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Design TheoryLecture 01: What is design?
Communication &Multimedia Design
Bas Leurs ([email protected])February 10, 2014
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Is design cognition a black box?
Input Output
Also see Jones (1970) on black and glass boxes
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Design theory tries to describe or explain
design activityWhat is design?
And why do we actually design?
How do designers think and act?
This lecture
This lecture
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industrial design
environmental design
architecture
software design
interface design
typographic design
graphic designproduct design
educational design
engineering design
interaction design
user experience design
experience design
webdesign
editorial design
service design
game design
interior design
database design
emotional design
information design
Categories of Designsound design
social design
strategic design
communication design
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Some definitions of design...
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Jot down three keywords that you think should be found in the definition of
design
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Design is to design a design to produce a design
John Heskett (2005)
a general concept an actiona plan or intention the outcome/
result
noun verb noun noun
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Design is a profession that is concerned with the creation of products, systems, communications and services that satisfy human needs, improve peoples lives and do all of this with respect for the welfare of
the natural environment.
profession?
Charles Owen (2004)
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Koskinen, Zimmerman, Binder, Redstrom & Wensveen (2011)
Designers are people who are paid to produce visions of better futures and make those
things happen.
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Page (1966)
The imaginative jump from present facts to future possibilities
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Harold Nelson & Erik Stolterman (2002)
ability?
"Design is the ability to imagine that-which-does-not-yet-exist, to make it
appear in concrete form as a new, purposeful addition to the real world."
The Design Way: Intentional Change in an Unpredictable World
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Design is about making decisions, often in the face of uncertainty
Joseph Zinter (2012)
Asimow, 1962
Decision making in the face of uncertainty, with high penalties for error
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Bryan Lawson & Kees Dorst (2009)
Designers typically produce novel unexpected solutions, tolerate uncertainty, work with incomplete information, apply imagination and constructive forethought to practical problems and use drawings and other modelling media as means of
problem solving
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Herbert Simon (1969)
"Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations
into preferred ones."
Most cited definition of design
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initialstate process
futurestate
transformation functioncurrent situation desired situation
A very basal model of design
Doblin (1987)
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John Chris JonesDesign Methods: Seeds of human future(1970)
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Get ready for...the ultimate definition of design
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John Chris JonesDesign Methods: Seeds of human future(1970)
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P R E L U D E
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CHANGE IS
DIFFERENCE
CHANGE OF DIFFERENCE IS
PROCESS
CHANGE OF PROCESS IS
EVOLUTION
CHANGE OF EVOLUTION IS
DESIGN
Fig. I-5 Hierarchy of Change The challenge to cultures, or societies, on how to deal with change at these multiple levels was formulated by Arnold J. Toynbee (1948), and presented in mythic terms in the work of Joseph Campbell (1968)(see Fig. I-6). According to Toynbees findings, based on his research into the behavior of past civilizations, social systems historically evoke four types of responses when confronted by change. The only cultures that successfully move through major challenges, or crises, are those that engage in change in a manner that is consistent with design wisdom and leads to transformational change.
Of course, cultures, civilizations, nations and other forms of large-scale social systems can escape major change over extended periods of time. But, when the pressures for change build internally, or externally, accidentally or intentionally, successful survival and improvement seem to come only as consequences of an approach that can radically transform the existing order of things as per Toynbees model. Such an approach can be characterized as a design approach.
A. RETURN TO THE GOOD OLD DAYS B. HANG-ON-TO THE PRESENT C. REACH FOR A UTOPIA D. RADICALLY TRANSFORM THE EXISTING
Fig. I-6 Toynbees Social Change Strategies
Harold Nelson & Erik Stolterman (2002/2012)
Design = Change
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However... there is even a final ultimate definition !
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...but now, more than thirty years later, and in a changed world, I am no longer happy with man-made nor with things...
John Christopher Jones (2002)
http://www.softopia.demon.co.uk/2.2/digital_diary_02.07.14.html
Design is to initiate change in man-made things
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thoughts and actions intended to change thoughts and actions
John Christopher Jones (2002)http://www.softopia.demon.co.uk/2.2/digital_diary_02.07.14.html
Awesome... or not?
cognitive (thinki
ng) acting, doing
Designer
User
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thoughts and actions intended to change thoughts and actions
John Christopher Jones (2002)http://www.softopia.demon.co.uk/2.2/digital_diary_02.07.14.html
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Design is the core of purposeful and creative action of the active building or relations between man and his world Jantsch (1975)In most peoples vocabularies, design means veneer. Its interior decorating. Its the fabric of the curtains and sofa. But to me, nothing could be further from the meaning of design. Design is the fundamental soul of a man-made creation that ends up expressing itself in successive outer layers of the product or service. Jobs (n.d.)
Design is to initiate change in man-made thingsJones (1970)thoughts and actions intended to change thoughts and actionsJones (2002)
Designers are people who are paid to produce visions of better futures and make those things happen. Koskinen, Zimmerman, Binder, Redstrom & Wensveen (2011)Designers typically produce novel unexpected solutions, tolerate uncertainty, work with incomplete information, apply imagination and constructive forethought to practical problems and use drawings ans other modelling media as means of problem solving'Lawson & Dorst (2009)Design is the translation of information in the form of requirements, constraints, and experience into potential solutions which are considered by the designer to meet required performance characteristics. Luckman (1984)
The entire activity from the stage of realization of a need to change to translating the image of the future system into reality is termed design. Mathur (1978)Design is the solution to the sum of the needs of a particular set of circumstances Matchett (1968)No longer associated with objects and appearances, design is increasingly understood in a much wider sense as the human capacity to plan and produce desired outcomes.Mau (2007)A designer is a planner with an aesthetic senseMunari (1966)Design is the investigation of contemplated and present systems to formulate, through the ideal systems concept, the most effective systems Nadler (1981)Design generates, organizes, and evaluates a large number of alternatives; keeping focused on the best possible or most ideal solution, rather than on collecting and analyzing data about he problem.Nadler & Hibino (1990)
Design is the ability to imagine that-which-does-not-yet-exist, to make it appear in concrete form as a new, purposeful addition to the real world.Nelson & Stolterman (2002)Design is a profession that is concerned with the creation of products, systems, communications and services that satisfy human needs, improve peoples lives and do all of this with respect for the welfare of the natural environment. Owen (2004)The imaginative jump from present facts to future possibiliesPage (1966)
Design is integral to all life and human activityPapenek (1972)Design is a conscious and intuitive effort to impose meaningful order.... Design is both the underlying matrix of order and the tool that creates it.Papenek (1983)Design is the method of putting form and content together. Design, just as art, has multiple definitions; there is no single definition. Design can be art. Design can be aesthetics. Design is so simple, thats why it is so complicated.Rand (2001)A creative activiy, design brings into being something new and useful that has not existed previously Reswick (1965)The designer intends to change a segment of the universe. His motivation is consequential action, not understanding or explanation... He designs whatever purpose he has in his mind devises a schema to accomplish this Purpose.Rittel (1973)Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones.Simon (1969)Design is a contiunuum of processes, an endless but moving chain of development, realization, and evaluation, directed toward purposeful creation Van der Ryn (1966)Design consists primarily of six types of activity: intelligence, analysis, synthesis, choice, communication, and interpretation. The implementation of design its concrete phase. The
failure of any one of the six fundamental types will usually assure failure to implementWarfield (1990)Design is a new way of resolving basic human conflicts, critical for securing safe passage to a desirable human future Weisbord (1992)Design is about making decisions, often in the face of uncertainty.Zinter (2012)
Design is initiated by using a very broad
brush in
sketching the first version. Then details a
re gradually
added. The process continues until a suffi
ciently
detailed design is obtained that enables
us to carry it
outAckoff, 1981
Design is the use of scientific principles,
technical
information, and imagination in the defin
ition of a
system to perform specific functions with
maximum
economy and efficiency.
Archer (1966)
The act of designing is the prescription o
r model of the
finished work in advance of its embodim
ent.
Archer (1984)
Decision making in the face of uncertain
ty, with high
penalties for error.
Asimow (1962)
A pruposeful activity, design is directed t
owards the
goals of fulfilling human needs
Asimow (1962)
Design aims to conceive the idea of a de
sired system
and prepare a description of it
Banathy (1979)
Designing is creating a structure that orga
nizes the
logic in the system.
Beck (2000)
Design establishes and defines solutions
to and
pertinent structures for problems not solv
ed before, or
new solutions to problems which have pr
eviously been
solved in a different way.
Blumrich (1970)
Design simulates what we want to make
before we
make it, as many times as may be necess
ary to feel
confident in the final result
Booker (1964)
Design is the human power to conceive,
plan and re-
alize all of the products that serve huma
n beings in
the accomplishment of their individual or
collective
purposes.Buchanan (2006)
A designer is an emerging synthesis of a
rtist, inventor,
mechanic, objective economist and evolu
tionary
strategist. Buckminster Fuller (n
.d.)
Design is primarily a thought process and
communication process, tranferring idea
s into action
by communication. It is a natural function
, expressed
in the many activities we engage in. For
the
teleologist, design means the conscious a
ttempt to
create a better world. For the antiteleolo
gist design is
the conscious part of action.
Churchman (1971)
Design is values made visible
Chick & Micklethwaite (2011)
Design is what links creativity and innova
tion. It
shapes ideas to become practical and att
ractive
propositions for users or customers. Desi
gn may be
described as creativity deployed to a sp
ecific end.
Cox (2005)
Design is seen as a process of "variety re
duction" with
the very large number of potential soluti
ons reduced
by external constraints and by the desig
ner's own
cognitive structures.
Darke (1984)
Design is an act of love.
Desmet (2011)
Design is more than an agent of change
, it is change.
Doorley & Witthoft (2012)
... a plan for arranging elements in such
a way as to
best accomplish a particular purpose.
Eames (1989)
Design is a mode of action.
Eames (n.d.)
Design means to map out, to plan, or to
arrange the
parts into a whole which satisfies the obj
ectives
involved.FitzGerald & FitzGera
ld (1987)
Design is a quintessential cognitive task.
The activity of
design involves the mental formulation of
future states
of affairs. The products of design activity
are external
representations of such possible futures.
Goel & Pirolli (1992).
Design is to design a design to produce a
design
Heskett (2005)
Design is the purposeful organization of
resources to
accomplish a goal.
Hevner, March, Park & Ram (2004)
Thus, labeling an activity designing gen
erally
presupposes the existence of a use plan
and a group
of prospective users.
Houkes (2008)
A designer is anyone engaging in an int
entional,
purposeful activity with the aim of devisin
g a
description (plan) for a product or artefa
ct.
Hybs & Gero (2006)
Design is a creative activity whose aim is
to establish
the multi-faceted qualities of objects, proc
esses,
services and their systems in whole life c
ycles.
Therefore, design is the central factor of
innovative
humanisation of technologies and the cru
cial factor of
cultural and economic exchange.
ICSID (n.d.)
A Digest: Definitions of Design
By Bas Leurs February 6, 2014
Zie N@tschool!
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satisfy
improve
purposefulaims
plansintentions
imaginative
present
futureprefered situation
existing situation
problem
solution
uncertainty
humanpeople
users
creating
changingdecision making
problem solving Changing an existing situation into a preferred situation, requires imagination
to formulate a plan that deals with uncertainty that the future holds.
new
innovative
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One of the difficulties in understanding design, is its multifaceted nature. There is no single way of looking at design that captures the 'essence' without missing some other salient aspect.
Bryan Lawson & Kees Dorst (2009), also see Buchanan (1992, 2001, p. 27)
As you might have noticed... design is quite an ambiguous notion
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Design as... A mixture of creativity and analyses
Problem solving
Evolution
The creation of solutions to problems
Integrating into a coherent whole
A fundamental human activity
Etc...
Bryan Lawson & Kees Dorst (2009)
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lets try to grasp the very essence of design... actually the problem designers are facing in
their everyday practice
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design =
easyYes, or no?
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Design is the performing of a very complicated act
of faith
John Christopher Jones (1966/1970)
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But, what makes design such a
complicated activity?Write down one word!
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What makes design so complicated according to Jones?In Design Methods (1970)
The fundamental problem is that designers are obliged to use current information to predict a future state that will not come about unless their predictions are correct.
The designer must be able to predict the ultimate effects of their proposed design as well as specifying the actions that are needed to bring these effects about.
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effect(s)customer clientbusiness
designer plansketch/prototype
productionmanufacturing
product
Design is not (only) about the product. Actually it is about the effects you want to achieve
BusinessCompetitive advantage
UsersPleasurable experience
Ecology/societyEcological footprint/
wellfare
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short termeffects
mid termeffects
long termeffects
However, effects are not easy to predict...
We cannot know what the unintended consequences of a design will be, and we cannot know, ahead of time, the full, systemic effects of a design implementation.
Nelson & Stolterman (2002)
See Jones (1970)
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If we can design our way into difficulty, we can design our way out.
John Thackara (2005)
Designers are optimists
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Designers
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Everyone is a designer!
True, or false
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Het Beste Idee van Nederland
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Nigel Cross (2011)
"Everyone can and does design. We all design when we plan for something new to happen, whether
that might be a new version of a recipe, a new arrangement of the living room furniture, or a new lay tour of a personal web page. [] So design thinking is something inherent within human cognition; it is a key
part of what makes us human. (p. 3)
IKEA!!!
Design ability is possessed by everyoneNigel Cross (1990)
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http://www.ikeahackers.net/
IKEA Hackers
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Innovative use of the BJURSTA dining table to hold two toddlers. And the best thing is, when adults need to eat, the holes can be covered.http://www.ikeahackers.net/2011/01/best-hack-of-2010-your-vote-needed.html
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"Everyone designs who devises courses of action
aimed at changing existing situations into preferred
ones."
Herbert Simon (1969)
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What is the difference between an amateur
designer and a professional designer?
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Laten we eens kijken naar de ontwerpen van Ed Baars. Ed is een ontwerper/uitvinder en ontwikkelt
hulpmiddel apparaten...
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBP1nOXul1c
Smeer en snij spaan voor de pindakaas of de chocoladepasta voor de sneetje brood
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http://www.youtube.com/user/idea28ed/videos
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeFqauOU1xk
Accuboor aardappel schilmachine
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aan douw hagelslag spaan broodjes snijplank snel en veilig
broodtrommel met klok keuken kitchen accu boor drill mixer eten food make
Mijn favorieten
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We must design, because we are not perfect.
Harold Nelson & Erik Stolterman (2002/2012)
On a more abstract level, we are drawn to design because we may feel a lack of wholenesswe do not find the world in a condition that is satisfying or fulfilling for us. And, ultimately, we are motivated to design because it is an accessible means to enlightenment, to bring order, and to give meaning to our lives.
Like Hephaistos, we have to design because we want to survive, but humans also seem to have a will for continuous improvement and development.
Why do we design?
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"Designers are change agents in society. Their goal
is to improve the human condition, in all its aspects, through physical change."
John Gero (1990)
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Position of design
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design =
artTrue, or false
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Bruce Archer (1979)
arts
design
engineering useful art???
science
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Rich Gold (2007) / John Seely Brown (2009?)
Art Science
Design
outwardfocus
move minds move molecules
inwardfocus
Engineering
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Charles Owen (1991)
Value freeValue driven(biased) (unbiased)
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Design, as a unique way of thinking and acting, does not have a long, well-developed scholarly history. Other intellectual traditions, such as science and art, have enjoyed thousands of years of considered thought...
Harold Nelson & Erik Stolterman (2002)
Design Methodology Movement started in 1960s.
Since Henry Ford introduced
the Model T (1908), designers
helped manufacturers to
produce more products for less.
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experiences
objects
Functionalpractical / useful
tangible: can be perceived by
the senses
intangible: can be perceived by
ma^a^Zkm
attractive / emotive
Expressive
Symbolic
Physical
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experiences
objects
Functionalpractical / useful
tangible: can be perceived by
the senses
intangible: can be perceived by
ma^a^Zkm
attractive / emotive
Expressive
Symbolic
Physical
Engineering
ArtDesignCMD
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Art makes statements. Designs work.
Donald Norman (n.d.)
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The natural sciences are concerned with
how things are.
Design is concerned with how things ought to be, with devising
artifices to attain goals.
Herbert Simon (1969)
Science vs Design
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To conclude...
Art Science
Design Engineering
Creating culture Creating knowledge
Creating solutions???Creating meaning
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Salut!
Please return the cards!
Next lecture: Design processesProblem solving