpm is really needed to keep the thought moving”
William G. Pierpont(2001): ”The art & skill of Radio-Telegraphy”
Other approaches• Dario D. Salvucci (1999): 822 ms
pr. character, 10 seconds to find the right word in a data base with 1000 words. User performance 9 - 28 wpm.
DASHER
• Developed by David Mackay, Cambridge University, with Stephen Hawking ”in mind”
• 25 WPM after one hour• 34 WPM when expert• Requires a ”Drivers
license”• ”Fast hands-free writing
by gaze direction” Nature 418:838 (August 2002)
User needs
• Fast• Robust• Daily expressions• Mobile• Changes with
progress of diseases
• Affordable
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Video cam Web cam
Progress of ALS disease
• Loss of voice• Reduced control of arms and legs• Reduced control of fingers• Reduced head movements• Just eye movements
ALS Scenarios
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Keyboard Mouse Head Gaze
ALS Scenarios
Keyboardand mouse
Mouse orjoystick
Head Gaze
Mobile Scenarios
Plane Coach Metro Strolling
Classes of Mobile Devices
Mobile phone PDA LaptopPrice $10-$100 Hundreds of $ Thousands of $
Storage <10 MB Hundreds of MB Tens of GBCPU <10 MHz 50-200MHz ~1GHzSize ~3x10 cm ~6x10cm ~20x30cmInput Keys Keys,
touchscreenand pen
QWERTY + pointingdevice
Screenarea
~10 cm2 Tens of cm2 Hundreds of cm2
Purpose Communica-tion
Organizer/ datacollection
Office tasks
Gaze and voice interaction with mobile phones
A. Jameson, Germany research center for artificial intelligence.
Helmet mounted displays
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Gaze interaction for special tasks
• Industrial inspection
• Field-communication
• Security• Medical
information systems
”Hands-free”-gaze interaction for all
• Private mobile-communication:– Faster than SMS– Note taking during
video conferences and
– Dynamic indication of attention from several participants
Transfer of innovations
ALS- Patient:– No voice
– Just head- or gaze control
– Imprecise pointing
– Acceleration of text-input
Mobile user– Noise or need for
private communication – Hands-free interaction
– Shaky environments or small displays
– Word prediction on mobile units with limited number of keys
Future applications
www.gazetalk.org:The IT-University of CopenhagenTokyo Institute of TechnologyThe Danish Muscular Dystrophy Association…and hopefully more to come
Exhibition at the IST Conference, Copenhagen,November 4 -6 , 2002.