Government of India

Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises

-Course Material -

ESDP On

‘ Desk Top Publishing (DTP) ’

Prepared by:

34, Industrial Estate, Nunhai, Agra 0562- 2280879/ 2280882(F)

Website:- www.msmediagra.gov.in E-mail:- dcdi-agra@dcmsme.gov.in

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dzekaad fooj.k ist la[;k

1 m|ferk ,oa m|eh ds xq.k 1

2 m|fe;ksa ds fy;s nl ea= 4

3 m-iz- m|ksx funs’kky; 8

4 Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad 9

5 m-iz- foRrh; fuxe 11

6 m-iz- jkT; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe 12

7 jk"V~zh; d`f"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad 13

8 mRikn p;u ,oa volj vfHkKku 15

9 izcU/k ,oa foi.ku lw= 18

10 y?kq m|ksxksa esa dEI;wVj ,oa lwpuk rduhd 23

11 vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 25

12 mRiknu izcU/k 27

13 fu;kZrd dSls cusa 29-31

Technical Notes -:

14 Desk-Top Publishing & Advanced Word Processing

32

15 Development and Management of Data Resources

33

16 Instructional Resource/Mind Tool Development

34-35

17 Telecommunications and Online Resource Management

36-40

18 Web Mastering 41-44

1

m|ferk ,oa m|eh ds xq.k

vkids izR;sd O;ogkj ds ihNs dksbZ dkj.k vo'; gksrk gSA ;fn ge [kkus ds fy,s dqN <wa<

jgs gSa ;k [kk jgs gSa rks bldk vFkZ gS gesa Hkw[k yxh gS vkSj gekjs [kkus ds O;ogkj ds ihNs ,d dkj.k gS & Hkw[k] Hkw[k I;kl tSlh dqN vko';drk,¡ gekjh nSfud vko';drk,¡ gSaA tc vko';drkvksa dk tUe gksrk gS rks muds iwfrZ ds fy, gekjs vanj ,d cy dk;Z djrk gS tks gesa fn'kk iznku djrk gS vkSj ;g cy rc rd jgrk gS tc rd gekjs mís'; ¼y{;½ dh iwfrZ u gks tk;sA blh cy dks ge Lej.k ;k vfHkizsj.kk djts gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa] esa fdlh Hkh mís'; vFkok vko';drk dh izkfIr ds fy, tks O;ogkj Hkkoukvksa ls vksr&izksr vkSj bPNkvksa ls Hkjiwj fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS mls ge mRizsfjr O;ogkj djrs gSaA mijksä crkbZ xbZ vko';drk,¡ gekjh 'kkjhfjd vko';drk,¡ dgrs gSa ijUrq bu vko';drkvksa ds vfrfjä O;fä lekt esa jgdj dqN vU; vko';drk,¡ vftZr djrk gS tSls fdlh ls vPNs lEcU/k c<+kus dh vko';drk] nwljksa ij izHkwRo cukus dh vkio';dr] thou esa dqN izkIr djus dh vko';drk bR;kfnA bUgsa vftZr vko';drk ;k lkekftd vko';drk dh laKk nsrs gSa vkSj budh iwfrZ ds fy, tks vkUrfjd cy dk;Z djrk gS mls lkekftd mRizsj.kk dgrs gSaA ;g lkekftd vko';drk,¡ ekuo dks i'kqvksa ls vyx djrh gSA bl {ks=k esa fd, x;s 'kks/k dk;ksZ vkSj vuqla/kkuksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd eq[; :i ls euq"; esa rhu izdkj dh lkekftd mRiszj.kk,¡ gksrh gSa& miyfC/k] izHkqrk vkSj lEcU/kA izR;sd O;fä ds thou esa fHkUu&fHkUu izkFkfedrk,¡ gksrh gSa dksbZ nwljksa ls vPNs laca/k cukus dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gS rks dksbZ nwljksa ij izHkwrk cukus dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gS rks dksbZ thou esa dqN izkIr djus dh izkFkfedrk nsrk gS vFkkZr~ gj O;fä esa ;s rhuksa vko';drk,¡ i`Fkd&i`Fkd rhozrk rFkk izcyrk esa gksrh gSA fdlh esa miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk lcls vf/kd gksrh gS rks fdlh esa izHkqrk] fdUrq ,d lQy m|eh cuus ds fy, O;fäesa miyfC/k mRizsj.kk dk izcy gksuk vko';d gSA ;fn O;fäds vUnj thou esa dqN izkIr djus] lEcfU/kr fLFkfr;ksa esa mRÑ"Vrk ykus]= nwljksa ls izfrLi/kkZ dh Hkkouk ls vksr&izksr dk;Z djus dh bPNk gksrh gS vkSj bldh iwfrZ ds fy, og O;ogkj djrk gS rks mls miyfC/k mRizsj.kk ls vksr&izksr dk;Z djus dh bPNk gksrh gS vkSj bldh iwfrZ ds fy, og O;ogkj djrk gS rks mls miyfC/k mRizsj.kk ls vksrizksr dgrs gSaA izHkqrk mRizsj.kk dh igpku gesa O;fä dh nwljksa ij gkoh gksus] nwljksa dks izHkkfor djus rFkk lewg esa og Lo;a fu.kZ; ysa bl vfHkyk"kk ls gksrh gSA izHkqrk mRizsj.kk okys O;fä nwljksa ij viuk izHkqRo cuk, jgrs gSa] ;s vuq;kf;;ksa dh nqfu;ka esa jguk ilan djrs gSaA lEcU/k vfHkizsj.kk dh vf/kdrk okys O;fä dh izFke vko';drk nwljksa ls HkkoukRed laca/k cukus dh gksrh gSA ;s nwljksa ls lkSgknZiw.kZ laca/k cukus dks rRij jgrs gSa nwljksa ls Lusg ikuk vkSj nwljksa dks Lusg nsuk budh izFke vfHkyk"kk gksrh gSA buds thou dk mís'; nwljksa ds fy, R;kx djuk rFkk vkilh laca/kksa esaa ruko ls cpdj jguk gksrk gSA miyfC/k mRiszj.kk okys O;fä thou esa dqN izkIr djus dh izcy bPNk j[krs gSaA buds vUnj nwljksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr ekin.Mksa esa Js"Brk ikus dh bPNk gksrh gSA ;s Lo;a iqjkuh miyfC/k;ksa rFkk fu"iknuksa dks igys dh vis{kk csgrj cukus dk iz;kl djrs gSaA y{; dks izkIr djus gsrq dqN u;k djus dh bPNk rFkk fujUrj dk;Z'khrk budh miyfC/k mRizsj.kk dks n'kkZrh gSA ijUrq ,d m|eh esa miyfC/k vfHkizsj.kk ds vfrfjä vU; xq.k ,oa dkS'ky Hkh gksus pkfg,A ,d lQy m|eh esa fuEufyf[kr xq.k gksus pkfg, bu xq.kksa ds vHkko esa mUgsa fodflr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;s xq.k gSa& 1. y{; fu/kkZj.k o dk;Z izfrc)rk % vxj vkidk y{; fuf'pr gksxk rks vki ml vksj dqN Bksl dke dj ldsaxsA y{; fuf'pr gksus ds ckn vkidks yxkrkj mls iwjk djus ds fy, lksprs jguk gSA tc vki vius y{; ds fy, lksprs jgsaxs rks og vkidh vko';drk dk :i ys ysxk rFkk vki mldh iwfrZ ds fy, dk;Z djus yxsaxsA t:jr iM+us ij blds fy, viuh f'k{kk esa Hkh o`f+) djuh iM+sxhA vko';d izf'k{kM+ fyft, rkfd vki nwljksa ls de u jgsaA

2

2. le; izfrc)rk % ,d vPNs m|eh ds fy, le; ,d lalk/ku gSaA og vius le; dk vf/kdkf/kd lnqi;ksx djrk gSA le; dk /;ku j[kus o bldk lnqi;ksx djus okyk O;fä gh vkxs pydj m|e dh nqfu;k esa lQy gksrk gSA vkidks vius le; dk [kkl /;ku j[kuk gsA fdl pht ij fdruk le; yx jgk gS rFkk fdruk yxuk pkfg, o dgk¡ ij le; dk lgh bLrseky gks ldrk gS ;g lc ckrsa ,d lQy m|eh dks irk gksuh pkfg,A tks O;fä le; dk /;ku j[krk gS ogh vious dk;ksZ dks O;ofLFkr rjhds ls dj ikrk gS rFkk ogh vkxs pydj m|e dh nqfu;k esa lQy Hkh gksrk gSSA ogh nwjn'khZ gksrk gSA ßle; iSlk gSß ;g fopkj ges'kk cuk;s j[kuk pkfg,A 3. n`<+ ladYi % ,d lQy m|eh cuus ds fy, vkieas n`<+ fu'p; vo'; gksuk pkfg,A ;fn vius fdlh dk;Z dks iwjk djus dh Bku yh gS rks fu';p dj yhft, fd ijs'kkfu;k¡ vkus ij Hkh mls iwjk djuk gSA 4. yxu'khyrk % ;g xq.k vkidks ,d lQy m|eh cuk,xkA vkidks Hkys gh 'kq: esa dqN fnDdrsa vk,a ij vki vius dk;Z esa yxs jgsaA 'kq: dh vlQyrkvksa dls fcYdqy u ?kcjk;sa] vlQyrkvksa ls gh vki lh[ksaxs rFkk vxyh ckj ;g xyrh vki ugha gksus nsaxsA fgEer er gkfj,A tqVs jfg;sA xyfr;k¡ uk nksgjkj,a] xyfr;ksa ls lh[ksa 5. vk'kkoknh n`f"Vdks.k % ,d v|eh dks thou ds gj Hkys cqjs {k.kksa esa vk'kkoknh utfj;k j[kuk pkfg,A ;fn vkidk utfj;k fujk'kkoknh gS rks vki mls cny Mkfy,A vk'kkoknh utfj;s ls ns[kus ij gh vki lQyrk izkIr dj ldsaxsA ;fn fujk'kkoknh gS rks vki vkxs c<+us dh dksf'k'k gh ugha djsaxsA blfy;s ,d lQy m|eh dk vk'kkoknh gksuk cgqr t:jh gSA 6. lQy gksus dh bPNk % gks ldrk gS fd vki bl 'kh"kZd dks i<+dj fcuk lksps le>s vkxs c<+sa ij ugh :fd;s] vkidks lkspuk gS fd vki dSls lQy gksaxs\ vki esa D;k&D;k dfe;k¡ gSa mUgsa dSls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gS\ tc rd vki lQy gksus dh n`<+ b{Nk ugha j[ksaxs] vki lQy ugha gksaxsA 7. vkRefo'okl % vkidks vius esa fo'okl gksuk pkfg, fd vki bl {ks=k esa lQy gksaxsA vxj vkidks dksbZ 'kd gS rks vki vius vkRefo'okl dk fodkl dhft,A pkgusa ls D;k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA mfä gSS ßtgka pkg ogk¡ jkgß ;fn vki ;kn j[ksa fd lQy m|eh Hkh ,d le; vki gh dh rjg lksprs Fks rks vkidk vkRe fo'okl c<+sxk fd vki Hkh lQy gks ldrs gSaA 8. lrdZrk o laosnu'khyrk % ,d lQy m|eh cuus ds fy;s vius fopkj ges'kk [kqys j[ksaA vius vklkikl dh tkudkjh jf[k,A vkyl dks NksfM+;s] ltx jfg,A gks ldrk gS vkidks vpkud ,slk fopkj vk tk;s tks vkids dke dk gks ;k dqN dke dh ckr gh irk py tk;sA blds fy, vkidks viuk fnekx 'kkar o lrdZ j[kuk gksxkA 9. uik rqyk tksf[ke ysus dh {kerk % vki m|eh cu jgs gSa rks vki ;g dksf'k'k dhft, o vius dks bruk etcwr cukb, fd vki fdlh Hkh tksf[ke ls u MjsaA Mjdj dke djus dh vknr NksM+ nsaA m|ksx yxkus esa fuf'pr tksf[ke ysuk gh iM+rk gSA tks Hkh lQy m|eh gS mUgksaus tksf[ke fy;k Fkk rHkh os vkt ,, lQy m|ksxifr cu lds gSaA 10. usr`Ro ds xq.k % ,d m|eh esa ,d usrk ds xq.k gksus pkfg,A tSls usrk ckrkssa ls nwljksa dks izHkkfor dj viuk dke djok ysrk gS] nwljksa dks viuh ckrksa ls [kq'k dj ysrk gS rFkk fofHkUu tfj;s ls rjh&rjg dh ckrksa dk irk j[krk gS mlh rjg vkidks Hkh ;g lc djuk iM+sxkA u,&u, fopkj ds fy, vki ges'kk vious dks rS;kj j[ksaA ij mUgsa ij[k dj gh bLrseky esa yk,aA

3

11. /kS;Z % 'kq: esa gks ldrk gS fd vkidks ,dne lQyrk u feys vkSj vkidks dkQh le; rd la?k"kZ djuk iM+s] blfy, vkidks /kS;Z rFkk vk'kkoknh n`f"Vdks.k viukuk pkfg;sA gks ldrk gS fd igys vki vlQy gks tk;sa ij /khjs&/khjs vki lQyrk vo'; izkIr djsaxsA 12. nwjnf'kZrk % ,d lQy v|eh dks nwjn'khZ o cqf)eku gksuk pkfg,A cqf) ls gh og tku ik,xk fd D;k djus ls og lQy gksxk rFkk D;k djuk mlds fy,s gkfudkjd gks ldrk gSA 13. leL;k lek/kku dh {kerk % vkidks viuh leL;kvksa ls vPNh rjg fuiVuk lh[kuk gksxkA mu ij /;ku u nsuk nwljksa ij Vky nsuk vkidks NksM+uk gksxk tSls Hkh gks vki mUgsa lqy>kuk lhf[k,A 14. volj vfHkKku % vkidks vc ;f lh[kuk gS fd vki vius fy, lgh voljksa dks igpku dj mudk iwjk&iwjk ykHk fdl izdkj mBk,aA 15. O;oLFkk o xq.koRrk ds izfr lpsr gksuk % vkxj vki vius dk;Z dks O;ofLFkr j[krs gSa rFkk vius mRikn dk Lrj Å¡pk j[kus dh bPNk j[krs gSa rks vki vo'; lQy gksaxasA 16. Lora=krk dh bPNk % D;k vki viuk Lokeh Lo;a gh cuuk pkgrs gSa rFkk fdlh ds v/khu dk;Z djuk ugha ilUn djrs\ rks vkids fy, ;gh jkLrk Bhd gS ] mijksä xq.kksa dh lwph ns[kdj vki ?kcjkb;s reA vki vius esa bu xq.kksa dk fodkl dj ldrs gSa A 17. vkRe izsj.kk % D;k vki crk ldrs gSa fd vkius m|e yxkus dh ckr D;ksa lksph\ D;k vkius cpiu esa dksbZ liuk ns[kk Fkk blfy, ;k fd vkids fdlh fe=k us QSDVªh yxkbZ gS] ;k lM+d ij pyrs gq, ek:fr dkj esa cSBs yksxksa dks ns[kdj vkidk Hkh eu djrk gS fd vkids ikl Hkh ,d vkyh'ku caxyk] dkj] Mªkboj vkfn gks ;k vkius fdlh if=kdk esa m|ksxifr;ksa ds ckjs esa i<+k vkSj muls izHkkfor gq,\ lksfp;s /khjs&/khjs ?kVukvksa dks [kksyrs tkb;s] nsf[k;s ;kn vk;k u! gks] vc bllh ?kVuk ij /;ku nhft,A bldks iwjk 'kq: ls vUr rd lksfp;sA blls vkidh mRizj.kk c<+sxhA vkidh dke djus dh f>>d nwj gksxh o vki og dk;Z djuk vkjEHk dj nsaxs tks vki okLro esa djuk pkgrs gSaA 18. jpukRed xq.k % m|eh esa ;g xq.k gksuk pkfg, fd og fdlh dk;Z dks uohu <ax ls dj lds o dk;Z dk izorZu dj ldsA 19. mÙkjnkf;Ro dk cks/k % m|eh dks vius mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk cks/k gksuk pkfg;s tSls lekt ds izfr] vius deZpkfj;ksa ds izfr] i;kZoj.k ds izfr vius drZO;ksa dks le>us dk xq.k gksuk pkfg;sA

4

m|fe;ksa ds fy, nl ea=

MkW0 jk0 R;kxjktu

Hkwfedk

vktdy ds i<+s&fy[ks ;qod vkSj ;qofr;k¡ ,slk le>rs gSa fd vxj mUgsa ukSdjh u feyh rks muds lj ij

vkleku gh VwV iM+sxkA rFkk] vxj] ljdkj mUgsa ukSdjh u fnyk;s rks vkSj dkSu mUgsa ukSdjh ;k jkstxkj nsxkA

D;k ;s lc ckrsa lp gSa\ D;k bu ckrksa esa dqN rF; gS\ vkSj vxj gS rks ge] bl ns[k ds ukxfjd] bu

ukStokuksa ds vkalw iksNus ds fy, D;k dj jgs gSa\

dgha&dgha ;s Hkh dgk tkrk gS fd] vki csjkstxkjh gVkus ds fy;s bu ;qod&;qofr;ksa dks izf'k{k.k nsdj

m|eh cuk;saA bldk eryc ;g gksxk fd ftu O;fä;ksa esa dke ikus dh ;ksX;rk ugha gS] mUgsa Hkh m|eh cuk;k

tk;sA bldk ;g vFkZ gksxk fd csjkstxkjksa dh la[;k vkSj c<+kbZ tk;s D;ksafd lekt] tks vc rd csjkstxkj

bathfu;j] MkDVj vR;kfn ds ckjs esa jks jgk Fkk] og vc ls csjkstxkj m|fe;ksa ds ckjs esa jksuk vkjEHk djsaA

pfy;s [kSj] ge flQZ csjkstxkjh ds ckjs esa fy[kuk ugha pkgrs gSaA ijUrq geus m|fe;ksa dh vkRe 'kfä dks

c<+kus ds fy;s viuh dye mBkbZ gSA

m|eh dh ---------x.ks'kk; ue%

,d iy ds fy, ge lkspsa fd gekjs ukStoku us m|eh cuus dk bjknk iDdk dj fy;k gSA gks ldrk gS fd

mlus blds fy;s dqN izf'k{k.k Hkh ik fy;k gks rFkk blds ckn gekjs bl m|eh us cSad ls isls ysdj viuk

dkjksckj Hkh LFkkfir dj fy;k gks] ;kfu eku yhft;s fd gekjs m|eh us ßx.ks'kk; ue%ß dj fy;k gksA

vc vk;h u ckr ! gekjk ;g izFke ih<+h dk m|eh vc m|fe;ksa ds ßeSnkus taxß esa dwn iM+k gSA

m|e dks LFkkfir djuk ,d ckr gSa] ysfdu mldks pykus] mlls iSlk dekuk vkSj c<+kuk oxSjg&oxSjg esa dqN vkSj

gh ckr gSA

D;k ge ,sls m|fe;ksa dks dqN ea=k fl[kk ldrs gSa \ pfy;s ns[krs gSaA

ea=ksa dks lefiZr djus ls igys gesa vius vki ls iwNuk gksxk fd&,slh D;k t:jr iM+h fd ge bl jkLrs

dh vksj /;ku nsus yxs \ [ksj] cgqr lky igys Hkr` gfj us dgk Fkk&

ßveU=ka v{kje~ ukfLr] ukfLr ewyeuks'/ke~A

v;ksX;% iq:"kksa ukfLr] ;kstd% r=k nqqyZHk %AAß

vFkkZr~ vki fdlh Hkh v{kj ls ,d ea=k fudky ldrs gSA bldk eryc ;g ugha gS fd ;g ys[kd Hkh

m|eh dgrs gq, blls nl ea=kfudkyus tk jgk gSA cfYd ;g Hkh lp gS fd vki xkfy;ksa ls Hkh ,d ea=k fudky

ldrs gSaA

egkdfo dkyhnkl ,d xM+fj;s dks jktk Hkkst ds njckj esa ysdj x;s vkSj ogk¡ mUgsa xq: dgdj mudk

ifjp; djok;kA tc ml xM+fj;ks dks dfo;ksa us dqN cksyus dks dgk] rks og O;fä ßog] ogß dj dqN cksyk rc

,slk eglwl gqvk fd xq: th cdjs dks cqyk jgs gksaA bl ij njckj ds lnL; gal mBs rks dkyhnkl ukjkt gksdj

dgus yxs fd lEekuh; lnL;ksa dks D;k bruh Hkh cqf) ugha fd os bruh NksVh lh ckr Hkh le> u ldsaA ;g

dgdj egkdfo dkyhnkl us mlh le; ßcg]cgß ij ,d dfork cukbZA Åij fyf[kr Hkr`Zgfj ds 'yksd dh nwljh

iafä dk vFkZ ;gh gS fd fdlh Hkh ikS/ks ls vki ,d vkS"kf/k cuk ldrs gSaA blesa rks dksbZ 'kd ugha gSA vxyh iafä

esa os dgrs gSa fd dksbZ Hkh iq:"k ;k L=kh ges'kk ds fy;s 'kSrku ugha gksrkA

5

ijUrq leL;k gS gh D;k\ vkidks dksbZ ;kstd&;kfu m|eh] izcU/kd oxSjg dh deh gSA pkgs Hkr`Zgfj ds fnu

gksa ;k orZeku dk le;] ;g iafä cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA

bu lcds dgus dk reyc ;g gS fd vxj vki esa m|ferk ds y{k.k gksa rks vki m|eh cu tkb;s vkSj

vius ekxZ ls er gfV;sA vc vk;k bl ea=kksa dk le;A vkb;s bu nl ea=kksa dh vksj ns[krs gSaA

igyk ea=k

ßtxr ls ,d gks tkvksß

gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd ge lc bl txr~ ds cgqr NksVs ls vax gSaA ge lc ds iSnk gksus ls igys

txr esa o`{k] ufn;k¡] igkM+] lkxj vkSj thojkf'k FksA vkSj bl 'kjhj dks NksM+dj ge tc pys tk;saxs rc Hkh txr~

,sls gh pysxkA vxj txr~ esa dksbZ ßifjorZuß gks] rc Hkh gekjh vkRek dks ;g 'kk;n gh ekywe gksxk fd dqN

ifjorZu gq, gSaA ifjorZu gksa ;k ugha] gekjh vkRek dks dksbZ vUrj ugha iM+sxkA

blfy;s gesa ;g ;kn j[kuk gksxk fd bl NksVh lh ßtUe ls ysdj e`R;q rdß dh ;k=kk esa ge D;ksa u

txr~ ds lklFk ,d gks tk;saA

vFkkZr~ vkidks mRiknu 'kq: djus ls igys ;s lkspuk gksxk fd D;k igys ls cktkj esa dqN yksx blh oLrq

dk mRiknu dj jgs Fks\ vxj ,slk gS rks vkidk blesa D;k ;ksxnku gS\ vr% tc Hkh ge fdlh fLFkfr dks cnyuk

pkgsa rks lcls igys gesa vius vkidks cnyuk gksxkA

nwljk ea=k

ßHkfä vkSj I;kj dks viukvksß

,sfrgkfld rkSj ij ns[kk tk;s rks Hkkjr ds egku iq:"kksa us Hkfä ls gh Hkxoku~ dks cka/k fy;k FkkA felky

ds rkSj ij Hkä izâkn] /kqzo] ehjk] xkSre cq)] egkohj] xq: ukud] jkeÑ".k ijegal] foosdkuUn bR;kfn] bR;kfnA

nf{k.k Hkkjr ds R;kxjkt uked ,d e'kgwj xk;d rsyqxq esa xkrs gSa ßlaxhr Kkueq HkfäfoukßA ge ;gh dguk pkgrs

gSa fd pkgs vki Hkxoku ls oj ekaxs ;k cSad izca/kd ls _.k] Hkfä dk jkLrk idfM+;sA

lkFk&lkFk ;g Hkh ;kn jf[k;s fd vk/kqfud nqfu;k esa ßO;kikj Kkueq ;qfä fcukAß

tc vki Hkfä vkSj I;kj Hkjh n`f"V ls vius dkjksckj ,oa mRikn dks ns[ksaxs rc vki eglwl djsaxs fd

vkidk [kkuk] ihuk] vkjke vkSj izflf) dqN Hkh ugha gSA vki vius dkjksckj ls fcYdqy ,d gks x;s gSaaA tSls fd

vtqZu dks i{kh dh vka[k gh fn[kykbZ nh vkSj dqN Hkh ughaA

rhljk ea=k

ßgaluk lh[kksß

O;kikj ds lapkyu esa vkidks ;qfä ls dke ysuk gksxkA tc dHkh vkids xzkgd vk;sa mudk Lokxr gal dj

dhft;sA pkgs og xzkgd mnkl gh D;ka u gksa] vkidh eqLdqjkgV dks ns[kdj og izlUu gksxk vkSj lkFk gh lkFk

vki dh fcØh Hk c<+sxhA

ysfdu ge ,d psrkouh nsuk pkgrs gSaA og ;g gS fd lc O;fä;ksa ds lkeus vius iwjs nkar fn[kkuk

pkfg;sA vxj ,slk djsaxs rks vkidks cgqr lh dfBukbZ;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA og dSls\ vkxs if<+;s rksA

,d ckj geus ,d ukStoku m|eh dks ,slk gh cryk;kA og ukStoku iwjs /;ku ls bu ckrks dks vey esa

yk;kA tc ge bl ?kVuk ds ,d lku ds ckn ml m|eh ls feys] rc geus ns[kk fd og m|eh yEcs psgjs vkSj

mnkl eq[kM+s ds lkFk gesa xkfy;ka nsus yxkA geus iwNk&ßvjs HkkbZ] D;k gqvk\ß og dgus yxk&ßvkius crk;k u]

6

galks vkSj galrs jgksA bl lcd dks vey esa ykus ls eSa fnokfy;k gks x;k gwaA esjh gkyr ns[k jgs gSa u vki\ßgeus

iwNk fd D;k] galus ls FkksM+s gkyr [kjkc gks ldrh gS\ m|eh th dgus yxs&ßbruh rks vdy esjh Hkh gSA vkids

dgus ds eqrkfcd gj ,d ds lkeus geus vius nkarksa dks fn[kk;kA ,d fnu ,d vk;dj vf/kdkjh esjs ikl vk;kA

mlds lkeus Hkh eSA izlUu gksdj galus yxkA mlls D;k gqvk ns[krs gSa u esjh gkyr\ß

vr% ge ;g crkus pkgsaxs fd vkidks ßdc galuk gS vkSj dc jksuk gSAßtc dksbZ xzkgd vkids lkeus vk;s]

[kwc gafl;sA izlUu gks tkb;sA mlds vykok dksbZ vkSj vk tk;s vki mnkl gks tkb;sA vki mnkl psgjs ls mlls

ckr dfj;sA

pkSFkk ea=k

ßrkjhQ djuk lh[kksß

O;kikjh ges'kk nsljs yksxksa dh rkjhQ djrs gq, viuk iSlk cukrk gSA rkjhQ djr esa vkidh dksbZ rdyhQ

ugha gksuh pkfg;sA rkjhQ ls Hkxoku Hkh Mjrs gSa&D;ksa\ blfy;s fd ftldh vki rkjhQ djrs gSa og

vkfgLrk&vkfgLrk vius vki j j[ks gq, dkcw dks [kks cSBrk gS&jghe dk dguk gS&ßdjr djr vH;kl ls tM+er

gksr lqtkuA jljh vkor tkr rs fly ij gksrk fu'kkuAß blh rjg iRFkj ds Hkh fi?kyus dh mEehn gS] rkjhQ lsA

vkidh rkjhQ ls Mjrs gq, Hkxoku Hkh vkids lkeus ,slh dfBukb;ksa dks [kM+k djrs gSa fd iwfN;s erA

dfBukbZ;ksa dks ns[kdj dksbZ u dksbZ Hkxoku dks xkfy;ka rks nsxkA rHkh Hkxoku Hkh ftUnk jg ldrs gSa gS u\

iakpok ea=k

ßvkenq'eu dks igpkuß

tc dHkh fdlh ls dke djkuk pkgrs gSa] ml O;fä ls ckr izkjEHk djrs le; fdlh vke nq'eu dh

vksj utj Mkfy;sA vxj ekSle [kjkc gS] ekSle ds ckjs esa 'kq: dhft;sA vxj lM+dssa [kjkc gSa mlds ckjs esa

cksfy;sA vxj nwljs O;fä dh csVh dh HkrhZ fdlh e'kgwj Ldwy esa ugha feyrh ml Ldwy ds izcU/kdksa dks xkfy;k¡

nhft;sA

tc nks vaxzst yksx yUnu ;k vSj fdlh egkuxj esa feyrs gSa] vkil esa lcls igys xUns ekSle ds ckjs esa

gh ckr djrs gSaA

vke fe=k ls ßvke nq'eußds ckjs esa yksx ,dne ljy rjhds ls le> tkrs gSaA

NBk ea=k

ßvk/kqfud jkek;.k fy[kksß

lkjs ns'k esa xjhch js[kk gVkus dk vkUnksyu py jgk gSA ge Hkh D;ksa u ,d ukjk yxk;sa ßlc js[kkvksa dks

gVkvksA ß,sls ukjksa ls FkksM+h gh dksbZ xjhch gV tk,xh ;k vki js[kk dks ikj dj ldsaxs\

xjhch dks gVkus ;k js[kk dks ikj djus ds fy;s] D;k vkids ukjksa ls dke py tk;sxk\

ge lc tkurs gS fd jkek;.k dh iwjh dFkk] lhrk th ds ßy{e.k js[kkß ikj djus ls gh cuh ftls ckYehfd

th us jpkA ;g Hkh dguk lgh gS fd jkek;.k esa vxj ßy{e.k js[kk ugha] rks jkek;.k ughaAß;g dguk mfpr gh gS]

D;ksafd vxj lhrk th ml js[kk dks ikj ugha djrh] rks jko.k ls ;q) dSls gksrk] rFkk guqeku th tSls Hkä gedks

dgka feyrs\ blfy;s vki Hkh Lo;a ugha cfYd gekjs ns'k ds vU; xjhc vkSj fiNM+s oxZ ds yksxksa dks xjhch js[kk

ikj djus esa enn nhft;s vkSj ,d vk/kqfud jkek;.k] tks Hkkjr dh ,sfrgkfld uezrk] ohjrk vkSj lH;rk dks vkSj

Hkh Åps LFkku ij ys tk lds] fy[ksaA lkFk&lkFk vki Hkh ,d vk/kqfud ckYfefd cusaA

7

lkroka ea=k

ß[kpksZ ij dkcw djksß

;g ,d vke ckr gS fd u;s m|eh] tSls gh iSlk gkFk es vkrk gS mldks mM+kus dh dksf'k'k esa yx tkrs

gSaA gksrk ;g gS fd& ßvkenuh vëuh [kpkZ :i;kß vkSj vxj vkenuh de gks vkSj [kpkZ T;knk rks ;g dSls py

dlrk gSA

vkBoka ea=k

ßthou esa vkSj phtsa Hkh gSaß

tc vki m|eh cusaxs rks gesa iwjk ;dhu gS fd vki vkus ;qus gq, jkLrsa esa vo'; lQy gksaxs] ij ;g ;kn

jf[k;s fd ftUnxh esa iSls ds flok; vkSj Hkh cgqr lh phtsa gSa] ftudh vksj Hkh vkidks /;ku nsuk gksxkA

ftl uxjh esa vki jgrs gSa] mldh lqUnjrk] izxfr vkSj mUufr ds fy;s] vkidks Hkh lg;ksx djuk gksxkA

vki ftl lM+d ij jgrs gSa] ml lM+d dks lkQ vkSj lqUnj j[kuk gksxkA gekjs ns'k ds egku iq:"kksa ds ckjs esa]

ytksxksa dks le;&le; ij /;ku fnykuk gksxk] rkfd yksx fey tqydj ft;sa vkSj ,drk dh vksj c<+saA

uok¡ ea=k

ßvkalw iksaNksß

vxj vkidks iSlk cukuk gS vkSj vPNs <ax ls m|eh; thou fcrkuk gS] rks vki fiNM+s oxksZa ds yksxksa ds

ckjs esa o xjhcksa ds ckjs esa le;&le; ij lksfp;sA vkSj lkFk gh vius dkjksckj dh leL;kvksa dks Hkh nsj djus dk

iz;Ru dfj;sA D;ksafd vkids dkj[kkus ds vkl&ikl jgus okys xjhcksa dh ns[kHkky vkSj vPNs LokLF; ls gh vkids

dkj[kkus dk LokLF; vPNk gks ldrk gSA

dkyhnkl th dgrs gSa&ßotznfi dVksje~] e`nfu dqlqefn;fiAß&vFkkZr~] vkidks dke djrs le; otz tSls

dBksj gksuk pkfg;sA ysfdu deZpkfj;ksa ,oa vius O;fäxr thou esa ,d Qwy tSls eqyk;e Hkh gksuk pkfg;sA

nloka ea=k

ßdkjksckj gh ugha] cfYd vkSj Hkh phtsa ikuk gSaß

vkidk /;ku dkjksckj ij gh ugha cfYd edku cukus esa] ek:fr xkM+h gkfly djus esa] oxSjg&oxSjg ij Hkh

gksuk pkfg,A vkidks 'kk;n gh ekywe gksxk fd e'kgwj odhy ukuk ikydhokyk] vius cpiu esas] ,d vkbZlØhe

[kkuk gh LoxZ ikus leku le>rs FksA os lksprs Fks fd vxj ,d vkbZlØhe fey tk;s rks thou esa vkSj dqN ugha

pkfg;sA nsf[k;s u] vkbZlØhe ekaxus okyk yM+dk dgk¡ igqap x;k gS\ vFkkZr~&vki Hkh edku ;k ek:fr xkM+h

viukus ds ckjs esa lksfp;s vkSj nsf[k;s dSls Hkfo"; esa Åaps LFkku ij igqaprs gSa\

m|ferk gh vkidh meaxksa dks iwjk djus dk ,dek=k ekxZ gSA cs'kd vki ukSdjh <wa< ldrs gSaA ysfdu

ukSdjh nsxk dkSu\ vxj ukSdjh fey tk;s rks ukSdjh dk jkLrk viukb;sA ftl izdkj] vyx&vyx /keZ ds yksx

Hkxoku ls feyus ds fy;s fofHkUu ekxZ idM+rs gSa] mlh izdkj vki m|ferk dk ekxZ vius] ifjokj vkSj vius

ns'kokfl;ksa dh izxfr ds fy, idfM+;sA

jkT; ds gj ,d dksus esa] izxfr y?kq m|ksx djsaA

ns'k esa ,slh uhfr cus ] ,d leku fodkl jgsAA

ekuo] e'khu] leku] izca/k djs m|e ls lEcU/kA

Bhd ysuk budks tku] lalku./ku dk j[kuk /;kuAA

8

m0iz0 m|ksx funs'kky; ,oa ftyk m|ksx dsUæ dh Hkwfedk Hkkjr tSls fo'kky ns'k ds lEiw.kZ vkS|ksfxd fodkl esa y?kq m|ksxksa] dqVhj m|ksxksa ,oa

xzkeks|ksxksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSA blds fodkl ds fy, fodsfUær O;oLFkk dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq, Hkkjr ljdkj us o"kZ 1978 esa jkT; ljdkj }kjk m|ksx funs'kky;ksa ds vUrxZr ftyk m|ksx dsUæksa dh LFkkiuk dhA fiNM+s o xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds dk;Z bu ftyksa ds m|ksx dsUæksa }kjk fd;s tkrs gSA ukMy ,tsUlh ds :i esa ;g dsUæ ftyk Lrjh; vU; foHkkxksa ,oa laLFkkvksa esa leUo; dk dk;Z djrs gSaA rglhy Lrj ij lgk;d izca/kd gksrs gSA bl izdkj ftyk m|ksx dsUæ] m|ksx funs'kky; ds {ks=kh; vax ds :i esa izns'k ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds fy, dk;Zjr gSA y?kq m|ksxksa gsrq lqfo/kk;sa 1. ijke'kZ % m|fe;ksa ds ekxZn'kZu gsrq ftyk m|ksx dsUæksa esa ijke'kZ foHkkx gksrs gSaA Hkkoh m|fe;ksa dk lk{kkRdkj dj mldh i`"BHkwfe] vuqHko ,osa vfHk:fp ds vk/kkj ij m|ksx dh tkudkjh ,oa ifj;kstuk rS;kj djus gsrq ijke'kZ fn;k tkrk gSA 2. iathdj.k % ftyk m|ksx dsUæksa esa loZizFke nks o"kZ] ds fy, izLrkfor iathdj.k fd;k tkrk gS ftldk uohuhdj.k vxys ,d o"kZ ds fy, egkizca/kd ftyk m|ksx dsUæ ds }kjk rFkk iqu% ,d o"kZ dk uohuhdj.k m|ksx funs'kky; }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bdkbZ }kjk larks"ktud dk;Z gksus ij ljdkj }kjk iznÙk lqfo/kk;sa fey ldrh gSA bdkbZ lapkfyr djus ds i'pkr~ LFkk;h iathdj.k Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA 3. djksa esa NwV % xjhc dkjhxjksa o nLrdkjksa gsrq vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dk iathdj.k gksrk gSA bu lfefr;ksa dks foÙkh; lgk;rk ,oa fofHkUu djksa esa NwV dh lqfo/kk feyrh gSA 4. Hkwfe@Hkou % gj ftys esa vkS|ksfxd vkLFkkuk gksrs gSa tgk¡ ij m|ksx yxkus ds fy, vko';d Hkwfe o Hkou fnykus esa lg;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 5. fofHkUu foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ls _.k gsrq vkosnu %

ftyk m|ksx dsUæ ds ek/;e ls fofHkUu foÙkh; laLFkkvksa ls _.k ysus gsrq Hkh vkosnu fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftyk m|ksx dsUæ }kjk iz/kkuea=kh jkstxkj ds vUrxZr _.k dh lqfr/kk Hkh miyC/k djk;h tk jgh gSA 6. ,dy est O;oLFkk ,d Nr ds uhps ,dy est O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr LohÑfr;k¡ tSls%& fo|qr la;kstu] iznw"k.k vukifÙk izek.k&i=k] bR;kfn] lEcfU/kr ftyk m|ksx dsUæ }kjk lqfuf'pr djkbZ tk jgh gSA bl O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr ,d ^,dy vkosnu&i= ¼iqfLrdk½ rS;kj dh x;h gS] ftlesa lHkh lEcfU/kr foHkkxksa ds vkosnu&i=kksa dks lekfgr fd;k x;k gSA iPphl :i;s ek=k uxn Hkqxrku djds ;g iqfLrdk ftyk m|ksx dsUæ ls izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA bl O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr izR;sd ekg es ,d ckj lEcfU/kr m|fe;ksa dks ftyk m|ksx dsUæ esa cqyk;k tkrk gS] mudh lgk;rk ds fy, lEcfU/kr foHkkx ds vf/kdkfj;ksa dh enn ls okafNr vkosnu&i=k Hkjok fy;s tkrs gSa] blds mijkUr nks lIrkg ckn lHkh okafNr LohÑfr;k¡ ogha ls fu/kkZfjr frfFk esa tek dj nh tkrh gSA ftlls m|eh dks fofHkUu LFkkuksa ij tkus ds ctk, ,d gh LFkku ij lHkh vuqefr fey tkrh gSA bl O;oLFkk dk ykHk :i;s 25.00 djksM+ rd fuos'k djus okys m|eh mBk ldrs gaSA

'kklu }kjk ;g vuqHko fd;k x;k fd u;s m|fe;ksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls y?kq m|fe;ksa dks fofHkUu Lrjksa ij vuqefr;k¡@LohÑfr;k¡ izkIr djus esa cgqr le; yxrk gS] u, m|eh m|ksx yxkus esa grksRlkfgr gksrsa gS] vr% bl lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA mDr lfefr dk v/;{k ftykf/kdkjh gksrk gSA

9

Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad Hkkjrh; y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad dh LFkkiuk o"kZ 1990 esa y?kq m|ksxksa ds izorZu] foÙkiks"k.k ,oa fodkl rFkk bu xfrfof/k;ksa esa layXu laLFkkvksa ds dk;ks± dks lefUor djus ds mís'; ls izeq[k foÙkh; ,aLFkk ds :i esa dh xbZ gSA y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad }kjk ns'k Hkj esa LFkkfir okf.kT; cSadksa] xzkeh.k] cSadksa] jkT; foÙkh; fuxeksa] jkt; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxeksa] jkT; vkS|ksfxd fuos'k fuxeksa] lgdkjh cSad dsd ek/;e ls iqufoZÙk ds :i esa foÙkh; lgk;rk miyC/k djk;h tkrh gSA y?kq m|ksx fodkl cSad fuEu ;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr iqufoZr lgk;rk nh tkrh gS%& 1. y?kq ,ao xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dks vkS|ksfxd _.k miyC/k djus grq iqufoZr ;kstuk %&

¼v½ dEiksftV _.k% ¼lfEeJ _.k½ f'kYih] xzkeh.k ,oa dqVhj m|ksx y?kq m|ksx bdkbZ] budks ;a=kksa] dk;Z'khy iawth rFkk dk;Z gsrq :i;s 2,00,000 rd dk _.k myC/k djk;k tkrk gSA blesa izorZd va'knku 'kwU; gSA

¼c½ vuqlwfpr tkfr @ tutkfr ,oa fodykax gsrq ;kstuk vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa fodykaxksa gsrq bl ;kstuk dsk ykxw fd;k x;k gS bl ;kstuk esa dk;Z'khy iwath ,oa e'khu ;a=ksa gsrq vf/kdre :i;s 50000 dk _.k fn;k tkrk gSA blesa izorZd va'knku 'kwU; gSA 2. fo'ks"k ;sktuk %& leLr y?kq m|ksxksa gsrq bl ;kstuk dks ykxw fd;k x;k gS bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr fuEu enksa gsrq _.k izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS %& ¼v½ xq.koÙkk fu;a=kd lqfo/kk,¡ & vko';drkuqlkj

¼c½ tujsVj lsV & &rnSo& ¼l½ iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k midj.k & &rnSo&

¼n½ dEI;wVj gsrq & vf/kdre :- 5.00 yk[k ¼;½ Lons'kh@vk;kr izfrLFkkiuk & &rnSo&

¼j½ oSdfYid ÅtkZ@ÅtkZ cpr dh LFkkiuk rFkk fuekZ.k gsrq vko';drk vuqlkj 3. y?kq lM+d ifjogu ifjpkydksa dh lgk;rk %& lkoZtfud okgu ;k lafonk okgu ds :i esa iathÑr u;s okgu [kjhnus ds fy, x;s lkof/k _.k iqufoÙk lgk;rk ds ik=k gksaxsA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr izfr ifjpkyd ekStwnk okguksa lfgr vf/kdre 20 okguksa ds fy, _.k miyC/k djk;s tkrs gSaA _.k dh lhek vko';drkuqlkj fu/kkZfjr gksrh gSA 4. midj.k iqufoZÙk ;kstuk %& bdkbZ fiNys pkj o"kks± ls dk;Zjr gks] rFkk 3 o"kks± ls cSad _.k ds Hkqxrku esas dksbZ fcyEc u fd;k gksA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vidj.k@u;s ;a=kksa ds foLrkj bR;kfn gsrq _.k fn;k tkrk gSA mä ;kstuk foÙkh; fuxe@,l-vkbZ-Mh-lh- ds ek/;e ls iz;ksx esa yk;h tkrh gSA _.k dh lhek vko';drkuqlkj fu/kkZfjr dh trh gSA 5. is'ksoj oxZ gsrq ;kstuk %& ;g ;kstuk MkDVj]= bathfu;j] vkfdZVsDV] ,dkmaVslh] eSustesUV] f'k{kk izkIr oxZ gsrq gksrh gSA izFke ckj viuh f'k{kk ij vk/kkfjr bdkbZ@ijke'kZ laLFkk [kksyus ij :i;s 20.000 yk[k rd _.k fn;k tkrk gSSA blls Hkwfe ,oa Hkou dh dwy ykxr dqy ifjO;; ds 50: ls vf/kd u gksA 6. foi.ku dk;Z gsrq ;kstuk %&

¼v½ foi.ku laxBu gsrq %& O;fäxr@lk>snkjh@izkbosV@ifCyd fyfeVsM laxBu dks tks foi.ku {ks=k esa vuqHko izkIr gks] rFkk xzkeh.k ,oa y?kq m|ksx ds mRikn ds foi.ku gsrq :i;s vf/kdre 25.00 yk[k rd _.k izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ¼c½ fcØh ds fy, okgu gsrq %& bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr leLr [kknh ,oa xzkeks|ksx vk;ksx }kjk leFkZu izkIr izLrkoksa ij gh fopkj fd;k tk;sxkA bldk mís'; u;s okgu ds Ø; gsrq _.k miyC/k djuk gSA _.k dh vf/kdre lhek :i;s 3.00 yk[k gSA

10

7. fpfdRlk O;olk; gsrq ;kstuk %& ¼v½ vLirky@ufl±x gkse %& ;g ;kstuk mu m|fe;ksa gsrq gSa tks vLirky@ufl±x gkse [kksyuk pkgrs gSaA blds fy, de ls de 10 'kS;k ,oa vf/kdre 50 'kS;k okys vLirkyksa@ufl±x gkse ds fy, vko';drk vk/kkfjr _.k fn;k tkrk gS ftlesa ,d LukrdksÙkj MkDVj vo'; lEc) gksuk pkfg,A ¼c½ bySDVªksesfMdyh ,ao vU; midj.k gsrq ;kstuk %& fpfdRlk f'k{kk izkIr MkDVj tks bySDVªksesfMdy e'khu@midj.k dks LFkkfir djuk pkgrs gSa mudks vf/kdre :i;s 60.00 yk[k ykxr rd ds midj.kksa gsrq _.k iznku fd;k tk;sxkA 8. i;ZVu vk/kkfjr ;kstuk,¡ %& m|eh tks lkaLÑfrd euksjatd ikdZ] jsLVksjsUV] i;ZVu lsokvksa ds uohuhdj.k@foLrkj bR;kfn djuk pkgrs gSa rFkk i;ZVu fodkl laLFkk ls vuqeksnu izkIr gks] vko';drkuqlkj _.k gsrq vkosnu dj ldrs gSaA 9. bfDoVh vk/kkfjr lgk;rk ;kstuk %& ¼v½ lhM dSihVy ;kstuk %& y?kq@y?kqÙkj v|fe;ksa gsrq tks izorZd va'k yxkus dh fLFkfr esa ugha gksrs] mudks 10% ifj;kstuk dh ykxr vFkok vf/kdre 15.00 yk[k :i;s 1% dh nj ls C;kt ik¡p o"kks± rd] rRi'pkr 10% dh nj ls C;kt yxsxkA ¼c½ jk"Vªh; bfDoVh QaM ;kstuk %& y?kq@y?kqÙkj bdkbZ tks ubZ LFkkfir vFkok iquZjhf{kr ¼fjgsfcysVsM½ gS rFkk egkuxjh; {ks=kksa ls fdlh {ks=k ea LFkkfir gks] mijksä bdkbZ ds bfDoVh xSi dks iwjk djus ds fy, ifj;kstuk ykxr vf/kdre :i;s 10.00 yk[k gksuh pkfg,A lgk;rk dh jkf'k ifj;kstuk dh ykxr dk 25% ftl ij ek=k lsok izHkkj 1% gksxhA 10. efgykvksa gsrq ;kstuk,¡ %& ¼v½ efgyk m|e fuf/k ;kstuk %& ;g ;kstuk efgyk m|fe;ksa gsrq tks bfDoVh ds va'k dks yxkus esa vleFkZ gSA ;fn ifj;kstuk dh ykxr vf/kdre 10% yk[k :i;s gks] rks efgyk m|eh 2.5 yk[k :i;s rd izkIr gksaxs C;kt dh nj 1% ckf"kZd gksxhA ¼c½ efgyk m|eh gsrq ;kstuk %& ;s ;kstuk efgyk m|fe;ksa gsrq gSa tks y?kq m|ksx LFkkfir djuk pkgrh gSaA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr izf'k{k.k ,oa foLrkj gsrq lgk;rk miyC/k gksrh gSA 11. lsesQSDl ¼HkwriwoZ lSfud gsrq½ fo'ks"k ;sktuk %& ;g ;kstuk HkwriwoZ lSfudksa vFkok lSfudksa dh fo/kokvksa gsrq gSaA bldk mís'; y?kq bdkbZ@lsok;sa@ifjoguksa gsrq ftudh vf/kdre ifj;kstuk ykxr :i; 15.00 yk[k gks] dk vf/kdre :- 2.25 yk[k _.k myC/k djkuk gSA bl _.k ij ek=kk 1% C;kt eksjVksfj;e rd ,oa blds i'pkr 6% C;kt dh nj ykxw gksrh gSA 12. ,dy óksr ;kstuk %&

u;h vfr y?kq o y?kq bdkb;ka ftudh ifj;kstuk ifjO;; 100 yk[k :i;s ls vf/kd ugha gS vkSj lkekU; Lrj ij ifjpkyu ds fy, ftudh dk;Z'khy iawth dh vko';drk 10 yk[k :i;s rd gS] bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr lglk;rk dh ik=kk gSa o'krsZ vpy ifjlaifÙk;ksa ds fy, lkof/k _.k o dk;Z'khy iwath gh laLFkk }kjk eatwj dh xbZ FkhA 13. fcy iquHkqZukbZ ;kstuk&e'khu gsrq %& bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr e'khu fuekZrk iwfrZdrk@Øsrk tks Lons'kh] e'khuksa dks ysrs gSa] bdkbZ ds foLrkj vk/kqfudhdj.k] izfrLFkkfir djrs gSa] jk"Vªh;Ñr cSad ds ek/;e ls _.k izkIr dj ldrs gSaA bl ;kstuk ds vUrxZr vYikof/k ds fy, y?kq bdkbZ iwfrZdrkZ Hkh ykHk mBk ldrk gSA 14. izR;{k fcy HkqukbZ ;kstuk %& izR;{k ;kstuk ls y?kq bdkbZ@fuekZrk ykHk mBk ldrs gSaA

11

mÙkj izns'k foÙkh; fuxe

mís'; % vkS|ksfxd fodkl gsrq foÙkh; lgk;rk miyC/krk djkukA dk;Zdyki % jkT; ds lHkh e.My;h ¼jktLo½ eq[;ky;ksa rFkk vU; cksl {ks=kh; dk;kZyk;ksa ds ek/;e ls izns'k ds vkS|ksfxd fodkl dk lrr~ iz;klA foÙkh; lgk;rk dh fofHkUu ;kstuk;sa % y?kq o e/;e Lrjh; vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ksa ds fy, :- 3 djksM+ rd pqdrk iwath ¼isM vi dSfiVy½ o eqä lap; ¼Qzh fjtoZ½ okyh dEiuh;ksa dh ifj;kstukvksa dh LFkk;h lEifr;ksa dh ¼vFkkZr~ Hkwfe] ¼LVkEi o jftLVªh [kpZ½ Hkou] e'khujh o la;=k fuekZ.k vof/k ds C;kt rFkk rduhdh ijke'kZ½ ds fy;s :- 90 yk[k rd dh foÙkh; lgk;rk :- 5 djksM+ rd dh ;kstukvksa ds fy, fidi rFkk vuqlwfpr cSadksa ds lkFk feydj lgk;rkA fczftax _.k% ;kstuk ds Rofjr fØ;kUo;u gsrq LohÑr _.k ds fo:) fczftax&yksu dh O;oLFkkA vk/kqfudhdj.k %LFkkfir bdkbZ;ksa dks viuh mRiknu {krek c<+kus] mRiknu ykxr de djus ;k rduhdh vk/kqfudhdj.k gsrq foÙkh; lgk;rkA midj.k iqufoZÙk lgk;rk % 4 o"kZ ls vf/kd le; ls dk;Z dj jgh o 2 o"kZ ls ykHk vftZr dj jgh bdkbZ;ksa dks vk/kqfudhdj.k@foLrkj@iqjkuh e'khuksa ds LFkku ij Lons'kh@vk;frr e'khuksa ds fy;s Rofjr foÙkh; lgk;rkA i;ZVu m|ksx % gksVy] eksVsy] jsLVksjsUV] Vsªosy ,tsUlh] euksjatu ikdZ vkfn ds fy;s foÙkh; lgk;rkA ufl±x gkse tk¡p midj.k %NksVs vLirky@ufl±x gkse dh LFkkiuk rFkk@vFkok fpfdRlky; tk¡p o mipkj ds fy;s fo|qr midj.kksa dh [kjhn ds fy;s foÙkh; lgk;rkA NksVs m|fe;ksa ds fy;s ,dy fcUnq ;kstuk % 50 yk[k rd dh ;kstuk ykxr okyh NksVh bdkb;ksa ds fy;s LFkkbZ lEifÙk;ksa ds lkFk ds fy;s lkof/k _.kA xzkeh.k@dqVhj bdkb;ksa ds fy;s dEiksftV _.k ;kstuk % dk;Z'khuy iwath lfgr :- 50 :- gtkj rd ;kstuk ykxr okyh xzkeh.k dqVhj o y?kqÙkj bdkbZ;ksa dks LFkk;h lEifÙk o dk;Z'khy iwath lgk;rkA HkwriwoZ lSfud@efgyk m|fe;ksa % fo'ks"k izksRlkgu ds :i esa lkof/k _.k ds lkFk&lkFk cht iawth lgk;rkA O;olkf;d % MkDVj] bathfu;j] pkVsZM ,dkmUVsUV] vkdhZVsDV] dkLV ,dkmUVsUV vkfn dks foÙkh; lgk;rkA y?kq m|ksxksa ds mRiknu dk foi.u % xzkeh.k] dqVhj] y?kqÙkj ,oa vkS|ksfxd bdkbZ;ksa dh fcØh ds fy;s u;s 'kks&:ie@fcØh dsUæksa dh LFkkiuk rFkk LFkfir 'kks&:e@fcØh dsUæksa ds foLrkj@vk/kqfudhdj.k ds fy;s lgk;rkA eps±UV cSfdax o vU; lsok;sa % izkstSDV ewY;kadu] gk;j&ijpst o yhftax ds :i esa lgk;rkA

12

mÙkj izns'k jkT; vkS|ksfxd fodkl fuxe

mís';

lqfu;ksftr ,oa Rofjr vkS|ksfxd fodklA

dk;Zdyki

vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa dk fodkl] va'kiw th Hkkxhnkjh] va'kd vfHkxksiu ,oa la;qä@lgk;frr

{ks=kksa esa m|ksxksa dk izoZruA lLrh njksa ,oa vklku fd'rksa ij Hkw[k.M viyC/k djkukA m|ksxksa

dh vfu;fer LFkkiuk esa deh ykus rFkk fiNM+s tuinksa esa vf/kdkf/kd iwath fuos'k dks izksRlkgu

dj vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa dh LFkkiuk ,oa vU; ljdkjh foHkkxksa rFkk miØeksa ds fy, fuekZ.k dk;ZA

la;qä@lgk;frr {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir dh tkus okyh ifj;kstuk;s%

larqfyr vkS|ksfxd fodkl ds mís'; ls fofHkUu m|fe;ksa] vkS|ksfxd lewgksa dh lgk;rk ls

e/;e ls o`gn v|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk dks izksRlkguA ifj;kstukvksa dh rduhdh@foÙkh; vko';drkvksa

ds vuq:i ;Fkk&lEHko fiNM+s {ks=kksa esa LFkkfir djus dk iz;RuA

va'kiwath Hkkxhnkjh ;kstuk %

fu/kkZfjr va'kiwath dk fuos'k u dj ldus dh n'kk esa izoZrdksa dks fu/kkZfjr v'kaiwath o

mlds }kjk fd;s x;s fuos'k ds vUrj ds vk?kkj ij va'kiw th lgk;rkA fiNM+s tuinksa]

fu;kZrksUeq[k@vk;kr izfriwjd m|ksxksa o vizoklh Hkkjrh;ksa dks ojh;rkA

Hkw[k.M vkoaVu@ava'k vfHkxksiu i=k %

izns'k esa yx jgh lkoZtfud dEiuh dks iwath cktkj ls va'k iawth tqVkus gsrq va'k

vfHkxksiu }kjk vkfFkZd lgk;rkA lgk;rk jkf'k lkekU;r% fuxZfer iawth ds 15% rd fuxe }kjk

fodflr vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa esa Hkw[k.M vkoaVu ds bPNqd m|eh fu/kkZfjr vkosnu i=k ij izLrkfor

ifj;kstuk ds laf{kIr fooj.k] Hkwfe mi;ksx] izLrkfor ekufp=k ,oa ck¡fNr /kujkf'k rhoz ,oa eUn

xfr vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa ds fy;s Øe'k% :- 550 o :- 1000 izfr ,dM+ ¼:- 100 vkosnu 'kqYd ds

lkFk½ vkosnu dj ldus dh lqfo/kkA fuxe ds rhozxkeh ,oa eUn xfr vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa Hkw[k.M ds

dqy ewY; dh Øe'k% 25% o 10% /kujkf'k vkoaVu dh frfFk ls 30 fnu esa ns;A fdlh foÙkh; laLFkk

ls vkfFkZd lgk;rk izkIr u djus dh n'kk esa Hkw[k.M dks vo'ks"k /kujkf'k dk Hkqxrku vkoaVu ds

ckn 10 Nekgh fd'rksa esa 20% C;kt lfgr esa rhoz o eUn xfr vkS|ksfxd {ks=kksa eas Øe'k% 2% o 4%

dh NwVA

13

jk"Vªh; Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl cSad

ukokMZ dh LFkkiuk ,d 'kh"kZd xzkeh.k fodkl cSad esa fjtoZ cSad }kjk dh x;hA jk"Vªh; cSad okf.kT; cSadks]

Hkwfe fodkl cSadksa }kjk fofHkUu ifj;kstukvkas ds fy, iquZfor ;kstuk vUrxZr] vYikof/k e/;kof/k o nk?kkZof/k _.kksa

dh lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA jk"Vªh; cSad }kjk vuqlU/kku o fodkl ds {ks=k esa ,oa fofHkUu izdkj ds izf'k[k.k

dk;ZØeksa gsrq Hkh lgk;rk miyC/k djkrk gSA

jk"Vªh; cSad dh nk?kkZof/k _.k ¼;kstukc)½

¼d½ ik=k laLFkk;sa

¼1½ vuqlwfpr okf.kT; cSadA

¼2½ {ks=kh; okf.kT; cSadA

¼3½ ftyk e/;orhZ lgdkjh cSadA

¼4½ ftyk e/;orhZ Hkwfe fodkl cSadA

¼[k½ vof/k &

¼1½ 3 o"kZ ls de u gksA

¼2½ 25 o"kZ ls vf/kd u gksA

¼x½ ik=k dk;Zdyki

Ñf"k vkSj xzkeh.k dk;Zdyki tSls& y?kq flapkbZ] Hkwfe fodkl] catj Hkwfe fodkl] ckxokuh] js'ke mRiknu]

i'kq ikyu] eRL; ikyu] lesfdr xzkeh.k fodkl ifj;kstuk] Ñf"k e'khuhdj.k] Hk.Mkj.k foi.ku ekMZ] ok;ks rduhdh

ifj;kstuk bR;kfnA

M~okdjk ;kstuk ¼xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa efgykvksa ,oa cPpksa ds fodkl ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj dh ;kstuk&

;g ;kstuk xk¡o dh efgykvksa o cPpksa ds fy, gSaA fo'ks"k dj xzkeh.k {ks=k esa xjhch js[kk ls uhps jgus okys

xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dh efgyk lnL;ksa dks vk; izkfIr rFkk Lojkstxkj ds volj iznku djus ds mís'; ls rS;kj dh

x;h gSA

Ñf"k;sÙkj {ks=k

xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa dqVhj] y?kq m|ksxksa gLrf'kYiksa rFkk vU; xzkeh.k f'kYiksa dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, iznku fd;s

x;s _.kksa ij jk"Vªh; cSad l siqufoZr ysus dh ik=krk gSA m|ksxksa dks 22 eq[; lewgksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS]

fodkl vk;qÙk ¼y?kq m|ksx½ Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk vuqeksfnr dksbZ Hkh m|ksx lgk;rk izkIr djus dk ik=k gSA

eq[; fo'k"krk,¡ &

(1) vkVkseksfVd iqufoZr lqfo/kk & (i) lafeJ vksj lesfdr _.k ds fy, lkekU; iquZfo±rA (ii) lskyj dqdj] ok;ksxSl la;=k] ifjpkydksa }kjk NksVs okgu dh [kjhn] odZ'kSM] dPps eky ds dsUæ] 'kks :e] xksnke forj.k okgu

bR;kfn dh lqfo/kk;saA (iii) ifj;kstuk rSlkj djkuk ,oa ijke'kZ lsok,a

(2) xSj vkVkseSfVd iuqfoZr lqfo/kk & js'ke m|ksx gFkdj?kk] y?kq m|ksx bdkb;ksa] iathÑr] leL;kvka] lgdkjh

lfefr;ksa gsrq lkof/k _.kA

(3) vU; ;kstukvksa & (1) m|fe;ksa dks ekftZu euh gsrq O;kt Hkqxrku _.k] iwoZ lSfudksa] fo/kokvksa] fodyk¡x iwoZ lSfud vkfn ds fy, lSEQSDl&II ;kstukA

mä leLr ;kstukvksa ds fy, xzkeh.k f'kYidkj] gLrf'kYi] NksVs m|eh] lfefr;ksa] laLFkkvksa bR;kfn mi;qä

ek=k gks ldrs gSaA

(4) iquZfoÙk dh lhek & (i) lfeJ _.k & :i;s 50.000 (ii) lesfdr _.k& 10 yk[k] vkVkesfVd iquZfoÙk lqfo/kk ds vUrxZrA

(5) ekftZu euh & :i;s 50 gtkj rd ds fe{k _.k ds fy, ekftZu euh jkf'k vko';d ugha& :i;s 1 yk[k

rd ds _.kksa ds fy, 5 % & :i;s 1 yk[k ls vij ds _.kksa ds fy, 10%

(6) vnk;xh vof/k & 3 ls 10 o"kZ

14

(7) C;kt dh nj& (1.0394 ls izHkkfor½ :i;s 25 gtkj dh jkf'k rd & 12% :i;s 25 gtkj ls Åij &

14% :i;s 2 yk[k ls Åij & 15%

izkFkfed cqudj lfefr;ksa ds mRiknu vkSj foi.ku dk;Zdyki&

izkFkfed cqudj lfefr;ksa dh mRiknu vkSj foi.ku xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rk miyC/k djkus gsrq

ftyk e/;orhZ vkS|ksfxd lgdkjh cSadksa ds fy, jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa jk"Vªh; cSad ls vYiof/k _.k lhek miyC/k gSA

cqudjksa }jk odZ'ksM ds fuekZ.k] dj?kksa ds vtqZu vkfn ds fy, lkof/k _.k dh lgk;rk iznku dh tkrh gSA us'kuy

VsDlVkby dkiksZjs'ku ds ,sls deZpkjh] ftUgksaus ikojywe dk;Zdykiksa dks viukus ds fy, LosPNk ls lsokfuo`Ùk gksus

dh bPNk tfgj dh gS% muds iquZokl ds fy, Hkh iqufoZr lqfo/kk iznku dh tkrh gSA

efgykvksas ds Lo;a lgk;rk lewg vkSj jk"Vªh; cSad dh izk;ksfxd ifj;kstuk

xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa ferO;f;rk vkSj opr dks izksRlkfgr djus rFkk cSafdax iz.kkyh ds ek/;e ls mudh _.k

vko';drkvkas dks iwjk djus ds mís'; ls o"kZ 1992 esa Lo;a lgk;rk lewgksa dks cSadksa ds lkFk lgc) djus dh

izk;ksfxd ifj;kstuk izkjEHk dh xbZ Fkh] blesa eq[; ckrsa fuEu gSaA

(i) Lo;a lgk;rk lewg tks de ls de fiNys 6 efguksa ls lfØ; :i ls dk;Zjr gS rFkk vius lnL;ksa

dks _.k nsus rFkk mudh cprksa dks izksRlkfgr djus dk dk;Z djrs gSA

(ii) Lo;a lgk;rk lewg vkSipkfjd vFkok vuksipkfjd lewg gks ldrs gSaA lewg ds lnL;ksa dh la[kk

10 ls 20 gks ldrh gSSA

(iii) lewg }kjk laxzfgr cprksa ds vuqikr ds vuqlkj cSad mUgsa foÙkiks"k.k iznku djsaxsA _.k vkSj

cprksa dks vuqikr cSad ds ewY;kadu ds vk/kkj ij 1:4 ls 1:4 ds chp gks ldrk gSA (iv) Lo;a lgk;rk lewg dks _.k lgk;rk esa C;kt dh 12% r; dh x;h gSA

xzkeh.k ekbØks vksj ?kjsyw m|eksa dh lgk;rk iznku djus ds fy, xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dks c<+h ek=kk esa _.k

;kstuk dh eq[; ckrsa %&

(1) ,slh okyafV;j ,tsafl;ksa@xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa dks _.k miyC/k djok;k tkrk gS tks xzeh.k xjhcksa dks

oS;fäd :i ls vFkok NksVs lewgksa dh ekiZr _.k lgk;rk iznku djrs gSa vkSj muesa feO;f;rk dks izksRlkfgr djrs

gSaA

(2) ,tsUlh vius _.k dk;ZØe gsrq 1ls 3 o"kksZ dh vof/k ds fy, viuk dk;ZØe ¼izkstsD'kUl½ rS;kj djsxhA

(3) ,tsUlh dk fgLlk blesa 25% jgsxkA

(4) cSad ls LoSfPNd laxBuksa dks 9% dh C;kt nj ij _.k miyC/k gksxkA

(5) vfUre _.k drkZ dks O;SfädA lewg _.k nsus ds fy, foÙk dk vkadyu] ewY;kadu] izfrHkwfr vko';drk;saA

C;kt dh nj] pqukSrh vof/k vkSj vU; 'krsaZ] cSadksa ls dkQh ek=kk esa _.k ysus okyh LoSfPNd laxBuksa }kjk fu/kkZfjr

dh tk;sxhA

(6) vfuok;Z 'krZ ;g gS fd _.kdrkZ us viuh {kerk ds vuqlkj fu;fer :i ls nSfud lkIrkfgd vFkok ekfld

vk/kkj ij dqN jkf'k tek dh gksA bl rjg dh opr dh jkf'k LoSfPNd laxBu ;k xSj ljdkjh laxBu }kjk

,dfyr dh xbZ gS vkSj izR;sd lnL; ds fy,s vyx&vyx O;Sfäd [kkrs [kksys x, gSsA

15

mRikn p;u ,oa volj vfHkKku

vki Lo;a ;g lksfp, fd vki dkSu lk m|ksx yxkuk pkgrs gSaA lkcqu cukuk pkgsaxs ;k nok;sa cukuk\

vPNk! vc vki ;g lksfp, fd m|ksx pykus ds fy, fdu&fdu phtksa dh t:jr gksxh tSls lkcqu ds m|ksx ds

fy, FkksM+h lh txg dqN IykfLVd ds iSdsV] lksfM;e flfydsV] ,UghMªl lksi ikmMj] lksfM;e DyksjkbM] VsVªk

lksfM;e] ik;jk QkLQsV] vkIVhdy Cyhp vkfn dh t:jr gksxhA

;fn vkius m|ksx dk pquko lgh <+ax ls ugha fd;k gS rks vki lnSo vleatl dh fLFkfr esa jgsaxsA blfy,

cgqr gh lksp le>dj dne mBkuk pkfg, D;ksafd vxj blesa dksbZ Hkwy gks x;h rks u dsoy vkidk /ku o le;

cckZn gksxk] cfYd ckn esa bldk izHkko vkids vkRefo'okl o Hkfo"; ij Hkh iM+sxk ,oa dq.Bk mRiUu gksxhA vr%

lksp fopkj dj gh dksbZ dne mBkuk pkfg,A blds fy, fuEu ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A

1. viuh {kerk

vkidks m|ksx pquus ls igys ;g ns[kuk pkfg, fd vkiesa fdl izdkj ds dk;Z djus dh {kerk gS tSls fd

vkiesa rqjUr lgh fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk gS\ fdl {ks=k esa vki vf/kd dk;Z dj ldrs gSa ,oa fdu {ks=kksa esa vki

vius dks detksj le>rs gSa \ vki t;knk nkSM+&/kwi dj ik;saxs fd ugha \ vkiesa lgu'khyrk gS\ vki gkj dks

lgu dj nksckjk dke mlh yxu ls dj ik;saxs\ vkidh lsgr bl dke ds fy, vuqdwy gS\ bR;kfn igyqvksa ij

Hkyh&Hkk¡fr ls fopkj djuk gksxkA

2. /kS;Z

dgha ,slk rks ugha fd vki fdlh ijs'kkuh esa ,dne ?kcjk tkrs gksa\ vkidks /khjt j[kuk pkfg,A

dHkh&dHkh ,slk gksrk gS fd dksbZ ,slh leL;k vk {kM+h gksrh gS ftl ij igys lkspk gh ugha x;k gksrkA ,sls le;

esa vkidks /kS;Z ls dke djuk vkuk pkfg,A vDlj vkidk dke vkidh vk'kkvksa ds foijhr Hkh gks ldrk gSA ;k

fdlh dk;kZy; esa ckj&ckj iz;Ru djds Hkh vkidk dke ugha gks jgk gS ,slh fLFkfr esa vkidks xqLls ls dke ugh

ysuk gSA cfYd /kS;Z ls vius bjkns dks iDdk djrs gq, fLFkfr dks le>uk gS vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk gSA

3. lkgl

m|e yxkus ds fy, lkglh gksuk Hkh t:jh gSA fcuk lkgl ds dksbZ dne ugha mBk;k tk ldrkA vkids

eu esa ;g loky mBsxk fd eSa dSls tkuw fd eSa fdruk lkglh gwwaA blds fy, vkReniZ.k fl)kUr ds vuqlkj vkidks

vksj yksxksa ls vius okjs esa jk; ysuh gksxh fd yksx vkids ckjs esa D;k lksprs gSa\ vki [kqn gh lksfp, fd vki Lo;a

dks r4st] prqj] /kS;Zoku ;k dqN vkSj le>rs gSaA vkils yksx dSlk O;ogkj djrs gS\ D;k vki fdlh Hkh dfBukbZ

dks ljyrk ls lqy>krs gSa\ fdlh nwljs dh ftEesnkjh dks Hkh ysrs gSa vkSj mls iwjk djokrs gSsaA

4. viuh ifjokfjd ifjfLFkfr

m|e LFkkfir djus ds fy, vkidks viuk djhc&djhc lkjk le; mlh vksj yxkuk gksxkA vr% vki vius

ifjokfjd nkf;Ro] [kpksZ ,oa fudV Hkfo"; dh vko';drkvksa dks /;ku esa jf[k,A

5 'kkjhfjd {kerk

m|e pqurs le; vki ;g Hkh nsf[k;s fd vki fdruk dk;Z dj ldrs gSA vki ,d LoLFk uo;qod gSa ;k

vf/kd mez ds fjVk;MZ O;fä gSa\ ;fn vki nwljh Js.kh ds gSa rks Bgfj;s\ vki ,slk m|ksx pqfu, ftlesa vkidks

T;knk esgur u djuh iM+sA

16

6 ijEijxr O;olk;

D;k vki fdlh O;olk;h ifjokj ls vkrs gSa\ ;fn gka rks vki ds fy, ;gh t;knk Bhd gksxk fd vki vius

ifjokj ds O;olk; dks gh djsa ;k mlls tqM+k gqvk m|e yxk;sa rkfd vkids ifjokj dk o"kkZsa ls pyk vk jgk

vuqHko] ifjp; vkfn vkids dke vk ldsA ,d ckj dk;Z dk vuqHko gks tkus ds ckn vU; fdlh dk;Z dks Hkh

vkjEHk dj ldrs gSA

7 cktkj dh fLFkfr

vki tks m|e pqu jgs gSa mldh [kir ds ckjs esa irk dj yhft,A cktkj esa ;g pht lky Hkj mi;ksxh

gksrh gSA ;k dwqN gh le; mldk mi;ksx gksrk tgS\ mldh [kir lkekU; cktkj esa gksrh gS ;k ef.M;ksa esa\ blds

lkFk gh ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksrk gS fd vU; m|fe;ksa }kjk cukbZ xbZ pht dk D;k Lrj gS\ dgha ,slk rks ugh fd

vmids eky dk Lrj cgqr [kjkc gks\ bl ckjsa esa vkidks cktkj dk Hkjiwj losZ{k.k djuk gksxk vkSj vf/kd ckrsa

tkuus ds fy, cktkj losZ{k.k v/;k; dks i<+saA

8 dPps eky dh miyC/krk

m|e dk pquko djus ls igys vkidks ;g Hkh ns[kuk gksxk fd cktkj esa dPpk eky gS ;k ughaA dgha ,slk

rks ugha fd m|ksx LFkkfir gksus ds dqN fnu ckn cktkj ls dPpk eky xk;c gks tk, vkSj vkidks viuk m|ksx

cUn djuk iM+sA vki ;g Hkh nsf[k, fd dPp-k eky QSDVªh rd ykus esa vkidk fdruk [kpZ gksrk gSA dgha ,slk rks

ugha dqN fnu ckn vkidks dgha cgqr nwj ls dPpk eky ykuk iM+s blesa vkidk /ku rFkk le; vf/kd yxsxkA

9 foÙkh; fLFkfr

vius cSad cSaysal dh fLFkfr Hkh ns[kuh gksxhA bl ckr dks utj vankt djds vkxs c<+uk cgqr cM+h Hkwy

gksxhA ;g lp gS fd vkiudks m|e yxkus ds fy, _.k feyrk gS ij mlds ckn vkids ikl lUrqfyr jkf'k dk

gksuk t:jh gSA blds vykok [kpZ ,oa ?kkVs dh laHkkokuk dk vankt yxkuk gksxkA fdlh ykyp esa viuh {kerk ls

T;knk cM+s m|e dks u yxk ysaA /khjs&/khjs viuh foÙkh; fLFkfr dks lq/kkjrs gq, m|ksx dk foLrkj djsaA m|e p;u

esa dqy ifj;kstuk dh ykxr dk yxHkx 25-30 izfr'kr rd bfDoh@va'knku vo'; gksuk pkfg,A

10 m|ksx LFkkiuk esa fopkj %&

m|ksx LFkkiuk esa O;fä dh tYnckth gkfudkjd gksrh gSA dgha ,slk rks ugha fd vki m|ksx LFkkiuk esa

cgqr tYnh dj jgs gSaA vxj lansg gS rks Bgfj;sA bl dke ds ckjs esa vki ,d ckj fQj Hkyh izdkj ls lksp ysa fd

vki m|ksx lEcfU/kr my>uksa ls dSls fuiVsaxsA

11 e'khu dh miyC/krk %&

m|ksx p;u dh izfØ;k esa ,d egRoiw.kZ igyw e'khu p;u dk Hkh gksrk gS D;ksafd ;fn e'khu Lons'kh gS rks

fu'p; gh mldh ykxr vk;frr e'khu ls de gksxh rFkk Hkfo"; esa fdlh Hkh izdkj dh VwV&QwV gksus ij mldh

ejEer djokus esa vf/kd le; O;; ugna djuk iM+sxk] lkFk gh lkFk ykxr de gksus ls ifj;kstuk dh ykxr Hkh

de gks ldrh gSSA

12 lajpukRed miyC/krk%&

ifj;kstuk p;u esa lajpukRed miyC/krk dk viuk ,d fo'ks"k egRo gksrk gS D;ksafd Hkwfe] fctyh] ikuh]

lM+d] cSad o vU; ewyHkwr lqfo/kk,¡ bdkbZ LFkkiuk LFky ij ekStwn ugha gS rks bdkbZ dks Hkfo"; esa fdlh Hkh izdkj

17

dh leL;k dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gS] lkFk gh lkFk ;g lHkh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa ds miyC/k gksus ij

vko';d Hkkx&nkSM+ ls Hkh m|eh cp ldrk gS rFkk ifj;kstuk dh ykxr Hkh de dh tk ldrh gSA

13 ekuo 'kfä dh miyC/krk mRikn@m|e p;u izfØ;k esa mi;qä ekuo 'kfä ¼dq'ky½ p;u] Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ izfØ;k gS D;ksafd ;fn

vki p;u djrs gSa phuh feêh ds crZu] ihry] fufdy vFkok 'kh'kk mRikn dk] rks fu'p; gh vkidks dq'ky dkjhxj dk p;u djuk iM+sxkA dq'ky dkjhxj mUgha {ks=kksa esa miyC/k gksaxs] tgk¡ fuekZ.k@mRikn izpqj ek=kk esa

gksrs gSaA vr,c ekuo 'kfä dk p;u] mRikn p;u izfØ;k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrk gSSA m|ksx LFkkfir djuj m|eh ds O;fäRo ls dkQh xgjkbZ ls tqM+k gqvk gSA tc vki viu fy, fdlh m|ksx dk p;u djsa

rks viuh rkdrksa] detksfj;ksa ,oa vius lEeku dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, gh fdlh m|ksx volj dk p;u djsaA vkidks ,sls gh voljksa dk p;u djuk gksxk ftldk rkyesy lh/kk vkids O;fäRo ls gks lds D;ksafd lgh m|ksx dk p;u

u gksus ds dkj.k vkidh iwjh 'kfä xyr fn'[kk dh rjQ yxus dh laHkkouk gSA u;s m|eksa ds fy, mRikn dk p;u djuk bruk ljy ugha gS vkSj mlds eu esa vfUre fu.kZ; ysus ls igys vusd 'kadk;sas mRiUu gksrh jgsxhA

14 ljdkjh uhfr;k¡

mRiknksa m|e p;u izfØ;k ds mijksä fcUnqqvksa ij xagu fopkj ,oa dk;Z djus ds lkFk&lkFk m|eh dks

ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dk Hkh v/;;u djuk gksxk fd p;fur m|ksx izfrcaf/kr lwph esa rks ugha gS D;ksafd ;fn p;fur

m|ksx izfroaf/kr lwwph esa gS rks ml m|ksx@mRiknu dk p;u djuk mi;qä ugha gksxkA izfrcaf/kr lwph dh

tkudkjh ftyk m|ksx dsUæ@cSad@m-iz- foÙkh; fuxe ls miyC/k gks ldrh gSA p;u ds pj.k % vkS|ksfxd volj igpku &

vkidks Lo;a dh dq'kyrk ,oa dk;Zdq'kyrk] vPNkb;ksa ,oa dfe;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, okrkoj.k esa ekStwn voljksa dks <wz<+us dh dksf'k'k djuk gS vksj vfaUre fu.kZ; ysus ls igys nksuksa dk rqyukRed fo'ys"K.k djds vius

mRiknu dk p;u djuk gSA dkSu lk mRikn yxk;k ik;s blds ckjs esa dqN fopkj vkidks fey ldrs gSa ;fn vki vius {ks=k esa mu u;s mRikn@lsokvksa ds ckjs esa tks fd ml {ks=k esa miyC/krk ugha gS ;k orZeku

mRikn@lqfo/kkvksa esa lq/kkj ykdj ;k fodkl djds u;s mRikn dk vkjEHk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn u;s mRiknu esa dqN Hkh lUnsg yx jgk gks rks tks mRikn ,oa lsok,a yksx igys ls dj jgs gSa mlh esa ;s vius fy,

dksbZ mRikn lk lsok dk p;u djsaA lgk;d m|ksx ds :i esa Hkh vki viuh ifj;kstuk 'kq: dj ldrs gSsaA u;s m|eh ftuds ikl vuqHko dh deh gS muds fy, ;gh Bhd gksxk fd u;h orZeku bdkbZ;ksa esa ls fdlh mRikn dk

p;u djsa ;k mlesa lq/kkj ykdj dksbZ u;k mRikn cukus dh ps"Vk djsaA

cktkj ek¡x

m|ksx dk p;u ,d vR;Ur egRoiiw.kZ ,ao dfBu dk;Z gS bldk fu.kZ; ysus ls igys vkidks&

1 okrkoj.k esa miyC/krk lk/kuksa dh iwjh tkudkjh ysuh pkfg,A ml {ks=k dh tula[;k ogk¡ ds O;olk; ,oa

lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd n`f"Vdks.k dk iw.kZ vkHkkl gksuk pkfg,A

2 vkidks pkyw O;olk; fLFkfr] vUr{ks=kh; ysu&nsu ,oa LFkkuh; miHkksäk dh vko';drk dh iw.kZ tkudjh

ysuh pkfg, vkSj okrkoj.k dh ek¡x ,oa iwfrZ dk vuqeku gksuk pkfg,A

óskr

vius m|e dk p;u vki miyC/k lk/kuksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh dj ldrs gSa tSls Ñf"k] [kfut inkFkZ] leqæh lk/ku ,oa lu ls lfEcfU/kr lk/ku ,oa vof'k"V inkFkZ ij vk/kkfjr mRiknA c<+rh gqbZ vkoknh ,oa miHkksäk vkSj

vkSj vkS|ksfxd mRiknksa] lsokvksa esa c<+rh ek¡x ds vk/kkj ij Hkh vius m|ksx dk p;u dj ldrs gSaA mijksä lk/kuksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, vki vius m|ksx dk leqnk; r; dj ldrs gSaA tSls& baftfu;fjax] jlk;u] IykfLVd

bR;kfnA

18

izcU/k

vkids m|e dh iw.kZ :ijs[kk cu pqdh gSA vc vkidks ;g tkuuk gS fd vki viuk m|e dSls pyk,a o vkus okyh fnDdrksa dk lkeuk dSls djsaA leqfpr <ax ls m|e pykus ds fy, t:jh gS fd vki vPNk izcU/k djsaA

izcU/k D;k gS\ vPNs izcU/k ds pkj eq[; vax gksrs gSaA 1 ;kstuk

2 laxBu 3 usr`Ro

4 lapkyu dqN ladsrksa dks ns[kdj vkidks ekywe py tk;sxk fd vkids m|e ds izcU/k esa xM+cM+h gS ;k ughaA

1 tc fcuk fdlh ;kstuk ds dke gks jgk gksA 2 tc vki ns[ksa fd vkids deZpkjh [kq'k ugha gS ;k dke ugha djuk pkgrsA

3 tc vkids m|e esa y{; vkSj dk;Z djus dk rjhdk fuf'pr u gks 4 tc vki vius Åij lkjk dke ys ysrs gksaA

5 tc vf/kdrj fnDdrsa gh lkeus vkrh gksaA vxj Åij fy[kh ckrksa esa fdlh Hkh nks ls vkidk ekuk iM+rk gSA rks bdk eryc gS fd vkids m|e dk

izcU/k Bhd ugha gSA ysfdu D;k vki tkurs gSa fd izcU/k D;k gksrk gS\ ,d m|ksx ds flyflys esa izcU/k dbZ rjg ds gksrs gSsaa tSls fd deZpkjh izcU/k ¼ilZuy eSustesUV½] mRiknu izcU/k ¼izksMD'ku eSustesUV½] iwath izcU/k ¼dSihVy

eSustesUV½ l;e izcU/k ¼Vkbe eSustesUV½] lEidZ izcU/k ¼dE;qfuds'ku eSustesUV½ vkfnA foÙkh; izcU/k

foÙk] mRiknu ,oa fcØh izR;sd m|ksx ds vk/kkj LeEHk gSA buesa igys vki';drk iM+rh gS foÙk izcU/k ls rkRi;Z

ek=k /ku ,df=kr djuk gh ugha gS] vfirq mldk mi;ksx ,oa forj.k dq'kyrk ls djuk gSA for izcU/k dks Li"V djus ds fy, foÙkh; dk;ksZ dk vkoaVu fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tk ldrk gS%%&

foÙk izcU/k

m|ksx dh LFkkiuk ds fy, vkidks fdlh ,d óksr ls lkjh jkf'k ugha izkIr gks ldrhA fofHkUu óksrksa ls bldk izcU/k vf/kd vklku vksj ykHkizn gksrk gSA vkxs nh x;h lfj.kh }kjk ;g óksr Li"V gksrs gSaA

,d vPNs izcU/kd ds fy, vki';d gS fd mls foÙkh; lgk;rk djus okys lHkh óksrksa dk mfpr Kku gksA Åij nh xbZ lkfj.kh esa ,sls vusd óksr fn;s x;s gSa] tks vkids m|ksx dks vkfFkZd lgk;rk iznku djrs gSaA ijUrq

;g Hkh fofo/krk fy, gq, gksrs gSaA ;kfu dksbZ óksr fdlh fo'ks"k izdkj dh vko';drk ds fy, gh ykHkizn gksrs gSa tSls& yEch vof/k okys _.k] m|ksx dh LFkk;h iwath ds fy, iz;ksx fd;s tkus ij vf/kd ykHkizn gksrs gSaA tcfd

dk;Z'khy iwath ds fy, vYi vof/k ds _.k vf/kd mi;ksxh gksrs gSa vkidh tkudkjh ds fy, ;gk¡] un lHkh ds xq.k] nks"k ,oa miyC/krk dh tkudjh nh tk jgh gSA

fuos'k %

;gk¡ fuos'k ls rkRi;Z ml iwath ls gS tks vki vius ikl ls yxkrs gSaA ;g fuosf'kr iwath lerk jkf'k (Equity)ds :i esa iz;qä gksrh gSA vU; óksrksa ls _.k izkIr djus ds fy, dqN jkf'k vkids ikl myC/k gksuk vko';d gksrk gS] ml jkf'k dk izcU/k fuEu óksrksa ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1. O;fäxr tSlk fd uke ls gh Li"V gS fd ;g óksr vki gh gSaA ;kfu vkidks futh lEifÙk ftlesa vkidh vHkh rd

cpkbZ xbZ jkf'k 'kkfey gSA m|ksx vkjEHk djus ds fy, ;g iwath cgqr vko';d ,oa egRoiw.kZ gksrh gS D;ksafd blh dh miyC/krk ij vkidks vU; _.k feyrs gSaA m|ksx dk dk;Z vkjEHk gks tkus ij mlls feyus okyk ykHk Hkh

vkidk O;fäxr foÙk óksr gks tkrk gSA

19

2. 'ks;j

lerk jkf'k izkIr djus dk ,d ókr gS 'ks;j cspukA ijUrq 'ks;j cspus dk vf/kdkj izR;sd dEiuh dks ugha gksrkA blds fy, ljdkjh vuqefr ysuk t:jh gSA O;fä ftrus ewY; dk 'ks;j [kjhnrk gS] dEiuh ds mrus Hkkx dk

ekfyd gks tkrk gS ,oa dEiuh vius ykHk dk dqN izfr'kr va'k ¼fuos'k ds vuqlkj½ 'ks;j /kkjd dks nsrh gSA 'ks;j /kkdj dks fn;s tkus okys bl Hkkx dks ykHkka'k dgrs gSaA dEiuh ykHkka'k dk forj.k fdlh fuf'pr le; esa djus ds

fy;s dkuwuh :i ls ck/; ugha gksrh] cfYd vius lfo/kuqdwy le; ij forj.k dj ldrh gSA ykHkka'k forj.k ds vk/kkj ij 'ks;j /kkdjd izeq[kr% nks oxksZa esa foHkkftr fd;s tk ldrs gSa %&

¼v½ izkFkfed

izeq[k 'ks;j /kkjdksa ds ykHkka'k dh nj fuf'pr gksrh gS ,oa ykHkka'k vkoaVu esa mudks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA

¼c½ lkekU; lkekU; 'ks;j /kkjdksa ds ykHkka'k dh nj fuf'pr ugha gksrhA dEiuh ds izcU/kdksa ,ao funs'kdksa }kjk fy,

x;s ykHkka'k fu.kZ;ksa ds vk/kkj ij gh ykHkka'k dh nj vkSj vkoaVu dk Øe fu/kkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA viuh dEiuh ds 'ks;j cspus ds lkFk gh vki dqN vU; dEifu;ksa ds 'ks;j [kjhn Hkh ldrs gSa] ftuls vkidks le;&le; ij /ku

feyrk jgsxk vkSj m|ksx esa lgk;d fl) gksxkA vYidkyhu _.k óksr ¼dk;Z'khy iawth½

,sls O;; ftudh okj&ckj vko';drk iM+rh gS tSls dPpk eky vkfn ijA bu fujUrj gksus okys O;;ksa ds fy, vkidks dqN ,slh iawth dk izcU/k j[kuk iM+rk gS ftldk vki rqjUr mi;ksx dj ldsA bldks dk;Z'khy iwath

dgrs gSaA dk;Z'khy iawth ds fy, vkidks vYidkyhu _.k ksa dh vko';drk gksrh gSA buds izeq[k óksr bl izdkj gS%&

1. O;olkf;d m/kkj fdlh Hkh y/kq m|ksx dh mRiknu izfØ;k esa ;gka óksr cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ;g Lo;a

mikftZr gksrs gSa] blds fy, vkidks fdlh ls iSlk m/kkj ugha ysuk iM+rk gS] cfYd vki iznk;dksa ls dPpk eky ys ysrs gSa vkSj mldk Hkqxrku ckn esa djrs jgrs gSaA bl izdkj ds _.k dk lcls vf/kd Qk;nk ;g gksrk gS fd u rks

vkidks vf/kd vkSipkfjdrk,¡ iwjh djuh iM+rh gS vkSj u vf/kd C;kt nsuk iM+rk gS] lkFk gh bleas vkidks lkeku dh uhykeh ;k fnokfy;k gksus dk [krjk Hkh ugha gksrkA lkeku dk _.k ysdj cph gqbZ uxn jkf'k dk mi;ksx vki

vU; oLrqvksa esa dj dlrs gSaA bl izdkj ds m/kkjksa dh miyC/krk iznk;dksa esa vkidh llk[k ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA ;fn vkidh lk[k

fu;fer :i ls m/kkj pqdkus okys O;fä ds :i esa gS rks vkidks lkeku ljyrk ls m/kkj fey tkrk gSA ;kfu fd ;fn iznk;d dks vki ;g fo'okl fnyk lds fd vki islk fu;fer le; ls pqdk nsaxs rks og vkidks m/kkj lkeku

ns nsxkA u;s m|fe;ksa dks cktkj ea lk[k u gksus ds dkj.k vkjEHk esa ;g m/kkj feyus esa ijs'kkuh gksrh gS vr% mUgsa uxn iSlk Hkh vf/kd ysuk iM+rk gSA ijUrq ,d ckj lEcU/k LFkkfir gks tkus ij blesa dksbZ fo'ks"k leL;k ugha vkrh

gSA 2. cSad

dk;Z'khy iawth ds :i esa _.k iznku djus okys cSad vkids vYidkyhu _.k óksr gSA ;g _.k vkidks vkidh lEifÙk ds vk/kkj ij feyrk gSA cSad }kjk vkidh izLrqr lEifÙk ds vk/kkj ij vkidks feyus okys _.k dh

lhek fuf'pr dj nh tkrh gSA bleas ls vki viuh vko';rkuqlkj iSlk fudky ldrs gSaA vf/kdrj ;g _.k mRiknu vkSj fcØh dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, feyrs gSsA ijUrq tc rd vki ;g _.k ugha pqdk nsrs

rc rd izLrqr lEifÙk] dPpk eky bR;kfn dk vf/kdkjh cSad dks gh ekuk tkrk gSA y?kq m|ksx dh mRiknu {kerk de gksrh gS vkSj mUgsa muds Hkqxrku feys esa vf/kd le; yxrk gS vr% mUgsa bl izdkj ds _.k vf/kd jkf'k ds

ysus iM+rs gSsaA dHkh&dHkh O;olkf;d gkfu gksus ij Hkh m|ksx dks pyw j[kus ds fy;s vkidks cSad ls _.k fey ldrk gS] ysfdu blds fy, lEcfU/kr cSad ls vkids O;olkf;d lEcU/k vPNs gksus vfr vko';d gSA

3 lkekftd m|eh dks dqN _.k ,sls feyrs gSa tks og lfØ; mÙkjnkf;Ro ds fofo/k :iksa esa pqdkrk gSA ;g _.k

m|ksx ,oa m|eh ds vuqkj cnyrs jgrs gSaA ;g _;m fuEu óksrksa ls fy, tk ldrs gSa%&

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¼v½ xzkgdksa ls vfxze HkqxrkuA ¼c½ fe=kksa ;k fj'rsnkjksa ls m/kkj ysukA ¼l½ funs'kd] deZpkfj;ksa vkfn ls vLFkkbZ iwath tek djokukA nh?kZ dkyhu _.k óksr ¼LFkk;h iawth½ m|ksx dks LFkkfir djus esa nhz/kZ dkyhu _.k dkQh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA bl jkf'k dk iz;ksx m|ksx dh LFkk;h iwath tSls Hkwfe] e'khu] Hkou vkfn ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g _.k fuEu laLFkkvksa ls izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA ¼v½ jkT; ljdkj jkT; ljdkj }kjk ;g _.k m|ksx foHkkx ds ek/;e ls fn;s tkrs gSaA bldks feyus esas yxHkx ,d o"kZ dk le; yx tkrk gSA ¼c½ jkT; foÙk fuxe bl fuxe }kjk vf/kdrj xSj lgHkkxh m|ksxksa dks gh _.k fn;k tkrk gSA ftldk iz;ksx m|ksx dh vpy o LFkk;h iwath ds fy, fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vko';drk iM+us ij blesa ls dqN va'k dk iz;ksx dk;Z'khy iawth ds fy;s Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ¼l½ jkT; y?kq m|ksx fuxe ns'k esa y?kq m|ksxksa dks c<+kok nsus ds mís'; ls bl fuxe dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSSA bl fuxe ls y?kq m|ksxksa dks _.k ds vfrfjä vU; dbZ izdkj dh lgk;rk Hkh izkIr gksrh gS tSls& ljdkjh dk;kZs dk dqN fgLlk bu m|ksxksa dks fnykuk] vkMZj dh iwfrZ ,oa rduhdh lg;ksx] cktkj ds dk;Z tSls fcØh vkfn ,oa e'khu] midj.k mtyC/k djokukA

¼n½ cSad cSad ls feyus okyk nh?kZdkyhu _.k vkidh vpy lEifÙk vFkok fdlh izfrf"Br O;fä }kjk tekur ds vk/kkj ij feyrk gSA ;g _.k ,d fuf'pr nj ij fu;r le; esa pqdkuk gksrk gS ,oa ewyr% LFkk;h iawth tSls& e'khu] Hkou vkfn ds fy, fn;k tkrk gSA

blds vfrfjä vki vius fj'rsnkjksa ,oa fe=kksa] futh laLFkkvksa vkfn ls Hkh yEch vof/k ds _.k izkIr dj ldrs gSaA fuos'k ;kstuk ;kstuk cukus ls igys vki vius m|ksx ds O;;ksa dk Hkyh izdkj ls fo'ys"k.k dj ysa vki';drkuqlkj fuos'k djsaA

LFkk;h iawth ds fuekZ.k ;kfu mudk izcU/k ,d ckj gks tkus ls ckj&ckj ugha djk gksrk ,ao dk;Z'khy O;; mu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djrs gSa tks ,d ckj iwjh gksus ds ckn fQj ls mRiUu gksrh gSS] tSls& dPpk eky [kjhnuk] deZpkfj;ksa dks osru vkfn dk HkqxrkuA mi;qZä fofHkUu O;;ksa esa fuos'k izcU/k djds ifj;kstuk ds Bhd izdkj ls izkjEHk gks tkus ds ckn vius m|ksx dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks etcwr cukus ds fy, le;&le; ij u;h ;kstukvksa dks yxkuk Hkh vko';d gSA ;g lkspuk xyr gksxk fd ,d ckj m|ksx LFkkfir gks tkus ds ckn mlh Lrj ij mRiknu ,oa fcØh esa /ku fuosf'kr djus ls ykHk gksrk jgsxkA e'khuhdkj.k] vk/kqfudhdj.k] u;k mRiknu 'kq: djuk] m|ksx dk foLrkj vkfn ,slh gh ;kstuk,¡ gSa] ftudk lQy dk;kZUo;u m|ksx dks vkfFkZd lEcy iznku djrk gSA bu ;kstukvksa esa iwath fuos'k djus ls igys mudk ewY;kadu djuk vfr vko';d gSA

Ø;&foØ; dks lHkh izfØ;k;sa mnkgj.kkFkZ foØsrk rFkk miHkksäk ds chp ds lEcU/k dk fo'ys"k.k djuk] ;kstuk cukuk] vldks dk;ZfUor djuk fu;fU=kr djuk vkfn foi.ku izcU/k ds vUrxZr vkrs gSaA mi;qä lHkh dk;ksZa esa fo'ks"k /;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd miHkksäk dks iw.kZ lUrks"k feys rHkh O;kikj ds mís'; dh iwfrZ gksrh gSA foi.ku ,d fopkj/kkjk gS] ,d ikB~; lkexzh gS ,oe~ ,d fuiq.k laLFkkxr dk;ZØe gSSA

21

foi.ku lw=

mRoknu ,oe~ foØ; dk dk;Z izkjEHk djus ls iwoZ mRiknd dks Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> ysuk pkfg, fd dkSu lh oLrq dk mRiknu fd;k tk; tks orZeku cktkj esa miHkksäk }kjk ije larks"k ls Ø; fd;k tk ldsA

;g lw=k mRiknd dks lgh fopkj djus dh {kerk ,oe~ ijke'kZ nsrk gSA og miHkksäk ,oe~ mldh vko';drk dks le>us esa leFkZ gks tkrk gS rnqijkUr og lgh oLrq dk mRiknu dj foØ; djus esa lQy gksrk gSA miHkksäk tks oLrq Ø; dj jgk gS] mlds :i dks egRo u nsdj ;g fujh{kd djksfd mls ml oLrq ls D;k ykHk gks jgk gSA bl fujh{k.k vkSj v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij vkidks uohu oLrqvksa ds mRiknu ds laHkkfor volj izkIr gksaxsA yksx xfeZ;ksa esa igkM+ksa ij D;ksa tkrs gSa\ mUgsa D;k ykHk izkIr gksrk gS\ 'khry okrkoj.k gfj;kyh Hksj n`'; izkÑfrd lkSUn;Z lLrs Qy xzh"e dkyhu mRlo ekufld 'kkfUr euksjatu jksekafpr okrkoj.k ifjorZu mnkgj.kkFkZ Hkkjro"kZ esa dwyj dk fodkl gqvk D;ksafd cgqr yksxksa dks mlls 'khry okrkoj.k feykA dwyj] igkM+ ij tkus ds vfrfjä dgha vf/kd lLrk gh ugha iM+k] oju~ os vf/kd le; rd 'khry okrkoj.k dk mi;ksx dj ldsA foi.ku esa lQyrk rHkh izkIr gksxh tc m|eh ;g le> ys fd miHkksäk D;ksa Ø; djrk gSSA lgh foi.ku dk vFkZ gS] mu oLrqvksa dk cukuk ftldh miHkksäk dks vko';drk gS] u fd og oLrq,a cspuk tks m|eh cuk ldrk gSA orZeku ,oa Hkkoh cktkj esa vkids m|ksx ds lk/ku miHkksäkvksa dks lUrq"V djus esa] fdl lhek rd izHkko'kkyh gS bl ij vkidh lQyrk vk/kkfjr gSA cktkj dk ewY;kadu cktkj esa fofHkUu izdkj ds miHkksäk gksrs gSaA vr% mudh vko';drk,¡ Hkh fofHkUu gksrh gSa loZizFke u;s m|eh dks le>uk gS fd mlds }kjk mRikfnr oLrq dh cktkj esa ek¡x dSlh gSA lkFk esa ;g Hkh tkuuk vko';d gS fd izfrLi/kkZ fdruh gSA m|eh vius lk/kuksa dh miyC/krk ,oe~ fdruk ykHk mls izkIr gks ldrk gS ;g le>dj gh og vius miHkksäkvksa dk pquko dj ldrk gSA cktkj dk eY;kadu rhu rF;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA 1. ek¡x dk fo'ys'ky 2. izfrLi/khZ dh lhek dks le>uk 3. O;kikj fof/k;k¡ ek¡x dk fo'ys"k.k miHkksäkvksa dh bPNk ,oe~ lkeF;Z dks /;ku esa j[kuk gSA 1. ;fn miHkksäk x`gLFkh dk lkeku Ø; dj jgk gS rks izR;sd ?kj tkuk lEHko ugha] vr% m|eh dks ,d nqdkunkj ls gh lEidZ djuk pkfg,] ;fn miHkksäk laLFkkxr gS rks m|eh Lo;a laLFkkvksa esa tkdj lEidZ dj ldrk gSA 2. ;fn miHkksäk fofHkUu izns'kksa ds gSa] fofHkUu vkfFkZd Lrj ds gSa rc mfpr vkdM+s ,df=kr fd;s tk,a rHkh lgh cktkj ewY;kadu gks ldrk gSA 3. ;fn miHkksäk vR;Ur foLr`r {ks=-k esa QSys gSa vkSj la[;k esa Hkh vf/kd gS rc mfpr gksxk] Mkd }kjk i'ukoyh Hkst dj izfrfØ;k;sa yh tk;saA ek¡x yksp ;fn FkksM+s ls ewY; esa vUrj ds QyLo:i miHkksäkvksa dh ek¡x ls cgqr vUrj vk tk, rks ek¡x esa yphykiu gSA blds foijhr ;fn ewY; esa ifjorZu ls ek¡x esa fo'ks"k vUrj ugha vkrk rc ek¡x esa yphykiu ugha gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fuiq.k ijke'kZ dh vko';drk gS ftlls ewY; esa LFkkf;Ro jg ldsA izfrLi/kkZ dh fLFkfr dks le>uk 1. fdruh dEifu;k¡ vkids tSls mRikn dk foi.ku dj jgh gS\ 2. mudh cktkj ek¡x fdruh gSA 3. muds }kjk mRikfnr lkexzh esa D;k xq.k vFkok =kqfV gS\ 4. izR;sd czkUM ds izfr miHkksäkvksa dh /kkj.kk D;k gS\

22

5. vkids izfr}Unh dkSu lh cktkj uhfr dk iz;ksx djrs gSa\ 6. eq[; miHkksäk dkSu gS\ mi;qZDr rqyukRed pkVZ ls m|eh dks viuh mRikn dh =kqfV] deh] 'kfä Hkkoh volj vkSj ,oe~ ladV vkSj gkfu dk Kku gksrk jgsxkA rHkh og vius iz;klksa esa miHkksäk lUrks"k vkSj mudh mi;ksfxrk dk /;ku j[k i;sxkA forj.k ek/;e O;kikj ds vH;kl ls m|eh vius miHkksäk rd lgh :i ls igqapus dh fof/k le>rk gSA dqN ifjfLFkkfr;ksa esa m|eh lh/ks miHkksäk rd ugha igqap ldrk] cgqr e/;LFk iz;qä gksrs gSaA vr% izkjEHk esa m|eh dh fofHkUu izdkj ds e/;LFkksa ds lEidZ ls gksus okys ykHk&gkfu dk Kku izkIr djuk vfr vko';d gSA mRiknd miHkksäk mRiknd nqdkunkj miHkksäk mRiknd nqdkunkj miHkksäk nqdkunkj miHkksäk cktkj oxhZdj.k cktkj fofHkUu izdkj ds vo;oksa ls feydj curk gSA ftuds vyx&vyx xq.k gksrs gSa tks fd f'k{kk jkstxkj] vk;]fLFkfr] ilUn] ukilUn] vkSj fopkjksa esa ,d nwljs ls fHkUu gSaA muesa ls lHkh yksx fdlh ,d mRikn ds [kjhnnkj ugha gks ldrsA

cktkj oxhZdj.k }kjk xzkgdksa ds lewg dks muds leku xq.kksa }kjk foHkä fd;k tkrk gS tks fd mRikn ds y{; lewg gksrs gSaA oxhZdj.k ds vk/kkj (i) HkkSxksfyd xzke] uxj] jkT;] ns'k] Hkkx] igkM+h ?kkVh] xzkeh.k] 'kgjh bR;kfnA ftyk ftlesa m|e LFkkfir gSA HkkSxksfyd foHkktu (ii) tula[;k vk/kkfjr vk;q% cPpk] ;qok] o;Ld] cw<+k] fyax%] iq:"k] L=kh vk;% mPppoxhZ;] e/;e oxhZ;] xjhch js[kk ls uhpsA O;olk;% vf/kk'kk"kh] O;olk;h] f'k{kk% izkFkfed b.VjehfM,V] Lukrd Hkk"kk%

tula[;k vk/kkfjr foHkktu (iii) euksfoKku foHkktu :f<+oknh vFkok] vk/kqfud vfHko`fr] LokoyEch ukSdjh is'kk ifjJeh] ekSth izo`fÙk blh rjg ls cktkj foHkktu ds vU; vk/kkj Hkh gks ldrs gSaA mnkgj.kr;k Hkwzeiku u djus] okys bR;kfnA ,d igpkuk gqvk Hkkx vo'; gh vU; Hkkxksa ls vyx gksuk pkfg, rHkh mls cktkj dk fgLlk dgk tk dlrk gSA og oxhZdj.k mRikn@lsokkvksa dh foØh c<+kus] ewY; fu/kkZj.k] ,oa iSfdax ds mfpr mik;ksa dks iz;ksx djus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

foi.ku ds euds m|fe;ksa dks ftu egRoiw.kZ leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS muesa ls foi.ku lEcU/kh leL;k;sa izeq[k gsaaA foi.ku ,oa fcØh ds QdZ ds lEcU/k esa LFkkfir m|fe;ksa o f'k{kkfonksa ¼tu lk/kkj.k dh rks ckr gh ugha½ ds e/; dbZ vLi"V vo/kkj.kk;sa gSA 0.1 ;qok m|eh vius foi.ku iz;klksa ds Qy 'kh?kz pkgrs gSaA mudk dguk gS fd ;fn cM+h dEifu;k¡ vius mRikn cgqr ljyrk ls cpSuh gSa rks os D;ksa ugha csp ldrsA foi.ku cuke foØ; 0.2 foØ; lkekU;r% lsok@mRikn dks /ku ds cnys esa nsus dh izfØ; gSaA ge yksx cl] jsy ;k=kk ds nkSjku ,sls lsYleSu ds lEidZ esa vkrs gSa tks ckyisu] dye ;k Qyksa dh Vksdjh ;k blh rjg dh dbZ oLrq;sa csprs gSa ij tc ,d ckj gekjs gkFk ls iSlk fudy tkrk gS rks bu lsYleSau dk dgha irk ugh pyrk gSA og xk;c gks tkus dh pkky py ysrk gSA 0.3 ;g rF; gS fd foØ; foi.ku dk gh eq[; vax gS ij foi.ku foØ; ls T;knk egRoiw.kZ gSA foi.ku xzkgd dh larqf"V ds fy;s fd;k x;k ,d yxuiw.kZ dk;Z gSA egkRek xk¡/kh us bl fi"k; esa tks dgk gS og lgh gS%& gekjs dk;kZy; esa vkus okyksa esa xzkgd cgrq egRoiw.kZ gksrk gSA og ge ij fuHkZj jgrk gS] ge ml ij fuHkZj jgrs gSaA og gekjs dke esa :dkoV mRiUu ugha djrkA gekjk dk;kZy; mlh ds fy;s gS] xzkgd mldk ,d Hkkx gSA ge lc mldk dke djds ml ij dksbZ ,glku ugha dj jgs gSaA og ge ij ,glku djds gedks oSlk djus dk ekSdk ns jgk gSA 0.4 blhfy;s ,d foØrk ds fy, xzkgd ,d ^^bZ'oj^^ ds leku gksuk pkfg,A^^bZ'oj^^ ls 'kk;n dfBu gksxkA

23

y/kq m|ksxksa esa dEI;wVj ,oa lwpuk rduhd izkjafHkd nkSj esa dEI;wVj dks oSKkfud ,oa lka[;dh; x.kuk djus ds fy, ,d mi;ksxh lk/ku ek=k ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk FkkA rRi'pkr ik;k x;k fd dEI;wVj dks lwpuvksa o vkadM+ksa ds LVksjst] izkslsflax ,oa iqu% mi;ksx gsrq Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;EI;wVj vkSj lapkj iz.kkyh dks tksM_dj bl izdkj dh lwpuk,a o vkadM+s ,d LFkku ls nwljs LDkku ij Hkstk tkuk Hkh laHko gks x;kA okn esa bldh mi;ksfxrk dk nk;jk oSKkfud leqnk; ds c<+dj O;kikfjd laxBuksa vkSj ljdkjh ra=k QSy x;k D;ksafd blds }kjk dkQh o`gn lwpukvksa dh izkslsflax ,oa fQj bls izca/kdh; mi;ksx gsrq vko';d :ikksa esda ifjofrZr djuk vlaHko ugha FkkA vkt] thou dk izk;% dksbZ Hkh {ks=k f'k{kk] fpfdRlk] euksjatu] O;kikj] 'ks;j cktkj] iz'kklu] cSfsadx vkfn dEI;wVj o lwpuk rduhd ds izHkko ls vNwrk ugha jg x;k gSA lwpuk rduhd Hkkjr fo'o esa lepuk rduhsd] fo'ks"kdj] lk¶Vos;j ds {ks=k d fodkl o mRlkg ds fy, dsUæ ljdkj }kjk ,d u, lwpuk rduhd ea=kky; dh LFkkiuk 15 vDVwcj 1999 dks dh xbZA rhoz xfr ls fodkl gsrq lwpuk rduhd dh vke turk rd igq¡p lqfuf'or djus ds fy, bl ea=kky;dh Hkwfedk lg;ksxh izsjd ijke'kZnkrk dh gksxhA Hkkjr esa lwpuk rduhd Økafr dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, lqfu;ksftr iz;klksa dh vko';drk gS fo'ks"kdj] bl {ks=k ls tqM+h lsok,a] f'k{kk] izf'k{k.k] dEI;wVj gkMZos;j o lkW¶os;j fuekZ.k ,oa fu;kZr] bySDVªfud dkelZ vkfn {ks=kksa esaA

lwpuk rduhd {ks=k ds fodkl gsrq vuqdwy okrkoj.k rS;kj djkus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk Hkh vusd uhfr;k¡ cuk;h xbZ gSa] ftuesa ls dqN izeq[k bl izdkj gS% lWk¶Vos;j VsDukykth ikdZ esa LFkkfir lwpuk rduhd m|kksxksa dks nl o"kZ rd ds fy, dj esa NwV] 'kks/k ,oa fodkl ds {ks+=k esa LFkkfir m|ksxksa@bdkb;ksa dks 10 o"kZ rd ds fy, dj esa NwV }kjk izksRlkfgr djuk] lk¶Vos;j m|ksx gsrq dk;Z'khy iw¡th @foÙk vyx fn'kk&funsZ'k] dEI;wVj ij âkl nj dh o`f)] lepuk rduhd gsrq osapj dSfiVy QaM dh LFkkiuk] fu;kZrksUeq[kh ;kstukvksa ds fØ;kUo;u gsrq ,dliksVZ o baiksVZ ikfjlh dk ljyhdj.k o mnkjhdj.kAHkkjr fo'o dk lkrok¡ ns'k gS tgk¡ lepuk rduhdh ds fy, vyx dkuwu gS ¼vkbZ-Vh-fcy2000½ ftlesa bl {ks=k dh xfrfof/k;ksa] cqfu;knh <k¡ps ds fodkl] varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj] lacaf/kr midj.kksa ds vk;kr&gu;kZr vkSj lkbcj vijk/kksa ij jksd yxkus ds fy, vusd izkfo/kku lfEefyr gsA u, dkuwu us O;olkf;d dk;kZs ds fy, fMftVy gLrk{kj dks Hkh ekU;rk ns nh gSA

izns'k ljdkj }kjk Hkh bl {ks=k esa m|fe;ksa dks vlhfer volj miyC/k djk, tk jgs gSaA lepuk rduhdh m|ksx ds leqfpr fodkl gsrq vko;';d cqfu;knh <k¡pk Hkh folfdr fd;k tk jgk gSA lk¶Vos;j ds fuekZ.k o fu;kZr esa m-iz- dk ns'k esa nwljk LFkku gsA vdsys uks,Mk esa 1999-00 esa LFkkfir lk¶Vos;j bdkb;ksa dh la[;k 600 FkhA uks,Mk] y[kuÅ] dkuiqj] vkxjk] bykgkckn] okjk.klh] xksj[kiqj] esjB] cjsyh] QStkckn] xkft;kckn] vyhx<+] o >kalh ftyksa ds fy, izns'k ljdkj }kjk ^LekVZfldVh^ ifj;kstuk pyk, tkus dh ;kstuk cukbZ tk jgh gSA vkxjk] dkuiqj] okjk.klh o eqjknkckn esa O;olkf;d ^go^ rFkk mi;qDr fu;kZr dsUæksa esa bZ&dkWeklZ dh lqfo/kk hkh nh tk jgh gSA ;gh ugha vkxjk] dkuiqj] uks,Mk o xzsVj uks,Mk esa ^bySDVªkfud fldVh^ o ^lwpuk rduhd ikdZ^ Hkh fodflr fd, tk jgs gSA ;s lHkh iz;kl bl {ks=k esa fuos'k ,oa cktkj ds fy, izpqj volj miyC/k djkus esa lgk;d gksaxs vkSj blh ds lklFk gkMZos;j] lk¶Vos;j nksuksa gh {ks=kksa esa izf'kf{kr dq'ky o n{k Je 'kfDr dh vko';drk dks ns[krs gq, lwpuk rduhd ds {ks=k esa f'k{kk o izf'k{k.k gsrq lEHkkouk,a vf/kd ifjyf{kr gks jgh gSA bySDVªkfud o lepuk rduhd dh bl ØkfUr ds nkSjku tks uohu vk;ke lkeus vk, gSa] muesa baVjusV o bySDVªksfuDl dkelZ ¼bZ&dkelZa½ esa izR;sd {ks=k esa O;kikj ds ijaijkxr rjhdksa dks ,dne cny fn;k gSA baVjusV%

Hkkjr esa baVjusV lsok dk izkjEHk fons'k lapkj fuxe fyfeVsM ¼ch-,l-,u-,y-½ us 1995 esas dh FkhA yxHkx rhu o"kZ i'pkr ucEcj 1998 esa futh lsok iznk;dksa dks bl {ks=k esa vkus dh NwV nh xbZ vkSj bldks rqjar ckn gh 50 ls vf/kd dEifu;ksa us vkbZ-,l-ih- ¼baVjusV lfoZl izksokbMj½ ykblsal ds fy, vkosnu fd;k vkSj vkt budh la[;k 400 ls vf/kd gks xbZ gSA blh ls bl {ks=k esa laHkkoukvkas@voljksa dk vkadyu fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl le; usV vkSj bySDVªksfud O;kikj esa yxHkx 1 ykk[k ykssxksa dks jkstxkj feyk gSA ljdkjh iz;klksa vkSj futh Hkkxhnkjh ds lkFk&lkFk gh Hkkjrh; cktkj dk vkdkj Hkh c<+rk tk jgk gSA baVjusV oLrqr% dEI;wVjksa dk ,slk latky gS ftls ^bUQkesZ'ku gkbos^ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bl rduhd ds tfj, fo'o ds djksM+ksa dEI;wVj ijLij tqM+dj lwpukvksa dk vknu&iznku dj ldrs gsaA baVjusV dh lgk;rk ls O;fDr fo'o ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa fLFkr O;fDr ls dEI;wVj ds ek/;e ls ckr dj ldrk gS] byhSDVªkgud esy ¼bZ&esy½ Hkst ldrk gs] ohfM;ks dkaQzsflax dj ldrk gSA baVjusV us vikj lwpukvkas ds bjokts [kksy dj dqN gh

24

le; esa yksxksa dh thou 'kSyh dks cny Mkyk gSA ;gh ugha] fofHkUu O;olk;ksa esa yksxksa dks dke djus ds rjhdksa dks Hkh izHkkfor O;olk;ksa esa yksxksa dks dke djus ds rjhdksa dks Hkh izHkkfor djus ds lkFk gh m|fe;ksa ds fy, vusdksa O;kikfjd lqfo/kk,a Hkh bl rduhd us iznku dj nh gSA vkt gj jkst u, m|ksx LFkkfir gks jgs gSaA mÙkjksÙkj ykHk vftZr djus ds fy, vkSj ,d u, cktkj ds fuekZ.k ds fy, m|eh bu rduhdksa dk mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA baVjusV dk mi;ksx djds m|eh vius mRikn dj jgs gSa A baVjusV dk mi;ksx djds m|eh vius mRikn o fMtkbu dks vR;ar de ykxr o le; esa nqfu;k Hkj esa igq¡p ldrs gSa vkSj ekax ds vuqlkj vkMZj izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ;g baVjusV ;k lwpuk rduhd Økafr dk ,d egRoiw.kZ o v/kqukru vk;ke gS ftls ^bySDVªkfud dkelZ^ ;k ^bZ&dkelZ^ dgk tkrk gSA bZ&dkelZ esa O;fDr baVjusV }kjk fo'o ds fdlh Hkh dksus ls fdlh Hkh oLrq dh [kjhn Qjks[r ,oa Hkqxrku dj ldrk gSA bZ&dkelZ O;olk; laxr dks u, cktkj miyC/k djkus ds lkFk gh mRikn ds izpkj ,oa forj.k gsrq vf/kd volj] ykHk Hkh ^miyC/k djkrkgSA ijUrq blds lkFk gh izfr;ksfxrk esa gqbZ c<+r dks Hkh udkjk ugha tk^ ldrkA vc O;olkf;d izfrf}Unrk HkkSxksfyd lhekvksa dks ihNs NksM+ pqdh gSA mRikn dh xq.koRrk] uohurk] vfpr o de nke vkSj csgrj lsok,a gh lQyrk ds ekud cu x, gSa D;ksafd ;gh os ekud gSaA ftuds vk/kkj ij nqfu;k ds fdlh Hkh dksus esa fLFkr vkidk izfr}Unh] ftls vki laHkor% tkurs Hkh ugha] vkils vkxs tk ldrk gSA lwpukvksa dh vklkuh ls myC/krkA dEI;wVj ij ,d cVu nckrs gh fuekZrk@xzkgd dks lacaf/kr mRikn ds fMtkbu] óksrksa] ewY; o miyC/krk vkfn ds fo"k; esa lkjh tkudkjh gks tkuh pkfg,A bZ&dkelZ ds pkj izdkj bl izdkj gSa % 1. O;kikj cuke O;kikj ¼ch 2 ch½( 2. O;kikj cuke xzkgd ¼ch 2 ch½( 3. xzkgd cuke O;kikj ¼ch 2 ch½( 4. xzkgd cuke xzkgd ¼ch 2 ch½( uSldke ds ,d losZ{k.k ds vuqlkj 2001-02 esa Hkkjr dk bZ&dkelZ O;kikj :- 10,000/- djksM+ gksus dk vuqeku gSA bZ&dkelZ ds ykHk bldk lcls cM+k ykHk dkxt foghu vknku&iznku dh lqfo/kk iznku djuk gA æqr xfr] ux.; fcpkSfy,] de lapkj [kpZ] de forj.k dsUæ vkfn m|fe;ksa dks mRiknu@O;kikj ykxr esa deh o ykHk esa o`f) ds volj miyc/k djkrs gSaA m|fe;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk miHkksDrkvksa@xzkgdksa dks Hkh vusdksa ykHk gS tSls% vklku Ø; izfØ;k o lqfo/kk] fofHkUu forjdksa o mRiknksa rd igq¡p] de nke dh lqfo/kk] p;u ds vf/kd fodYi o volj vkfnA bZ&dkelZ esa ,d fo'ks"k ckr ;g Hkh gSS A

25

vkbZ- ,l- vks- -9000

orZeku le; esa thou ds lHkh vk;keksa rFkk Lrjksa ij xq.krÙkk dh ckr dh tk jgh gSA fo'ks"kdj vkt ds cnyrs ifjos'k esa xq.koÙkk dk egRo vkSj Hkh c<+ x;k gsA fo'o ds yxHkx lHkh fodflr ,oa fodkl'khy ns'k pg eglwl djrs gSa fd iwjs fo'o esa xq.koÙkk dk Lrj ,d leku gksuk pkfg,A blh ds vuq:i] lkjs fo'o dks ,d {ks=k ekurs gq, ^DokfyVh eSustesUV flLVe^ ¼QMS½ fodflr djus dh izfØ;k] izkjEHk dh xbZ gSA rduhdh ,oa mRikn fofuZfn"Vksa ds mís'; dh izkfZIr ds fy;s] ^^U;wure ykxr ,oa izcU/kdh; izfØ;kvksa^^ ds ekudhdj.k ds fy,] o"kZ 1978 esa fczVsu xfBr ,d desVh }kjk dk;Z ;kstuk cukgbZ xbZA blds ckn lu~ 1987 esda rS;kj fd;s x;s xq.koÙkk ekud orZeku esa vkbZ-,l-vks- vFkkZr -9000 lhjht ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSaA vkbZ-,l-vks- vFkkZr International organisation for Standardistaion. fo'o leqnk; esa mRikn&xq.koÙkk ekudksa ds fu/kkZj.k gsrq Hkkjrh; ekud C;wjks Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 uked ek=kk mRikn dh xq.koRrk ij fo'ks"k cy ugah nsrs gS] cfYd izfØ;k ls lEcfU/kr ekud izLrqr djrs gSaA D;ksfd fdlh laxBu ¼m|ksx] O;olk;] lsok,a ,oa vU;½ dh dk;Z i)fr ;fn O;ofLFkr ,oa lqpk: gks tk; rks mRikn dh xq.koÙkk vius vki Bhd gks tk;sxhA vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 ds mn~ns'; % vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 dk eq[; mn~ns'; vUrjkZ"Vªh; Loj ij xq.koÙkk ekudksa esa lkeatL; cukuk rFkk ,d:irh iznku djuk gSA vFkkZr ge laxBu esa tks Hkh dk;Z dj jgs gSA ml dk;Z dks djus ds fy, vUrjk"Vªh; fu/kkZfjr ekudksa ds vuq:i izfØ;k dk fu/kkZj.k dj ysaaaA bl ekud izfØ;k dks Øec) dj ,d nLrkost dk :i nsdj izfØ;k ds vuq:i fØ;kUo;u djuk gh vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 gSA vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 esa xq.koÙkk dk rkRi;Z vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 ds vUrxZr xq.koÙkk dk ekud ,slk gksuk pkfg;s tks laLFkk] foHkkx vFkok bdkbZ dh vko';drkvksa ds vuq:i ,oa mís';ksa dh iwfrZ mi;qDr gksA mi;ksx gsrq mi;qDr rFkk miHkksxdrkZ dh vis{kk vuqlkj gksA vkbZ-,l-vks- ds vUrxZr xq.koÙkk ds ekud fu/kkfZjr djus gsrq ftu fcUnqvksa ij /;ku j[kus dh vko';rk gS os fuEuor~ gS %& 1. miHkksDrk dh vko';drk dks tkuukA 2. ml vko';drk dh vkiwfrZ gsrq dk;Z iz.kkyh ,oa izfØ;k fodflr djukA 3. pwd jfgr fuekZ.kA 4. iwoZ dk;Zuf"iknu ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUu óksrksa ls izkIr lwpuvksa ,oa vuqHkoksa dk Hkfo"; esa dk;Zuqlkj gsrq iz;ksxA 5. izHkfor dk;Z izn'kZu ,oa lq/kkjA 6. Li"V ,oa fyf[kr funZs'kA 7. mi;qDr iSdsftaxA 8. fuf'pr le; ij vkiwfrZA 9. vkiwfrZ mijkUr dq'ky lsokA 10. mfpr ek/;eksa dk iz;ksxA 11. mfpr izf'k{k.kA 12. fofHkUu ?kVdksa ds chp lketaL;A vkbZ-,l- vks- 9000 ds fØ;kUo;u dh izfØ;k fdlh Hkh laxBu esa vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 dk fØ;kUo;u ,d Øec) ;kstuk ds ek/;e ls ikØp pj.kksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA izFke pj.k %& ;kstuk cukuk %& izFke pj.k esa leL;k dk vkadyu djus gsrq laxBu ds fo'ks"k lewgksa rFkk O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;s tk jgs dk;kZs dh izfØ;k dks tks pyu esa gSa] mls tkuus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij bu izfØ;kvksa ,oa vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000ekudksa ds chp ds vUrj dks le>us dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA blh vUrj ds vk/kkj ij laxBu esa vkbZ-,l-vks- ds fØ;kUo;u gsrq ;sktuk cuk;h tkrh gSSA f}rh; pj.k %& 1. lkekU; izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe %& bl pj.k ds vUrxZr izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa ds ek/;e ls bl iwjh ;kstuk ds laca/k esa leLr lsodksa dh foLr`r tkudkjh iznku dh tkrh gSA ftlls laxBu fo'ks"k ds leLr lsodksa dks bl dk;Z gsrq O;ogkfjd :i ls rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij gh Hkfo"; esa vkbZ-,l-vks- ds izHkkoh fØ;kUo;u lEHko gksrk gSA

26

2. xq.koÙkk ;kstuk fØ;kUo;u izf'k{k.k %& bl dk;ZØe esa fofHkUu O;ogkfjd igyqvksa ij izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA blds ek/;e ls fdlh laxBu fo'ks"k esa vkbZ-,l-vks- dsd izHkkoh fØ;kUo;u gsrq fdl izdkj ds ifjorZu dh vko';drk gS rFkk xq.koÙkk ;kstuk ds lQy lapkyu gsrq fdl izdkj ds izi=k] izk:i] fu;e rFkk vU; rkSj rjhds cukus dh vko';drk gS ij tkudkjh iznku dh tkrh gSA 3. vkUrfjd vkads{kd (Internal Auditor) izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe %& xq.koÙkk ekin.Mksa dks bl ;kstuk fØ;kUo;u ds ek/;e ls fu/kkZfjr ekin.Mksa dk ifjikyu lqfu'fpr djkus gsrq le;&le; ij vkUrfjd vkads{k.k (Intarnal Auditor) djk;s tkus dh O;oLFkk gSA vr% bl O;oLFkk ds lqpk: :i ls lapkyu gsrq fofHkUu vkfMV fu;eksa rFkk ekin.Mksa dk fu/kkZfj.k Hkh bl ;kstuk esa djuk gksrk gSA ftlds fy;s laxByu fo'ks"k esa dqN fpfUgr vkUrfjd vkfMVjksa dks] vkfMV laca/kh fofHkUu fo"k;ksa tSls fd vfMV dh ;kstuk cukuk] vkfMV djuk] vkfMV djkuk rFkk vkfMV ds O;ogkfjd igyqvksa ij izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gSA 4. vkfMVj@yhM vkfMVj izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe %& vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 fu;e ds vuqlkj izR;sd 100 lsodksa ds mij ,d yhM vkfMVj dk gksuk visf{kr gsSA yhM vkfMVj ,d ;k T;knk gks ldrs gSa budks laxBu fo'ks"k ds vfrfjDr fo"k; ij vfrfjDr izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkrk gs rkfd vkUrfjd vkfMV izHkko'kkyh rjhds ls fd;k tku lEHko gksA r`rh; pj.k %& bl pj.k esa ;kstuk fØ;kUo;u lEcU/kh fofHkUu izys[kksa dks fodflr fd;k tkrk gS rFkk fØ;kUo;u dh izfØ;k ds izys[kksa dks mi;qDr ,oa izHkko'kkyh rjg ls ykxw djus gsrq fo'ks"k ijke'kZ l=k vk;ksftr fd;s tkrs gSaA prqFkZ pj.k %& fØ;kUo;u %& r`fr; pj.k esa LFkkfir dh tk jgh izfØ;k dk ,d iwoZ vkads{k.k (Audit) bl pj.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA iape pj.k %& bl pj.k esa izek.khdj.k laLFkk ds p;u ds ckjs esa ijke'kZ fn;k tkrk gsA p;fur izek.khdj.k laLFkk }kjk izek.k i=k iznku fd;s tkus ds iwoZ dksbZ vU; dk;Z vFkok lq/kkj] ;fn vko';d gS rks muds ckjs esa Hkh ijkek'kZ fn;k tkrk gSSA blds mijkkUr lHkh eukdksa dks mi;qDr ik;s tkus ij laxBu dks vkbZ-,l-vks- -9000 ds fu;ekuqlkj izekf.kr fd;k tkrk gSSA vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 izfØ;k dks ykxw djus ds ykHk %& fdlh Hkh laLFkk laxVu esa vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 izfØ;k ykxw djus ls laxBu dks fuEu ykHk gksrs gSa%& 1. xkzgd dks %& & fo'oluh; ,oa HkjkslseUn mRikn & mUur vkiwfrZ & ek¡x ds vuqlkj lQyrk iwoZd vkiwfrZ dh lEHkkoukA & izfr;ksxh ewY;A & ifjorZu ds vuqdwy izfrfØ;kA 2. laxBu dks %& & xq.koRrk ds vk/kkj ij mRikn ds vLohd`r gksus dh nj esa dehA & ifjpkyu ds mUur ifj.kkeA & izfrQy esa lkeatL;A & xzkgd dks csgrj larqf"VA & cktkj dh fgLlsnkjh esa o`f)A & fofu;kstu ds csgrj ykHkA 3. deZpkfj;ksa dks %& & fu/kkZfjr dk;Z ;kstuk ,oa ftEesnkfj;kaA & fu/kkZfjr dk;Z esa larqfyr Lrj esa o`f)A & eukscy esa o`f)A & csgrj dk;Z djus dk okrkoj.k A & yxu 'khyrkA & vkRe xkSjo dk cks/kA 4. vkiwfrZdrkZ ,oa lk>snkjksa dks %& & fLFkjrkA & fujUrj fodklA & lk>snkjh ds chp esa csgrj vkilh lkeatL;A 5. lekt dks %& & fu;e ,oa dkuwuksa dk csgrj ifjikyuA

27

& lqj{kk ,oa LokLF; dh lEHkkoukvksa esa o`f)A & i;kZoj.k ij gksus okys dqizHkkoksa esa dehA vkbZ-,l-vks- ,oa ch-vkbZ-,l- esa vUrj 1. vkbZ-,l-vks- b.Vjus'kuy LVS.MMZ vkxsZukbts'ku gS vFkkZr~A 2. vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 DokfyVh flLVe dk LVs.MMZ gS ;g ekud dsoy mRikn dh xq.koRrk rd gh lhfer ugha gS cfYd e'khuksa dh l{kerk eSVhfj;y dh DokfyVh] cukus dk rjhdk ,oa cukus okys lsodksa dh dk;Zdq'kyrk ij Hkh /;ku nsrs gSaaA 3. ;g laLFkk] laxBu ,oa bdkbZ dh ^dk;Ziz.kkyh^ dk ekud gSA 4. vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 LVS.MMZ dh 'kq:vkr 1987 esa dh xbZA 5. vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 izek.k i=k izkIr djus ds i'pkr Hkh le;&le; ij fu/kkZfjr ,oa ekU; izfØ;kvksa dk ifjikyu fd;k tk jgk gS vFkok ugha] tkuus ds fy,] vkfMV fd;k tkrk gSA 6. vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 izek.k i=k izkIr gksus ij gekjk mRikn ,oa laxBu xq.koRrk esa vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij ekU; gksrk gSA 1. Hkkjrh; ekud O;wjks jk"Vªh; Lrj dh ekud fu/kkZdjd laLFkk gSA 2. ch-vkbZ-,l- ds ekud ddsoy mRikn dh xq.koRrk cuk, j[kus rd gh lhfer gSA 3. ;g mRikn fo'ks"k dh xq.koRrk dk ekud gSA 4. vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- dk izek.khdj.k ^vf/kfu;e 1952' ds vUrxZr cus fu;eksa ds vuqlkj eatwj fd;k tkrk gsA ¼iwoZ esa ch-vkbZ-,l- dks- vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- ds :i esa tkuk tkrk FkkA½ 5. vkbZ-,l-vkbZ- esa xq.koÙkk lqfuf'pr djus gsrq le;&le; ij mRikn dk vkdfLed fujh{k.k fd;k tkrk gSA 6. ch-vkbZ-,l- }kjk izekf.kr mRikn U;wure jk"Vªh; Lrj ij vo'; ekU; gksrk gSA vkbZ-,l-vks- izek.khdj.k izkIr djus ds óksr %& vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 ds ekudksa dks ykxw djus ds fy, izekf.kr lykgdkj (Consultant) dh vko'drk gksrh gSA ;s lykgdkj laxBu ds dk;Zuqlkj 'kqYd ysrs gSaA ;s lykgdkj vUrjkZ"Vªh; xq.koRrk ekudksa ds vqulkj fo'k"k:i ls izf'kf{kr gksrs gSa rFkk blh ds vk/kkj ij lykgdkj ds :i esa izekf.kr gksrs gSaA eq[; izek.khdj.k laLFkk bUgha ds ek/;e ls vkbZ-,l-vks- 9000 iznku djrh gSA Hkkjr esa ,sls vusd lykgdkj miyC/k gSA

mRiknu izcU/k

fdlh Hkh mRiknu fØ;k esa ik¡p ^,e^ dk lkeatL; gksrk gS& eSu ¼O;fDr½] e'khu] eSVhfj;y ¼inkFkZ½ euh ¼/kuh½] ekdsZV ¼cktkj½ bu ik¡pksa dk lgh lapkyu vPNk izcU/kd gh dj ldrk gSA bu ik¡pksa ckrksa ds vykok nwljh ckrsa tks mRiknu ij izHkko Mkyrh gS] og gS mRiknu dk fMtkbu] dkj[kkus dh O;oLFkk] lkexzh dk izcU/k vkSj ns[kHkky vkfnA bu lcdks ge bl rjg ls Øe okj j[k ldrs gSaA 1. mRiknu dk fMtkbu 2. e'khu dk pquko o ns[kHkkyA 3. dkj[kkusa dh O;oLFkkA 4. eky dk izcU/kA 5. deZpkjh izcU/kA 6. ns[kHkky vkfnA 1. mRiknu dk fMtkbu fMtkbu pqurs lr; rhu ckrksa dk /;ku vkidks j[kuk gS %& ¼v½ fMtkbu ,slk gksuik pkfg, tks lqfo/kkiwoZd cu ldsA ¼c½ fMtkbu cukus ls lEcfU/kr lkexzh vklkuh ls miyC/k gksA ¼l½ mRiknu izfØ;k ljy gksA gks ldrk gS fd ,d fMtkbu esa lkjh ckrsa gks ysfdu yEcs le; ds nkSju og fMtkbu cukus esa ijs'kkuh gks] vr% bu lc ckrksa dk /;ku igys ls gh j[kuk pkfg,A 2. e'khu dk pquko o ns[kHkky vius m|ksx ds fy, izR;sd m|ksx o midj.k dk pquko ,oa [kjhnkjh djrs le; lEcfU/kr e'khu ds tkudkj dh enn vo'; ysaA e'khu fo'ks"k ls lEcfU/kr yksxksa dks gh e'khuksa dk pquko djuk pkfg,A gj ,d e'khu dks ns[kHkky dh t:jr gksrh gSA izfrfnu@lkIrkfgd@ifj{kd@ekfld@okf"kZd vko';drkuqlkj mudh lQkbZ ,oa ejEer dh tkuh pkfg,A fdlh VwV&QwV dks QkSju Bhd djkuk pkfg,A vki [kqn

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gh vUnktk yxkb;s fd dkSu&dkSu ls vfrfjDr iqtsZ vkids m|e dh e'khuksa ds j[k&j[kko gsrq vko';d gSaA bldh iwoZ O;oLFkk dj ysus ls vkidk le; cpsxk vksj e'khuksa dh dk;Z {kerk c<+sxhA 3. dkj[kkus dh O;oLFkk ,d gh LFkku esa e'khuksa dks dbZ izdkj ls j[kk tk ldrk gSA vkidks mRiknu dh izfØ;k dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, og rjhdk <wa<uk gksxk ftlls fd le; o ÅtkZ cp lds o lkeku dks b/kj ls m/kj j[kus esa fnDdr Hkh u gks vkidh bdkbZ esa iz;qDr izfr oxZ LFkku dh dher vkidks nsuh gksrh gSA vr% LFkku dk vf/kdre lnqi;ksx djuk pkfg;sA lHkh e'khu ,oa midj.k bl izdkj j[ks tkus tk;sa fd os de ls de LFkku ysa o dk;Z ljyrk ls gksa ldsA 4. eky dk izcU/k mRiknu ds fy, vkidks ftruh Hkh oLrqvksa dh vko';drk gksxh] mu lc dh ,d lwph cuk ysa ,oa mudh ek=kk o la[;k Hkh fu/kkZfjr dj ysaA blds ckn eky [kjhnus ls igys mldks j[kus ds fy, mfpr LFkku ,oa lkt&lkeku dh O;oLFkk dj ysaA ,sls lkekuksa ds fy, fo'ks"k izcU/k djsa ftuds [kjkc gksus dh rfud Hkh lEHkkouk gksA eky [kjhnrs le; mldh xq.koRrk dk vo'; [;ky j[ksaA mijksä lHkh ckrksa dk /;ku j[kus ds lkFk&lkFk vkidks bl ckr dk Hkh /;ku j[ku gksxk fd cktkj dh ek¡x ds vuqlkj vkids mRiknu dh iwfrZ gksrh jgsaA blds fy, lHkh vko';d dPps eky dk Hk.Mkj mfpr ek=kk esa mo'; gksuk pkfg,A vki lkejk dPpk eky lekIr gks tkus dk bUrtkj u djsa] cfYd ftruh ekl=kk esa eky yxrk tk;s mruh ek=kk esa eky vki [kjhnrs tk;saA bu lHkh NksVh&NksVh ijUrq egRoiw.kZ ckrksa dks /;ku esa j[ksaxsa rks vkidk mRiknu o m|ksx lQyrkiwoZd pyrk jgsxkA 5. le; izcU/k vkius Lo;a dks mRiknu dsd lHkh izcU/kksa ds fy, ekufld o HkkSfrd :i ls iw.kZr;k rS;kj rks dj fy;k gS] ysfdu D;k vki viuh ;kstuk dks iw.kZr;k ykxw ugha dj ik jgs gSa\ D;k vkids t:jh dke NwV tkrs gSa\ ;fn gk¡ rks lef>, fd ;g le; dk mfpr izcU/k u gksus ds dkj.k gSA vc vki ;g lef>, fd le; izcU/k D;k gS] ,oa izcU/k ds vUrxZr bldk D;k egRo gS\ le; dk vPNk izcU/k ,d m|e@O;olk; gsrq cgqr t:jh gS D;ksafd ,d fnu esa pkSchl ?kUVs gksrs gsa u rks vki cps le; dkds xksnke esa j[k ldrs gSA vkSj u gh le; dh deh gksus ij vki bls dgha ls [kjhn ldrs gSaA le; ds vPNs izcU/k ls vki og lHkh dke Bhd izdkj ls dj ldsaxs tks vki pkgrs gsaA vkids fy, le; ds izcU/k dh t:jr vkSj Hkh T;knk gsS D;ksafd vki ,d u;k dk;Z 'kq: dj jgs gSaA le; izcU/k mfpr u gksus ls& 1. vki vius dk;kZs dks izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij ugha dj ikrs gSaA 2. dHkh&dHkh ;g lkspdj Hkh fd veqd dke vkidks tYnh djuk gS fQj Hkh vki og dk;Z le; ls ugha dj ikrsA 3. dHkh&dHkh vki Ø; egRoiw.kZ ckrksa ij T;knk /;ku nsrs gSaA vkSj egRoiw.kZ dke NwV tkrs gSaA 4. dHkh&dHkh vki fofHkUu dk;kZs ds fy, vius vki dks iwjh rjg ls rS;kj ugha dj ikrsA 5. vki dHkh&dHkh lksp ugha ikrs fd dkSu lk dke vkidks Lo;a djuik pkfg, vkSj dkSu lk dke nwljksa ls djokuk pkfg,A vkids lHkh dk;Z le; ,oa izkFkfedrk ds vuqlkj gksa blds fy, mfpr gksxk fd vki vius fy, ,d le; lkfg.kh cuk;sa yfdu le; lkfj.kh cukus ls igys vkiudks viuh xfrfrf/k;ksa dk v/;;u djuk gksxkA vr% vki de ls de rhu fnu esa fd;s x;s lHkh dk;kZas dks fy[k yhft;sA bruk djus ds ckn vki izkFkfedrkvksa ds vuqlkj vius dk;ksZ ds fy, le; lkfj.kh cukb;sA le; lkfj.kh cukrs le; vki vius dks vko';rkuqlkj cnfy, ,oa fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku jf[k;sA lcls igys izkFkfed dk;ksZ dks j[ksaA NksVs&NksVs dkeksa esa cgqr vf/kd le; u nsaA dksbZ vko';d ,oa egRoiw.kZ dk;Z bl lkfj.kh esa uksV djuk u HkwysaA vpkud dksbZX egRoiw.kZ dke vk tkus ij fdlh de egRoiw.kZ dke dh txg mldks igys djsa A le; chrus ds lkFk&lkFk izkFkfedrk,a Hkh cnyrh jgrh gSaA vr% gj g¶rs ;k iUæg fnu esa viuh izkFkfedrkvksa dk ewY;kadu djrs jgsa] ,oa mUgha ds vuqlkj le; lkfj.kh esa ifjorZu Hkh djrs jgsaA le; thou dh xfr gS bls O;FkZ er tkus nksA

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fu;kZrd dSls cusa fu;kZr gsrq opuc)rk] dqN lalk/kuksa] iawth rFkk mlds tksf[keksa ds ckjs esa ,d vPNh lw>cw> dh vko';drk gksrh gSA pfy, ns[ksa fd fu;kZr gS D;k\ ,d fu;kZrd fofuekZrk ¼,d fofuekZrk tks fd mRiknksa dks mRikfnd djrk gS vkSj fu;kZr djrk gS½ gks ldrk gS ;k O;kikjh fu;kZrd ¼,d O;fDr tks fd fofuekZrkvksa ls mRiknksa dh [kjhn dj fu;kZr djrk gS½ fu;kZr djuk^ Hkkjr esa fcØh djus tSlk gh gSA nksuksa ds ekSfyd dne yxHkx ,d tSls gh gS] vFkkZr~ mRikn ;k lsok dh fcØhA Hkkjr esa fcØh djus rFkk Hkkjr ds ckgj fu;kZr djus ds chp dwN izeq[k vUrj gS tSls fd izR;sd ns'k esa fu;kZrd miHkksäkvksa dks lh/ks fu;kZr u dj ^b.VjehfM;sV Iys;lZ^ ds ek/;e ls djrs gSaA lcls igys bl ;kstuk esa vnk;xh fds fy, eqæk&fofu;e dh t:jr gksrh gS] fofHkUu vnk;xh fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx blesa gksrk gS] lkekU;r;k vkn;xh dh izkfIr vkids rFkk vk;krd ds ns'k esa cSadks }kjk fu/kkZfjr izfØ;k }kjk lapkfyr gksrh gSA blds vyko] vkidk mRikn varjkZz"Vªh; cktkj] ogka ds okrkoj.k ¼i;kZoj.k&tyok;q½ miHkksDrkdh :fp] ifjos'k bR;kfn ds vuqlkj ^mfpr^ gksuk pkfg,A blds vykok] fu;kZr djus esa izk;% ukS&ifjogu ds fy, vk;krd ns'k esa eky ds ches ds laca/k esa vfrfjDr ykxrsa 'kkfey gksrh gSaA fu;kZr ij lheh 'kqYd rFkk vk;kr djus okys ns'kksa ds dj Hkh ykxw gksrs gSaA fu;kZr djus esa D;k tksf[ke mRikn ds fu;kZr esa dbZ izdkj ds tksf[ke gsa] tSls fd] foÙkh; tksf[ke¼eky ds ukS&ifjogu ds ckn xSj&vnk;xh½] O;kikj tksf[ke] fof/kd tksf[ke ¼fofHkUu O;kikfjd fof/k;ksa rFkk fofu;eu ls lacf/kr½] jktuSfrd tksf[ke ¼jktuSfrd vfLFkjrk] vFkZ O;oLFkk uhfr esa izeq[k cnyko yk ldrh gS½] jk"Vªh;dj.k] oS;fDRo vf/kdkjksa dh deh] bR;kfnA Hkkoh fu;kZrd dks bu lHkh izdkj ds tksf[ke dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg, rFkk ,sls tksf[keksa dks de djus ds fy, mfpr dk;Zuhfr viukuh pkfg,A fu;kZr ds fy, ekdsZfVax ;kstuk fu;kZr djus esa nwljk dne ekdsZfVax ls lacaf/kr ;kstuk dks fodflr djuk gSA cgqr fons'kh ekdsZV Hkkj ds cktkj ls cgqr vyx gSA fHkUurkvksa ds eq[; dkj.kksa esa tyok;q rFkk i;kZoj.k] lkekftd rFkk laklÑfrd ifjos'k] dPps eky dh LFkkuh; miyC/krk] mRikn [kjhn djus dh {kerk esa varj] fons'kh eqæk dh miyC/krk rFkk ljdkjh vk;kr&uhfr bR;kfn 'kkfey gSA bu fHkUurkvksa dks le>dj fu;kZr gsrq ,d ekdsZV fjlpZ ij vk/kkfjr ;kstuk fu;kZrdksa dks mfpr ykHk iznku djrh gSaA fu;kZr ds fy, ekdZZsV fjlpZ vius mRikn dk lQyrkiwoZd fu;kZr djus ds fy, vkidks fons'kh cktkjksa ds v/;;u dh vko';drk gS rkfd fu;kZr djus ds voljksa rFkk ^ck/kkvksa^ dk irk yxkus ds lkFkk&lkFk Hkkoh [kjhnnkjksa rFkk miHkksDrvksa dk Hkh irk yxk;k tk ldsA ekdsZV fjlpZ ;g r; djus esa lgk;rk djrk gS fd dkSu ls fons'kh cktkj esa mRiknksa ds csgrj fu;kZr dh laHkkouk gSA ,d pj.kc) ekdsZV fjlpZ esa ewyr% Hkkoh cktkj dh LØhfuax] yf{kr cktkjksa dk ijh{k.k dj mfpr fu"d"kksZ ij igqapuk bR;kfn 'kkfey gSA blesa fu;kZr] vk;kr] ekax] vkadM+s] cktkj 'ks;j] ck/kk,a ¼VSfjQ rFkk ukWu VSfjQ½ fu;kZr gsrq Hkkjrh; rFkk fons'kh izksRlkgu] bR;kfn dk fo'ys'k"k.k 'kkfey gSA laca) vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds ckn gh ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyuk ljy gks tkrk gS fd fdlh fof'k"V mRikn ds fu;kZr ds fy, varjkZZ"Vªh; txr esa dkSu&dkSu ls mfpr ekdsZV gSaA fu;kZr ekdsZfVax izos'k gsrq dk;Zfufr;k¡ izR;sd pqus x;s ekdsZV esa izos'k ikus gsrq ,d fof'k"V dk;Zfufr viukus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA vki ,d fof'k"V dk;Zuhfr ds vHkko esa pqus x;s cktkj dh miyC/krk {kerk dk iwjk Qk;nk vius fu;kZr gsrq ugha mBk ldsaxs ;k vki ,slh xyfr;ka dj ldrs gSA tks vkidks egaxh iM+sA fu;kZr ekdsZV esa izos'k dk;Zfufr ds rgr pkj eq[; fcUnqvksa dks /;ku esa t:j j[kk tkuk pkfg,A 1. forj.k dk;Zuhfr mRikn forj.k dls fy, eq[; fodYi gS%& miHkksDrkvksa dkd lh/ks fcØhA ,tsaVksa ;k forjdksa ds ek/;e ls fcØhA fons'kh lsYl LVkWQ dh lsok,sa ysukA fons'kh lsYl vkQWlksa dh LFkkiukA

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fons'kh la;qDr miØe ;k NwVksa dh LFkkiukA ^LFkkuh; ,tsaVksa rFkk forjdksa^ ;k ^lh/ksfcØh^ dk izdkj vf/kdrj iz;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gSA 11. izpkj dh dk;Zuhfr ;fn vki igys ls fons'k esa ugha tkus tkrs gSa rks vkidks daiuh rFkk mlds mRiknksa ds izpkj djus dh vko';drk gksxhA lkeU;r% ftruk vki izpkj&izlkj djsaxs] mruk gh vf/kd vkids fu;kZr ij vuqddwy izHkko gksxkA vkidks yf{kr cktkjksa esa vius mRiknksa dks ifjfpr djokus ds laca/k esa izpkj&izlkj dh vko';drk gksxhA fons'k esa fodYi lkekU;r% ogh gS tks fd ?kjsyw rkSj ij gS& daiuh dk csctst] lh/ks i=kkpkj ¼fu;fer ;k bZ&esy½ VsyhekdsZfVsax] izsl fjyht] l'kqYd foKkiu] VsªM 'kks esa Hkkx ysuk rFkk lsYl nkSjs] fu;kZr Mk;jsDVªht esa lwphc) fd;k tkuk bR;kfnA III. ewY; fu/kkZj.k uhfr fu;kZr cktkj esa ftl ewY; ij vki viuk mRikn cspuk pkgrs gSa] mlesa vkn'kZ :i ls lHkh ykxrsa 'kkfey gksus ds lkFk&lkFk og izfrLi/kkZRed Hkh gksuh pkfg,A lkFk gh lkFk ;g [kjhnnkjksa dks vkdf"kZr djus okyh rFkk ykHk iznku djus okyh gksuh pkfg,A ;g t:jh ugha fd ,d cktkj ds fy, mi;qDr ewY; vU; cktkjksa esa Hkh lgh gksaA cktkj pkgs dqN Hkh gks] ewY; fu/kkZj.k izfØ;k ^mRiknu dh ewy bdkbZ ykxr^ ds llkFk 'kq: gksuh pkfg,A ykxr ls uhps ewY; r; djuk vkfFkZd :i ls le>nkjh ughsa gSSA tc vkius ,d ckj ewy bdkbZ ij ykxr r; dj yh gS] rks mlls vf/kd ewY; dk r; djuk cktkj ds viukus ij fuHkZj gS vFkkZr~ og ewY; ftls cktkj eatwj djsxkA lkekU;r% ;g cktkj fof'k"V xq.k tSls u;k vFkok ,dek=k ] Js"B xq.koRrk] czk.M vf/kekU;rk bR;kfn tSlh ckrksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA IV LFkkfud uhfr vf/kla[; ns'kksa esa Hkk"kk,a] lkaLÑfrd ewY;] :fp;ka] dkjksckjh i)fr;ka] vk;s Lrj] i;kZoj.k laca/kh fLFkfr;ka] mRiknu ekud] fof/kd vko';drk,a bR;kfn fHkUu gksrh gSaA bu lHkh ls izeq[k fcØh izHkkfor gksrh gSaA fofHkUu cktkjksa esa lQy gksus ds fy, vkidks mu ckrksa dk /;ku j[krs gq, vious mRiknu vFkok lsok dks LFkkuh; ?kVdksa ds vuq:i <kyuk gksxkA fons'kksa xzkgd cukuk laHkkfor ,oa u;s xzkgdksa dks fu;kZr djus ds fy, og vko';d gS fd vki vius Lo;a ds vuqHkoksa tks fd vkius fons'k Hkze.k d nkSjku izkIr fd, gSaA ;k vkids fons'kh izfrfuf/k;ksa us vkids fy, igpku fd, gSa] dh vksj /;ku bnsaA vki varjkZ"Vªh; O;kij esayksa esa Hkkx yss ldrs gSa] ftlesa vki varjkZ"Vªh; Øsrk&foØsrk cSBdksa esa Hkh Hkkx ys ldrs gSa] blls vkidks Øsrkvksa d lkFk vf/kd O;fDrxr fopkj&foe'kZ dk volj feysxkA vki vk;krd funsZf'kdk ls izeq[k vk;krdksa ds irs ,oa laidZ laca/kh O;kSjk izkIr dj ldrs gSaA baVjusV lfQZax] VsªM eSxthu dh Hkh lgk;rk yh tk ldrh gSA ijarq bu lwpuvksa sdk 'khZ?kzrk ls vuqlj.k djus dh vko';drk gksxhA fons'kh xzkgd dh igpku djus ds vU; óksr] fu;kZr lac/kZu ifj"knksa] deksfMVh cksMZ] Mh-th-lh-vkbZ-,.M,l-] Hkkjrh; nwrkoklksa esa okf.kfT;d izfrfuf/k] mPpk;ksx] pSEclZ vkWQ dkWelZ ,.M VsªM] lh vkbZ vkbZ] ,lkspSe] fQDdh bR;kfn tSls laa/k gks ldrs gSa lqiqnZxh gsrq eky dks rS;kj djuk fons'kksa esa eky Hkstus ds fy, vkidks ;g bs[k ysuk pkfg, fdd mRiknu dh ukS&ifjogu ls iwoZ iSfdax] yscy] nLrkost lgh gSA vkSj mldk chek djok fy;k x;k gSA blesa ls dqN rS;kfj;ka eky dks [kjkc gksus] pksjh gksus vFkok ukS&ifjogu esa foyac gksus ds laca/k esa lqj{kk iznku djus ds fy, gSA leqæh ukS&ifjogu ds fy, tgka rd laHko gks vius eky dks dUVsuj esa HkstsaA O;kikj vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djuk % fu;kZrd cuus ds fy, ewy vko';drk vk;krd&fu;kZrd dksM¼vkbZ bZ lh½ la[;k izkIr djuk gSA vkbZ bZ lh ds cfuk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr fu;kZr vFkok vk;kr ugha dj ldrk gS c'krsZ fd mls fo'ks"k :i ls NwV u nh xbZ gksA vkbZ bZ lh dksM dh izkfIr fons'k O;kikj egkfuns'kky; ¼Mh th ,Q Vh½ dh fof'k"V izfØ;k ds vuqlkj vkosnu djus ij dh tk ldrh gSA dksbZ Hkh fu;kZrd vkbZ bZ lh ^lhek la[;k izkIr djus ij ik=k cu tkrk gSA vius eky dk fu;kZr vko';d gS] ftlds fy, dbZ nLrkrst t:jh gSA fof'k"V mRikn ds fu;kZ rd fy, ljdkj dbZ izksRlkgu Hkh nsrh gSA lHkh vko';drkvksa] dkuwuh vkSipkfjdrkvksa ,oa izfØ;kvksa dh iwjh tkudkjh gsrq vkidks Mh th ,Q Vh }kjk izdkf'kr ^fons'k O;kikj uhfr^] ^izfØ;kvksa dh gLr&iqfLrdk ¼[k.M-1½^ rFkk ^vkbZ Vh lh ¼,p ,l½ vk;kr ,oa fu;kZr oxhZdj.k^ iqLrd ds uohure vadks dks i<+uk pkfg,] tks mudh osollkbV http://dgft.delhi.nic.in ij Hkh miyC/k gSA fu;kZr ,oa vk;kr ij dksbZ ikoanh ugha gS] fook, mu ekeyksa ds tgka mudh fons'kh eqæk xfrfof/k;ksa fofu;fer gksrh gsA enokj fu;kZr ,oa vklkr uhfr dks vkbZ Vh lh ¼,p- ,l-½ iqLrd esa frfufnZ"V fd;k x;k gSA ;fn vki Hkh mu ykHkksa dks ikuk pkgrs gSa tks ifj"kn@izkf/kdj.k rFkk ljdkj }kjk lnL;ksa dks fn, tkrs gS] rks vki dks lacaf/kr ifj"kn@izkf/kdj.k ds lnL; ds :i esa iathÑr gksuk pkfg,A

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fu;kZr dks ljy cukuk ek=k HkkM+k QkjoMZj fu;kZr nLrkost ,oa ukS&ifjogu vko';drkvksa dk vuqikyu djus gsrq fu;kZrd ekyHkkM+k QkjoMZj dks vius ,tsUV ds :i esa fu;qfDr dj mudh lsokvksa dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA ,d varjkZ"Vªh; ekyHkkM+k QkjokMZj og gsS] tks fdlh leqæikj ns'k dks eky Hkstus dk dke djrk gSA ;s ,tsUVksa fons'kksa d fu;kZr fu;esks ,oa fofu;eksa] Hkkjr ljdkj ds fu;kZr fu;eksa] ukS&ifjogu ds <ax rFkk fons'k O;kikj ls lacaf/kr nLrkost ds tkudkj gksrs gSa bLrkost] vko';drkvksa] fou;eksa ifjogu ykxr rFkk cSad laca/kh i)fr;ksa ds ckjsa esa QkjoMZj ds ikl miyC/k tkudkjh ls fu;kZr izfØ;k ljy gks tkrh gSA ekyHkkM+k QkjoMZj ykxr] iRru izHkkj] fo'ks"k nLrkost dh ykxr] chek ykxr rFlkk lapkyu 'kqYdksa ds laca/k esa mfpr ijke'kZ iznku dj fu;kZrdksa ds fy, mfpr ewY; nj fu/kkZfjr djus esa lgk;rk iznku dj ldrs gSaA ekyHkkM+k QkjoMZj dh lsok,a ,d tk;t ykxr gS ftls fu;kZrd dks vius mRikn ds ewY; esa 'kkfey djuk pkfg,A ekyHkkM+k QkjoMZj fcy vkWQ ykSfaMax rFkk vU; t:jh nLrkost Hkh rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA rFkk ukSogu ds ckn os nLrkost dks foØsrk &Øsrk vFkok vnk djus okys cSad dks Hkst ldrs gSaA ekyHkkM+k QkjoMZj fons'kksa esa dLVe czksdj ds lkFk O;oLFkk dj ldrs gSa ftlesa fd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd eky lhek&'kqYd fu;kZr nLrkost ds laca/k esa dbZ izdkj dh vkSipkfjdrkvksa dks Lo;a u iwjk dj mudh lgk;rk izkIr dj busd dfBukb;ksa ls cp ldrs gSa eky dk fu;kZr djus dd ckn vnk;xh izkIr djuk eky jokuk gksus dsckn vkidks vnk;xh izkIr djus ds ckjs esa lquf'fpr gksuk pkfg,A blds fy, vkidks fu;kZr laca/kh ysu&nsuksa ds fy, iz;qDr fd, tkus okys vnk;xh <ax dh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A ;s ?kjsyw rhj ij iz;qDr rjhdksa ls vyx gksrs gSaA vkSj dqN rjhdsa nwljksa dh vis{kk tksf[ke okys gSaA fons'kh Øsrk vk'kk djrs gSa fd os eky igaqpus vFkok mlds ckn vnk;xh djsaA dsoy dqN gh fons'kh Øsrk vfxze vnk;xh djuk pkgsaxsA varjk"Vªh; O;kikj ysus&nsus esas nLrkost dh LohÑfr (Document against acceptance-D.A), vnk;xh ij nLrkost (Document a gainst payment-D.P.), lk[k i=k ¼ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV½ dk lkekU;r% fu;kZr vnk;xh esa iz;ksx gksrk gSA ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV ds }kjk cSad vkidks vnk;xh djrk gS ftlds fy, cSad vk;krd ls Lora=k :i ls dqy vk;kr dk ewY; izkIr djrk gSA ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV nks izdkj ds gksrs gSA igyk ftlesa nLrkrstksa dh izLrqfr ij rqjar Hkqxrku vkSj nwljk le; ,oa fnukad ij vk/kkfjr ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV ftlesa Hkqxrku fdlh Hkkoh frfFk ij fd;k tkr gSA ysVj vkQW ØsfMV dh lHkh 'krksZ dks iwjk djuk egRoiw.kZ gSA vkidks ysVj vkQW ØsfMV dh /;kuiwoZd leh{kk djuh pkfg, vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd ewY; ,oa 'krsZ ogh gSa] ftu ij nLrkost esa lgefr O;Dr dh xbZ gSA vxj ,slk ugha gS rks cvSa vnk;xh ugha dj ldrk gSA cSad Hkh jf'k dh vnk;xh] ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV ds vuqlkj gh djsxk] pkgs ukS&ifjogu] chek vFkok vU; ckrksa ds fy, vis{kkÑr mPp izHkkj fyf[kr :i esa vU; nLrkost esa fn, x, gksaA ;fn ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV dh 'krksZa dks iwjk u fd;k tk ldrk gks vFkok blesa =kqfV;ka gks vFkok o.kZ dh v'kqf) gks] rks vkidks rRdky Øsrk ls laidZ djuk pkfg,A vkSj leL;k dks nwj djus dsd fy, ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV esa la'kks/ku ds fy, dguk pkfg,A vnk;xh ikus ds fy, vkidks fyf[kr rd eky dks ukS&ifjogu fd;k x;k gSA ekyHkkM+k Hkstus okys ukS&ifjogu esa gksus okys laHkkfor foyac dh vlkekU; ifjLFkfr;ksa ds ckjs esa lykg ns ldrs gSA cSad lykg ns ldrs gSa fd D;k izLrqfrdj.k dh vafre rkjh[k dks iwjk djus ds fy, i;kZIr le; gSA vkidks lnSo ;g vuqjks/k djuk pkfg, fd ysVj vkWQ ØsfMV esa vkaf'kd ukS&ifjogu dh LohÑfr dk mYys[k gksA blls vafre le; ij izR;kf'kr leL;kvksa ls cpk tk ldsxkA laLFkkxr lgk;rk fodkl vk;qDr ¼,e,l,ebZ½ dk dk;kZy; lw{e] y?kq ,oa e/;e m|eksa ¼,e,l,ebZ½ ds lac/kZu ,oa fodkl d fy, dsaæhr ljdkj ds Loj ij ,d uksMy vfHkdj.k ¼,tsalh½gSA fu;kZr izpkj&izlkj ds {ks=k esa y?kq m|eksa gsrq blds ikl dqN ;kstuk,a gSa & vFkkZr~ varjkZ"Vªh; iznf'kZfu;ksa esa Hkkx ysus] mRiknuksa dh ckj&dksfMax] fu;kZrksa esa iSdsftax d fy, izf'k{k.k bR;kfn ds fy, foÙkh; lgk;rkA fodkl vk;qDr ¼,e,l,ebZ½ dk dk;kZy;] DyLVj vk/kkfjr fodkl gsrq lgk;rk] izkS|ksfxdh ,oa xq.koÙkk mUu;uhdj.k lgk;rk] m|ferk ,oa izca/kdh; fodkl gsrq foi.ku lgk;rk rFkk vU; lgk;rk Hkh iznku djrk gSA bu ;kstukvksa@ dk;ZØeksa dk fooj.k osclkbV www.dcmsme.gov.in/ www.msmediagra.gov.in ij miyC/k gSA

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Desk-Top Publishing & Advanced Word Processing

Summary

Desktop Publishing is the process of creating publications such abrochures, movie posters, newsletters, and magazines for the purpose of large scale publishing or small scale distribution. Desktop publishing requires the use of a publishing software such as Microsoft Publisher, Adobe InDesign, or Scribus. This software enables the user to format content, pictures, graphics or other visual elements in an organized way producing professional results.

Desktop Publishing Review

Software: Adobe InDesign Version: CS3 Platform: Windows & Macintosh Features: � Compatible with Photoshop &

Dreamweaver � Easy to create effects & add � effects to your page layout � Multi-file Place & Quick Apply � Multiformat Publishing � Print to Web Workflows � Professional typography controls � Full-featured tables

(import content into tables) � Import styled text

My Reactions

Overall Adobe InDesign is a great product with a lot of advanced features that will appeal to a graphic designer or an advanced user. However, I think that this software might be a little advanced to the ordinary computer user. InDesign can create amazing graphics and page layouts but the average user will not be able to utilize some of the more advanced features do to their complexity.

References Adobe InDesign, http://www.adobe.com/products/indesign/, accessed January 28th, 2008

System Requirements

Windows

� Intel® Pentium® 4, Intel Centrino®, Intel Xeon®, or Intel Core™ Duo (or compatible) processor

� Microsoft® Windows® XP with Service Pack 2 or Windows Vista™ Home Premium, Business, Ultimate, or Enterprise

� 256MB of RAM � 1.8GB of available hard-

disk space � 1,024x768 monitor

resolution � DVD-ROM drive

Macintosh

� PowerPC® G4 or G5 or multicore Intel processor

� Mac OS X v10.4.8–10.5 (Leopard)

� 256MB of RAM (512MB recommended)

� 1.6GB of available hard-disk space

� 1,024x768 monitor resolution with 16-bit video card

� DVD-ROM drive

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�"Easy Grade Pro 3.6 can save a classroom teacher time while making it easier than ever to keep parents and students informed of progress on a regular basis. It is exactly what technology in the classroom should be; simple and performance-enhancing." -Top Honors Awarded by Applelinks, February 2002

Development and Management of Data Resources

Article Summary

McFarland, S. (2003). Five OS X-Ready Programs for Teachers Get Assorted Marks. Macworld, 20(11), 30-39. Retrieved February 20, 2008.

Instructors have a hard enough time keeping up with their students and classes that it can only be seen as a hassle to have to keep track of all of their grades as well. MacWorld released an article in 2003, reviewing different brands of grade book software that are Mac OS-X compatible (software also runs on OS 9 and Windows). The following software applications were used in this review: Chariot Software Group's MicroGrade 6.02, Daniel Ethier's Gradekeeper X 5.4, Matt Fahrenbacher's Perfect Score 1.1.6, Maxium Developments' Master Grade X 1.5, and Orbis Software's Easy Grade Pro 3.6. The writer focused on how each piece of software handled 5 different criteria. The criteria used for the comparison were: • First Day of Class: importing student

information, adding classes, and adding assignments.

• Grading Through the Year: sorting and searching students and calculating final grades

• Present and Accounted For: absences, excused absences, tardies, and seating charts

• Progress Reports: customizable progress reports and grade exporting methods • Cost: best bang for your buck

According to this review Easy Grade Pro is the best option for Mac friendly grade book software. This program was easy to use (a big plus for teachers), came with printed instructions, met all of the criteria, and was reasonably priced.

My Reaction I truly believe that the days of red spiral grade books are gone. Technology has enabled teachers in the classroom and it has also produced many new types of software and media that make teaching’ easier. The grade book software compared in this article only skims the surface; there are many new and innovative solutions that help teachers with the daily activities. The grade book software makes it easy and convenient for teachers to update their grades but it also removes any room for error. I think that the challenge grade book software producers are going to encounter is having to sell their software to districts. Since this type of technology is becoming so common, there are more options for consumers and more opportunities for companies to sell this product in bulk. Orbis’s software met all of the criteria presented in this review and therefore is a big competitor in the educational software market. The big question is: will Orbis be able to compete with other grade book software a year from now.

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Instructional Resource Mind Tool Development

Summary

As different forms of media and technology applications have become available in our classrooms and as more funding is thrown at public schools, an increasing amount of pressure is being put on teachers to incorporate technology into their everyday lessons. The unfortunate thing about this is that teachers have enough responsibility as it is and learning how to use and then incorporate these different type of technology into their classrooms is more of a hassle than a benefit in their eyes. If teachers were educated on how to incorporate different types of technology into their lessons and everyday classroom activities while they were in school, ideally they would be more ready and willing to use these applications in the classroom.

Technology and the Development of Instructional Resources

This article discusses the use of

technology applications in the classroom and why preservice teachers are not prepared when they begin their careers. Education today is not at all what it used to be; gone are the days of chalkboards and heavy dictionaries and encyclopedias. The new classroom is full of computers, Smart Boards, projectors, Elmos, television sets, and DVD players. The only problem is that the innovative technology of the future is present, but it’s collecting dust. Many school districts across the nation are receiving federal funding through grants and partnerships (Pope et al, 2002), however, the money is no good if the teachers don’t know how to use technology and incorporate it into their lessons.

A great deal of research has gone into teacher technology training and how it effects the implementation of different forms of media in the classroom. This article presents the results of a research study that examined the effects of technology training, implementation examples, and technology application practice on new teachers that are about to begin their career in the classroom. By learning how to use the technology, teachers became were more confident in their ability to successfully integrate technology into their teaching practices (Pope et al, 2002). College education majors are prepared to use word processors and access the internet in the classroom, however they do not know how to create Power Point Presentations

35

and use multimedia software to develop interactive and innovative lessons. By training teachers before they reach the classroom and demonstrating how the different forms of technology will assist them in the classroom. Preservice teachers are becoming

more confident around technology and are more wiling to think outside of the box and try and implement these new, innovative solutions into the classroom of the 21st century.

Reactions I breathe a sigh of relief every time I read a research article that examines the effects of technology in the classroom. In the past decade we have seen many new forms of media and technology introduced to our society, more importantly, these forms of media have made their way into the classroom. The biggest issue is that districts’ and school boards’ are expecting teachers to teach themselves how to use this media or they are providing it with the hopes that somebody knows how to use it. This is not the ideal way to introduce new ideas to teachers! By investing the

time and money into students before they reach the classroom, administrators are saving themselves from having to develop programs and scheduling training days to ensure that the teachers know how to use the thousands of dollars of technology that they have access to. As it is with most things that cost money, their needs to be substantial proof that technology benefits the students and the educational system as a whole. This proof includes but is not limited to lots of research that shows, without a doubt, that technology is worth investing in. After all, what good are all of those computers and programs if nobody knows how to use them?

References

Pope, M., Hare, D., & Howard, E.. (2002). Technology Integration: Closing the Gap Between What Preservice Teachers are Taught To Do and What They Can Do, Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 10(2), 191-203.

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Telecommunications and Online Resource Management

Fair Use Issues and Course Management Systems

As computerized learning or e-learning start to gain popularity among instructors who are interested in converting their courses online, Course Management System (CMS) offers great help in managing content and organize materials in order to facilitate learning. Due to the features of online materials, such as easy accessibility, posting academic articles or instructional materials on any Course Management System (CMS) now has raised challenging questions about Copyrights. Copyright laws currently provide legal protection to nearly all readings and course materials which are posted by instructors on electronic delivery systems and it allows use of the materials without permission only if it is a “Fair Use”. There are no simple, concise rules about the concept of Fair Use and how it applies to the materials on CMS, such as Blackboard and Moodle. This can be tricky because different universities sometimes have different policies for Fair Use under the limitation of the Copyright Act. The text of which follows: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified in that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include

1. The PURPOSE and character of the use, including whether such use is of a

commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes; a. Nonprofit educational uses over commercial uses b. Uses that are “transformative, “Such as quotations incorporated into

a paper. c. Multiple copies for educational purposes are specially allowed

2. The NATURE of the copyrighted work; a. Fair use of a commercial work meant for the educational market is

generally disfavored. b. Nonfiction, rather than fiction is generally more favored. c. Commercial audiovisual works generally receive less fair use than

do printed works 3. The AMOUNT and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the

copyrighted work as a whole; and a. Both quantitatively and qualitatively b. Quantity must be evaluated relatively to the length of the entire

original. c. A thumbnail or a low-resolution version of the image might be an

acceptable “amount” to serve an education or research purpose.

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4. The EFFECT of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

a. A use for which a purchase of an original theoretically should have occurred—regardless of personal willingness or ability to pay for such purchase—then this factor may weigh against fair use.

b. Reproductions of software and videotapes direct inroads on the potential markets for those works.

The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.

Texas A&M University Fair Use Policy

The concepts related to Fair Use are relatively new and therefore not all developers and teachers are educated on Fair Use guidelines in online courses. Texas A&M University IMS (Internet Media Services) provides guidelines for Fair Use of materials on academic online resources, including Course Management Systems. Below are the outlines:

FILM / VIDEO

(MOTION MEDIA) Proportion: 10%

Limits: Up to 3 minutes from a work

PHOTOS / ILLUSTRATIONS

Proportion: Complete photo Limits: Up to five from one artist

TEXT

Proportion: 10% Limits: Up to 1000 Words

COLLECTED WORK

Proportion: 10%

Additional Guidelines:

Max 15 from a single collected work.

POETRY

Proportion: Entire Poem if 250 words or less Limits: Up to 250 words

Additional Guidelines: If from anthology, limit 3 from

one poet or 5 poems total

DATABASE

(NUMERICAL DATA SETS) Proportion: 10%

Limits: Up to 2500 fields or cell entries

Additional Guidelines: Cell entry is row by column intersect (spreadsheet). Field item is single item of

information.

MUSIC, LYRICS OR MUSIC VIDEO

Proportion: 10% Limits: 30 seconds maximum

Additional Guidelines: No change in melody or fundamental character of work.

No matter course designers develop a CMS independently or utilizing an established one, it takes considerable amount of time to put together the course materials and therefore all the collecting efforts on the system from both instructors and learners deserve to be protected. On the other hand, as long as we are careful with using others’ intellectual

38

property, proper application of fair use can prove to be extremely beneficial to the instructor, the students, and

Moodle vs. Blackboard’s WebCT

Working with both Moodle and WebCT is relatively straight-forward; nevertheless there are advantages and disadvantages of each course management system. The more you work with each, the more obvious the differences become. Either way, both systems are incredibly powerful and would be beneficial to any instructional designer or eLearning course developer looking for a way to create a classroom environment online. One of the advantages of WebCT is that after logging into the system, any items that have been updated will appear as icons below the class name. If you are taking multiple classes, this helps clarify which classes need your immediate attention and which classes have not changed since your last login. Moodle does notify the user of any updates since their last login, but only after they have selected a particular class. WebCT’s quick and easy way of notifying students makes it easy to keep your classes organized and helps you recognize which classes need your immediate attention. Another difference between WebCT and Moodle is the way that forum and blog posts are identified. One of the major disadvantages of eLearning and distance education is that many people find it difficult to form relationships with people in their classes due to the lack of synchronous interaction. Moodle helps solve this dilemma by posting a small, thumbnail graphic of the student next to the forum or blog entry. By seeing the graphic, the student is able to put a face with a name, helping them form a relationship with the other students in the online course. Though both courses allow the professor to setup a page that displays a student’s name and picture, Moodle is the only one that allows the student to actually create their own profile. This also helps build relationships between the students. One of the only ways to do something like this in WebCT is through an asynchronous discussion where students would actually create a post about themselves and attach a picture. Another great feature found in Moodle and WebCT that allows users

to build relationships is the Online Users tool. This tool displays what users have recently logged into the website by posting their name and a thumbnail picture (Moodle only) within the course area. This feature is beneficial to students because of the face to face recognition but also because students know

who else is logged in and possibly working on a

project at the same time!

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Another advantage of Moodle is the amount of information that can be displayed on the main page of the course. Moodle allows for many different panes of content (left, center, right) which makes it easy to organize course materials and categories. On the home page, students can access class resources, upcoming events, recent users, a calendar, as well as a weekly outline of the course (just to mention a few). In addition, once you click on an assignment or page, a “Jump To” drop down menu appears in the top right part of the header that allows you to view and choose other pages on the Moodle site to navigate to. This feature makes it easy to jump around on the website and go back and forth between units, lessons, grades, and your calendar. After logging in, WebCT only allows students to view the home page of content and a menu for the rest of the course resources. Though this menu is accessible on all pages, it is categorized into main groups and not all pages and resources are directly accessible. Less is more isn’t quite the case when it comes to course management systems and eLearning. When it comes to producing and submitting assignments, both WebCT and Moodle allows users to browse their computers and select the assignment to upload. One advantage to WebCT is that users are allowed to create a text submission to correspond with their attached file and also submit a comment. Moodle does not include an area to

comment on your submission; however, the instructor can allow multiple submissions for certain assignments. With any solution, money and support are always issues. Moodle can be installed on any server free of charge; however, because the software is free you are sacrificing support and maintenance. WebCT can be a costly solution if you are only planning on using this system for one or two classes, however, WebCT is well supported and maintained if any

issues arise during a course or semester. If you are looking for licensing for wide spread use of the course management system, WebCT would be a more cost effective solution. If you are looking for a course management system for a couple of classes and consider yourself relatively tech savvy, Moodle would be the way to go. Each course management system has its strengths and weaknesses, overall, they are both excellent ways to organize and develop an online course. Needless to say, it is important for the instructor who is in charge of the course to have a working understanding of the system; its

strengths and its limitations.

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Without proper working knowledge of the systems, the instructor might not utilize many tools that would prove to be beneficial to the students in an online learning environment.

Resources

Texas A&M University Internetmediaservices http://imedia.tamu.edu/documentation/copyright-information/fair_use Copyright Management Center of IUPUI http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/distedcms.htm#int Copyright Graphic http://www.falseallegations2001.com/Copyright_Symbol.jpg, Accessed April 4th, 2008 Web CT Graphic www.elearning.tamu.edu, Accessed April 4th, 2008 Moodle Graphic www.edtcserver.coe.tamu.edu/moodle , Accessed April 4th, 2008

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Web Mastering

Summary As the Internet and technology become more prevalent in classrooms and as new ways of delivering information are developed and change how students learn, the need for accessible digital learning materials arises. The article, “Reaching Accessibility: Guidelines for Creating and Refining Digital Learning Materials” discusses how important this topic is to education and describes a couple of ways to check for accessibility in your learning materials.

According to the U.S. Department

of Education, 86% of public schools that currently had access to the internet had websites (U.S Department of Education, 2003). In addition, during the 2000-2001 school year, 89% of public, 4-year colleges offered at least one distance education course (Waits & Lewis, 2003). These numbers sound encouraging until you realize that the same report also recognized that:

Of the institutions that had used web sites for distance education courses, 18 percent indicated that they followed established accessibility guidelines or recommendations for users with disabilities to a major extent, 28 percent followed the guidelines to a moderate extent, 18 percent followed the guidelines to a minor extent, 3 percent did not follow the guidelines at all, and 33 percent did not know if the web sites followed accessibility guidelines. (p. 15)

It should also be noted that the U.S. Census Bureau (2002) reported that 19.3% of the U.S. population has some form of disability. With the statistics on paper, it only makes since for educators, course designers, and developers to create digital learning materials that are accessible to all people regardless of whether or not they have a disability.

The need for accessible digital learning materials is not limited to students with vision and motor impairments (Hoffman, Hartley, & Boone, 2005). Students from all backgrounds and with all type of disabilities (including learning disabilities) shouldn’t be left behind in the digital age because of something they cannot control. The issue with non-accessible materials does not begin with the instructor; this problem begins with the software developers who do not create disability friendly software programs for teachers to utilize (Hoffman et al., 2005). Software programs should be built to recognize whether or not a project or document would be considered accessible or not and offer solutions.

Software Accessibility Analysis

Adaptability is the key to success for

accessibility efforts (Hoffman et al., 2005).

The authors of this article compared the accessibility features of two types of software commonly used to develop digital learning materials. One of these is Adobe Acrobat and the use of PDF documents to exchange information; another is Microsoft PowerPoint.

PDF Documents

PDF documents are incredibly beneficial to both students and instructors in an eLearning environ-ment. One reason for this is the ability for PDF documents to be viewed in the same format they were created without the need for a certain software version or application (Hoffman et al., 2005). It is important when creating files that will eventually be converted to PDF documents, to create a logical structure for your document (Hoffman et al., 2005). This includes defining headings and also using built in tools to create columns and format your document (Hoffman et al., 2005). In addition, tags should be added to any graphics used in your document (Hoffman et al., 2005). This can be done using features built into Adobe Acrobat and will ensure that people who cannot see the graphics, understand what you are trying to convey. Acrobat also includes a feature that will allow you to test your document for accessibility and will notify you if any parts (graphics or text) have problems (Hoffman et al., 2005). Once

you have completed developing the PDF document, it is important to test the accessibility using a screen reader (Hoffman et al., 2005). This will ensure that your document accessible to any students who rely on screen readers to read information to them.

PowerPoint Power Point is another form of software commonly used in distance or eLearning environments. One of the beneficial things about this software is that Microsoft released a “PowerPoint Viewer” that allows students without the PowerPoint software to view presentations made in PowerPoint. The main accessibility feature of PowerPoint is the ability to convert a presentation into an HTML document (Hoffman et al., 2005). By doing this, the presentation can be viewed in an internet browser and site readers can access the information (Hoffman et al., 2005). The big downside to this is that when converting the presentation to a HTML document, all of the graphics lose their descriptions. The only way to fix this problem is to update the HTML code, which can be very difficult if you are not a technologically savvy person (Hoffman et al., 2005). Presentation developers can also follow certain guidelines when creating presentations that will help with accessibility. According to Hoffman et al., some of these are:

1. Creating user controlled animation and not timed animation

2. Using text and background colors that contrast each other

3. Add text transcripts for any multimedia objects used in your presentation (videos, audio, etc).

4. Convey information using text and not color when at all possible.

Reaction

I do think that it is important for developers, designers, and instructors to recognize that many of the materials that they use in online courses might not reach all of the students in the class. Nevertheless, I don’t foresee people going out of their way and spending a great deal of extra money ensuring that their materials are accessible to all students. This type of action towards digital learning materials will not happen until there are laws that regulate the production of accessible digital learning materials. This type of education is still relatively new and many instructors have a hard enough time developing materials that get their point across, let alone developing materials that are accessible to all students. This is a very important topic and as distance education and eLearning become more popular and more students try to enroll in these types of classes, accessibility will become regulated.

Website Development Resources When developing a website there are many different programs that you can use to assist you throughout the design and development process. While some are more advanced than others, all programs are extremely helpful and make the process a little more enjoyable. One very popular web development program is Adobe Dreamweaver CS3 (formerly Macromedia Dreamweaver). Dreamweaver helps you design, develop and maintain websites and web applications. This software can assist anybody throughout this process whether it is their first website or their hundredth. Dreamweaver supports CSS (Cascading Style sheets), HTML, XHTML, CML, JavaScript, Ajax, PHP, ColdFusion, ASP, ASP.NET, and JSP. To some these words might seem like a foreign language, that is why Dreamweaver also allows you to create a website in design mode so that you do not have to know any programming languages at all! Another beneficial resource when designing a website is a good photo editing program. There are many of them out there but two of the more popular ones are Adobe Photoshop CS3 and Adobe Photoshop Elements. These two programs allow you to crop, resize, layer, adjust, and enhance any photos or graphics. By being able to edit these, you can rest assured that your website will only consist of high quality, professional looking graphics.

Techniques Each person approaches web development in different ways, some use tables, others use frames, some prefer text links other prefer graphic links. Either way, one of the more

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important techniques when working with advanced web development is to take everything one step at a time. Many times, people rush into things and end up with ten windows opens, twenty graphic files, and no clue what to do next. Start off simple and visualize or storyboard your site and what you want it to do. How many pages do you need? What information are you trying to convey? What programming language will you use? All of these questions need to be answered before you even sit down at your computer. Once you develop a good idea regarding what you are trying to do, start working on your layout. Whether this means developing tables, div, or frames; it is important to layout your website first. Next, add any additional pages that you might need and organize all of the files and make sure that your menu and links work. If you are working with JavaScript or PHP, make sure that these functions work before you begin adding content and “jazzing” up your website. Upload your test files and see if your form is submitting and your JavaScript functions are returning the correct values. Functionality should be your main concern when you develop the website, if it doesn’t work; it’s not going to benefit anybody. Make sure everything is functioning and then go back and add any content, pictures, objects or features that will make the site appealing to the eye or ‘sexy’.

References

Hoffman, B., Hartley, K., & Boone, R. (2005). Reaching Accessibility: Guidelines for Creating and Refining Digital learning Materials. Intervention in School and Clinic, 40(3), 171-176. U.S. Census Bureau (2000). Retrieved on September 15, 2004, from http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/QTTable?ds_name=D&geo_id=D&qr_name=DEC_2000_SF3_U_QTP21&_lang=en U.S. Department of Education. (2003, October 29). Internet access in U.S. public schools and classrooms: 1994–2002. Retrieved April 09, 2004, from http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2004011 Waits, T., & Lewis, L. (2003). Distance education at degree-granting postsecondary institutions: 2000–2001 (NCES 2003-017). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Picture of Girl and Teacher: http://www.diversity.mnscu.edu/images/copyphoto4.jpg Adobe Logo: http://www.techshout.com/software/2007/26/adobe-systems-to-open-source-flash-tool-flex/ Dreamweaver: http://www.adobe.com/products/dreamweaver/?ogn=EN_US-gntray_prod_dreamweaver_home Adobe Photoshop: http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/family/ Web Photo: http://www.4ibw.com/images/web_photo.jpg

MSME-Development Institute, Agra

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR MARKET SURVEY

1. Name & Address of the Dealer / Manufacture / Consumer:

2. Know the Product:

a) Physical Characteristics:

b) Alternate Uses:

c) Existence of Substitute products & their role in forming the total supplies:

d) Variation in Sizes, Models, Flavour, Material etc.:

e) Whether the product is assembled or made:

3. Know the Customers:

Uses % of sale

a) Govt. Departments

b) Industries

c) House wives

d) Children

e) Others

4. Price of the Product:

Brand in competition Rough share Sale price in market per unit

a)

b)

c)

5. Find out the nature of Demand:

a) Elastic or Inelastic

b) Constant, Seasonal, Cyclical

c) Major influencing factor

6. Know the competitors pricing policies:

a) Seasonal or special promotional price cuts

b) Margin allowed to distributors & dealers

7. Sales trend of major competitors (Last 5 years):

a)

b)

c)

d)

(Make projections for future sale on the basis of past trend)

MSME-Development Institute, Agra

8. Consumption trend of customers:

Customers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

a)

b)

c)

d)

(Make projections for future demand on the basis of past trend)

9. Supply Position:

Competition Total Production Production going out side the market

a)

b)

c)

10. Find out the demand & supply position of the product:

1) Short supply Extent

2) Over supply Extent

3) Normal supply

State the reasons if any for the position.

11. Know the competitors Distribution channel:

Channels % of sales covered

1. Direct

2. Distributors/ Dealers & Sub dealers

3. Commission Agent

4. Retailers

5. Trough Tenders

12. Competitors consumers satisfaction:

Brand Consumers Reaction

Consumers Consumers Complaints &

Satisfaction Dissatisfaction

1)

2)

3)

4)

MSME-Development Institute, Agra

13. Competitors after sale service methods:

a) Responsibility of the Distribution channel

b) Responsibility of the manufacture

14. Know the competitors Methods/ Media:

1) News papers

2) Periodicals

3) Show Room

4) Exhibition / Fairs

5) Personal contact

6) Discounts

7) Bonus Pack

8) Any other

15. Collect information about packaging requirements:

1) Special packaging requirements of the product

2) Materials & Design

3) Sizes

16. Find reasons for the good/ bad sale performance of the competitors:

17. Identify the likely problems areas & methods of tackling them:

1) Delivery schedule

2) Specification, Quality etc.

3) Price

4) Brand Image

5) Any other specify

MSME-Development Institute, Agra

1. Product description:

2. Customers of the Product:

3. Nature of the demand & pricing of the product:

4. Demand & trend:

5. Supply position & trend:

6. Analysis of demand & supply conditions for the product:

7. Distribution channel:

8. Consumer satisfaction:

9. After sale service:

10. Competitors promotional methods:

11. Packaging requirements:

12. Reason for good-bad sale performance of competitors:

13. Influence of Govt. Policy:

14. Problems areas & methods of tackling them: