detailed project report on potatoes chips...
TRANSCRIPT
RAJASTHAN AGRICULTURAL
COMPETITIVENESS PROJECT
Detailed Project Report on
Potatoes Chips Processing
Prepared by:
AGRI BUSINESS PROMOTION FACILITY
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 1
Table of Contents
List of Figures 2
List of Table 3
Chapter 1-Introduction of Potato 4
Chapter 2- Potato Processing in India 10
Chapter 3-Technical Process Flow 17
Chapter 4- Quality Control 24
Chapter 5- Technology Options Available 26
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 2
Figure 1:States Producing Potato in India ................................................................................6 Figure 2: Potato production in India ..........................................................................................7 Figure 3:Yield and Production of Potato ..................................................................................7 Figure 4:Major potato producing Districts in Rajasthan ............................................................8 Figure 5:Major varieties of Potato in Rajasthan ........................................................................8 Figure 6: Various Potato Products .......................................................................................... 10 Figure 7:Leading Potato Chips brand ..................................................................................... 13 Figure 8: Supply Chain Of Potato Chips ................................................................................. 14 Figure 9:Major Indian Chips Brand ......................................................................................... 14 Figure 10: Market share of Potato chips in India .................................................................... 15 Figure 11:Manual Potato Chips Processing Line Operating Model....................................... 18 Figure 12: High End Fully -automatic Potato Chips processing Line Operating Model ......... 20 Figure 13: Potato Chips Packaging machine ......................................................................... 22
List of Figures
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 3
Table 1:Major Potato producing countries ................................................................................5 Table 2: Cost Economics of Potato...........................................................................................9 Table 3: Area Production, Marketable Surplus in Cluster .........................................................9 Table 4: Resource mapping for potato value chain in Bari .......................................................9 Table 5: Potato varieties in India............................................................................................. 13 Table 6: Assumptions for Rental and Captive Model .............................................................. 26 Table 7: Assumptions for Operating Capacity utilization ......................................................... 26 Table 8: Project Cost Summary .............................................................................................. 27 Table 9: Means of Finance Summary ..................................................................................... 27 Table 10: Civil Cost Summary ................................................................................................ 27 Table 11: Utilities and other project components .................................................................... 28 Table 12: Plant and Machinery ............................................................................................... 28 Table 13: Income Statement ................................................................................................... 31 Table 14: Balance Sheet ........................................................................................................ 34 Table 15: Assumptions for Operating Capacity ...................................................................... 36 Table 16: Project Cost Summary ............................................................................................ 36 Table 17: Means of Finance Summary ................................................................................... 37 Table 18: Civil Cost Summary ................................................................................................ 37 Table 19: Utilities and other project components .................................................................... 38 Table 20: Plant and Machinery ............................................................................................... 38 Table 21: Income Statement ................................................................................................... 40 Table 22: Balance Sheet ........................................................................................................ 42
List of Table
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 4
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is fundamentally important as a staple
food of humanity. Potatoes are grown and eaten in more countries than any
other crop. It is a cool-season vegetable which is at par with wheat and rice,
as one of the most important staple crop in the human diet around the world
and has a specialized underground storage stem called "tuber”.
Major roles of potato as a crop are mentioned below:
Potato is one of the most important crops in the world today. It produces
more protein and calories per unit area per unit time and per unit of water
than any other major food plant. It also contains phosphorus, calcium, iron
and some vitamin C & A. The protein calorie ratio is high One hectare of
potato can yield 22 to 23 metric ton of production. . It is versatile,
carbohydrate-rich food, highly popular worldwide and prepared and served
in a variety of ways, making them a good source of energy. Freshly
harvested, it contains about 80 percent water and 20 % dry matter. About
60 to 80 %of the dry matter is starch.
As a food item, potato has widespread acceptance across cultures and
social classes. More than a billion people worldwide eat potato, and global
total crop production exceeds 350 million metric tons.
1.1 Global scenario – Potato
Potato, popularly known as ‘The king of Vegetables' is a major food crop
grown by more than 100 countries in the world. Presently China, Russia,
India, Poland and U.S.A. contribute to a major share of the total world
production.
As a hunger releiving crop
In form of food, either fresh or processed or as an animal food
An item of commerce
Resource Bio-diversity
Use as a feed stock in industry for starch and alchol
As a propagule,from which to produce next crop
Chapter 1-Introduction of Potato
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 5
According to the report of FAO, total vegetable production in the world is
364,808,768 MT out of which China is the largest producer of potato in
year 2016-17, with an annual production of 99,122,420 MT followed by India
with less than half of the total potato produced by China. The table below
shows the major potato producing countries:
Table 1:Major Potato producing countries
Sno. Country Production('000 MT ) Area ( '000 Ha)
1 China 991224.29 5815.14
2 India 43770.00 2130.00
3 Russia 31107.80 2030.86
4 Ukraine 21750.29 1311.60
5 United States 19990.95 407.81
6 Germany 10772.10 242.50
7 Bangladesh 9474.10 475.70
8 Poland 8872.45 311.62
Source: http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC
1.2 Indian Scenario - Potato
India ranks 2nd as the world's largest potato producing nation after China.
Since 1990, per capita consumption of Potatoes has risen from around 12
kg to 17kg per year.
In India, Potato is not primarily a rural staple but a cash crop that provides
significant income to the farmers. Potatoes are grown on the Indo-Gangetic
plain during the short winter days from October to March while some year-
round production took place in relatively high altitude areas in the South.
The major states of India that comprise Potatoes are highlighted in the
diagram given below
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 6
Figure 1:States Producing Potato in India
Source : http://agricoop.gov.in
The production for Potato in India has increased significantly in 2016-17
as captured in the figure given below having a production of 48,604
Thousand MT with an area of 2,347 Thousand Ha and has many potato
producing states and districts producing potato in abundance. Uttar Pradesh
dominates the production of potato in India with highest productivity of
32.3% which is the highest producing state in the production. The below
diagram shows the production of Potato in India.
Uttar Pradesh
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Assam
Madhya Pradesh Gujrat
Chhattisgarh
West Bengal
Jharkhand
Bihar
Delhi
Punjab
Haryana
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 7
Figure 2: Potato production in India
Source :https://eands.dacnet.nic.in
1.3 Rajasthan Scenario –Potato
Rajasthan, the largest state of India (3, 42,239sq, km.) situated in the north-
western part of the Indian Union is largely an arid state. A significant portion
of the economy of Rajasthan is agrarian.
The vegetable production of profile attributes for 18,12,848 MT of
vegetables in the state of Rajasthan. The state has a diverse profile for
vegetable production with fruits such as Potato, Okra, Onion, Brinjal,
Tomato, Pea etc. Production of potato comprises of 234,552 MT which is
13 % of the total production of vegetables produced in the state. The below
diagram shows the increase in the production and yield of potato from 2010
to 2017.
Figure 3:Yield and Production of Potato
Source: Source :http://www.agriculture.rajasthan.gov.in
1,900.001,950.002,000.002,050.002,100.002,150.002,200.002,250.002,300.002,350.002,400.00
41,000.00
42,000.00
43,000.00
44,000.00
45,000.00
46,000.00
47,000.00
48,000.00
49,000.00
2014-15 2015-16 2016-17
Pro
duction in ' 0
00 H
a
Pro
duction in '000 M
T
Potato Production in India
Production Area
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
2010-11 2016-17
Potato Production (MT)
76,019
234,552
0.000
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
2010-11 2016-17
Potato Yield(MT/Ha)
7.225
16.118
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 8
The total area in the production of potato in the state is 14,552 Ha and the
production is 234,552 MT. Top districts in Rajasthan which Produces
Potatoes are mentioned below in the diagram
Figure 4:Major potato producing Districts in Rajasthan
Source: http://www.agriculture.rajasthan.gov.in
The district having the highest production of potato is Dholpur which is
151.50 Thousand MT. Major verities of Potato that are available in
Rajasthan are mentioned below:
Figure 5:Major varieties of Potato in Rajasthan
Chipsona 1 : It is a late maturing variet with medium compactcanopy with white flower. Tubers are white white cream colour,oval shaped with shallow eyes and it has white flesh. Thevariety is well apadted to North Indian plains and resistant tolate blight with good storability.
1533: It is medium maturing variety with medium compactcanopy with purple flower. Tubers are white cream color andoval shaped with shallow eyes and it has white flesh. It has amedium storablity as compared to Chipsona 1 but has ideal drymatter quality.
3. Sirohi
4.Hanumangarh
1.Dholpur
2.. Bharatpur
5.Kota
6.Bundi
7. Jhalwar
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 9
1.4 District and Cluster Scenario: Production
Potato is sown in 180 ha in Bari (a major city in Dholpur) and its cropping
intensity is 4.69% of the total cropped area. The total production in the
cluster is 4500 MT. The productivity of the cluster is 25000kg per ha and is
higher than the district average of 12279 kg/ha i.e. 12721 kg higher than
the district average. The proposed area of potato is planned to be increased
to 250 Ha after watershed development i.e. an increase of 70ha. The cost
economics of potato is as mentioned below:
Table 2: Cost Economics of Potato
Commodi
ty
Cost of
cultivation(Rs./Ac
re)
Productivi
ty
(Qlt/Acre)
Selling
Price
(Rs./Ql
t)
Revenu
e
(Rs./Acr
e)
Net
Surplus(Rs./A
cre
Potato 28,880 160 425 64,000 35,200
Source: GT Analysis
Table 3: Area Production, Marketable Surplus in Cluster
Cluster Area(Ha) Production(MT) Marketable
Surplus
(MT)
Value of
marketable
surplus
Dholpur 8,728 151,500 2,736 164 Lakhs
Source: GT Analysis
Table 4: Resource mapping for potato value chain in Bari
Cluster Major Mandi/s
around cluster
No. of FPCs
Targeted
Near buy Cold
Store With
Capacity
Bari Dholpur-30 km,
Agra-89
km,Bharatpur-90
km
5 Dholpur-4505 MT
Lots of private
cold stores
around Bharatpur
and Agra
Source: GT Analysis
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 10
Potato is one of the most important crops in the world today. Worldwide, the
potato is the third most important food crop, after rice and wheat, in terms
of human consumption. They are utilized in a variety of ways mentioned in
the below diagram:
Figure 6: Various Potato Products
In merely half a century industrial processing of potatoes into consumer
products has developed into a major activity in the potato world. Potato
processing industry is dominated by a single processing technique which
is frying at a high temperature in oil. The two major products which
comprises are French fries and potato chips.
In an increasingly fast society there is growing demand for snacks that are
easy to buy, store and eat, with an increasing number being eaten 'on the
move'. With this background, the potato wafers and chips market seems to
Pancake
Gravy Thickner
Soup
Potato custrad Powder
Flour
Flakes
Wafers
Chips
Chapter 2- Potato Processing in
India
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 11
hold good growth prospects. The potato chips and wafers are popular
processed food items that give considerable value addition to potatoes. The
potato chips category maintains a dominant lead over other salty snacks
Potato chips have a high market consumption and share in the snacks. The
market for potato chips is an assured and growing one.
Potato chips are thin, fried or baked potato slices that represent one of
the most valuable segments within processed potato products. Chips are
usually made of floury potatoes as they have lower levels of water and
sugar. Potato chips are served as a snack, appetiser or side dish with
the addition of other flavours and ingredients such as salt, cheeses and
spices among others.
Potato chips are one of the most convenient food options currently available
for people to keep pace with their busy lifestyle. It shortens the meal
preparation time and can be served in the form of a quick snack or part of
the meal.
2.1 Global scenario
Potato chips are consumed all over the world, their consumption and
penetration levels vary widely across regions and also has a massive sale
in the salty snacks category. The United States and Western
Europe currently represent the biggest markets accounting for nearly two
thirds of the total global demand. Growth rates in these markets, however,
have reached maturity levels whereas the emerging markets such
as India, China, Russia, etc. are expected to show promising growth rates
in the future.
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 12
Market Segmentation of Potato chips is shown below:
Major factors driving the global demand of potato chips are growing
urbanisation, rise in disposable incomes and rapidly changing lifestyles. the
global potato chips market has grown at a CAGR of around 4% during 2010-
2017 and reached a market value worth US$ 28 Billion. The global potato
chips market is highly imploding with the presence of numerous small and
By Region By Product Type By Distribution
Channel
Plain
United Kingdom
Brazil
Argentina
China
Russia
India
Supermarke
ts and
Hypermarke
ts
United States
Flavored
Others
Online
convenience and
Grocery Stores
Specialty Food
Stores
Potato Chips Market
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 13
large manufacturers who compete in terms of prices and quality. Some of
the leading players operating in the market are:
Figure 7:Leading Potato Chips brand
2.2 Indian Scenario
Indian potato processing industry has emerged fast due to economic
liberalization coupled with growing urbanization, expanding market options
and development of indigenous processing varieties.
Processing has helped to reduce the post-harvest losses and it not only
result in economic gains to the farmers but also provide better food and
nutritional security to the country. Keeping in view, the future demand of raw
material for processing in India and utilization of more potato produce
towards value addition, short duration varieties having good yield potential
(30-35t/ha) with high dry matter (21-23%) and low reducing sugar, are
required.
The potato supply chain in India has a manoeuvring aspect which has a
strong integration. Companies developing suitable varieties of potatoes
such as ITC, Merino Industries, CPRI offer a lot of promise for the future
potato processing potential in India. Potato varieties in India suitable for
Processing Chips are mentioned below:
Table 5: Potato varieties in India
Characters Potato chips
Tuber Shape Round (2.5 – 3.3 inch )
Skin colour White/ yellow
Eye Depth Shallow
Flesh colour White/ yellow
Texture Mealy
Uniformity High
Defects Minimum
Dry matter(%) >20
Reducing sugars <100 mg
Phenols Less
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 14
Glycoalkoids <15 mg
Keeping quality Good
Damage resistance High
Various stages of supply chain in the process of potato chips, from the
farmers to the consumers is explained below in the given diagram:
Figure 8: Supply Chain Of Potato Chips
According to global snack market analysis, potato chips account for an
average of 35% of the total savoury snacks market. The main consumers of
potato chip and wafers are families especially in urban and semi-urban
areas. Besides, hotels, restaurants, canteens, army establishments require
potato chips in significant quantities. The Indian chips market, sized at Rs
7,000-7,500 crore has been growing at a robust pace of 15% over the past
five years and going forward, is expected to grow at a similar pace. The
leading brands of potato chips in India are:
Figure 9:Major Indian Chips Brand
Uncle Chips
Lays Bingo Haldirams
Bikano Balaji Diamond
Farmers Manufacture
rs Collectors
End- consumers Retailers
Distribut
ors/
Exporter
s
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 15
These chips are priced at around Rs 20.00 per pack of 90 gm i.e. around
Rs 220/- per kg. The below graph shows the share of Potato chips in India,
where Lays have the highest share which is 49%.
Figure 10: Market share of Potato chips in India
Source :https://www.statista.com/statistics/562644/market-share-of-potato-chips-in-india-
by-company/
Due to the rising health consciousness among global population, several
potato chips manufacturers are launching value added products that are
healthier as compared to traditional potato chips. This includes products
with reduced fat and calorie content, fortified with healthy ingredients, lower
cholesterol, etc. Chips that are gluten-free, non-GMO verified and made with
sea salt, natural colours and flavours are gaining more popularity than the
traditional ones
The snacks food sector including potato chips is developing most rapidly.
Demand for processing quality potatoes over next 40 years is expected to
rise at the fastest pace for French fries (11.6% ACGR) followed by potato
flakes/ powder (7.6%) and potato chips (4.5%). The snack food market is
reportedly growing annually at 7 to 8%. Potato chips are estimated to
constitute 85% of total salty snack food market showing an annual growth
of 17%.
2.3 Rajasthan Scenario
Production of potato in Rajasthan comprises of 234,552 MT out of which
majorly the potatoes went for processing which includes wafers and chips.
Some of the local potato chips manufacturer which are quite famous in
Rajasthan are mentioned below:
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Pepsico(Lays)
BalajiWafers
ITC ParleProducts
HaldiramFoods
PraatapSnacks
Pepsico(UncleChips )
Market Share of Potato chips In India
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 16
Miraj Products Pvt. Ltd.
Aashutosh Bhujia Products
Agarwal Namkeen Products
Ganesh Narayan Rajkumar Dowtiwal
Sri Gru Udyog
Rathore Enterprises
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 17
3.1 Potato Chips Processing
The processing of Potato Chips Processing is differentiating with
three different models for various potato chips
1. Manual potato chips line
2. Semi-automatic potato chips processing line
3. Fully-automatic potato chips production line
The Manual potato chips line selected for low end chips Processing, the
potatoes arrive at the plant, they are examined and damaged potatoes are
taken out manually. The potatoes are washed thoroughly in water manually
and peeled by means of an abrasive potato peeling machine. The peelings
are washed away with sprays of water. They are then trimmed and placed in
water to prevent browning. They are sliced 1.7-1.85 mm. thick in a slicing
machine. The slices are again placed in cold water whenever there is
considerable delay in the subsequent operations of blanching. Then slices are
kept in water containing0.05% potassium met bisulphite to avoid oxidation.
The slices are blanched for 3 to 5 minutes in boiling water and spread on trays
at the rate of 4.88 kg. to 7.30kg. per square meter of tray surface. The
blanched chips are then subjected to D-Watering machine to remove excess
of water and fried inedible oil at 180-240ºC, for 3-4 minutes. The fried potato
wafers are then kept on the sieve to remove excess of oil, cooled and other
ingredients like salts, spicy mixture is sprayed as per required taste using
batch type flavouring machine. Cooled potato chips are then packed in
polythene bags and sealed. The of Low end manual potato chips line process
flow described in figure 11.
Chapter 3-Technical Process
Flow
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 18
Figure 11:Manual Potato Chips Processing Line Operating Model
In the case of Fully-automatic line, When the potatoes arrive at the plant, they
are examined and tasted for quality. A half dozen or so buckets are randomly
filled. Some are punched with holes in their cores so that they can be tracked
through the cooking process. The potatoes are examined for green edges and
blemishes. The pile of defective potatoes is weighed; if the weight exceeds a
company's present allowance, the entire truckload can be rejected. The
potatoes move along a conveyer belt to the various stages of manufacturing.
The conveyer belts are powered by gentle vibrations to keep breakage to a
minimum.
Destoning and peeling
The potatoes are loaded into a vertical helical screw conveyer which allows
stones to fall to the bottom and pushes the potatoes up to a conveyer belt to
the automatic peeling machine. After they have been peeled, the potatoes are
washed with cold water.
Slicing
The potatoes pass through a revolving impaler/presser that cuts them into
paper-thin slices, between 1.7-1.85 mm in thickness. Straight blades produce
Manual Washing & Sorting
Slicing
Peeling
Water Draining in
dewatering machine
Frying
Seasoning of Flavour
Packaging
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 19
regular chips while rippled blades produce ridged potato chips. The slices fall
into a second cold-water wash that removes the starch released when the
potatoes are cut. Some manufacturers, who market their chips as natural, do
not wash the starch off the potatoes.
Colour treatment
If the potatoes need to be chemically treated to enhance their colour, it is done
at this stage. The potato slices are immersed in a solution that has been
adjusted for pH, hardness, and mineral content.
Frying and salting
The slices pass under air jets that remove excess water as they flow into 40-
75 ft. (12.2-23 m) troughs filled with oil. The oil temperature is kept at 180-
240ºC. Paddles gently push the slices along. As the slices tumble, salt is
sprinkled from receptacles positioned above the trough at the rate of about
1.75 lb (0.79 kg) of salt to each 100 lb (45.4 kg) of chips.
Potato chips that are to be flavoured pass through a drum filled with the
desired powdered seasonings.
Cooling and sorting
At the end of the trough, a wire mesh belt pulls out the hot chips. As the chips
move along the mesh conveyer belt, excess oil is drained off and the chips
begin to cool. They then move under an optical sorter that picks out any burnt
slices and removes them with puffs of air.
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 20
Figure 12: High End Fully -automatic Potato Chips processing Line Operating Model
Potato Chips Processing Line
Hopper with Feeder
Potato Washer Grader De-Stoner Peeler Inspection Conveyor
Feed Conveyor Slicer and Washing
Twin shaker Infeed ShakerContinuous FryerCooling Conveyor
& Inspection Shaker
Flavoring Drum & Spices Dispenser
Packaging
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 21
Potato grader Washer Potato washer Potato slicer
Potato Product Fryers
chips seasoning machine Chips Packaging Machine
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 22
The chips are conveyed to a packaging machine with a scale. As the pre-
set weight of chips is measured, a metal detector checks the chips once
more for any foreign matter such as metal pieces that could have come with
the potatoes or been picked up in the frying process. The bags flow down
from a roll. A central processing unit (CPU) code on the bag tells the
machine how many chips should be released into the bag. As the bag forms,
(heat seals the top of the filled bag and seals the bottom of the next bag
simultaneously) gates open and allow the proper amount of chips to fall into
the bag. The filling process must be accomplished without letting
an overabundance of air into the bag, while also preventing the chips from
breaking. Many manufacturers use nitrogen to fill the space in the bags. The
sealed bags are conveyed to a collator and hand-packed into cartons.
Figure 13: Potato Chips Packaging machine
The below mentioned is the tentative cost being spent on Potato packing in
25 grams and 50 grams packed Pouches:
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 23
o Rs. 0.79 Packaging cost for 25 grams Chips pouch
o Rs. 1.05 Packaging cost for 50 grams Chips Pouch
o 400 grams per kg diesel required for Frying of Chips
o 350 grams per kg palm oil required for Frying of Chips
o The ratio is 1/3rd for eg-100 kg of potato gives around 32 kg
of ready chips.
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 24
4.1 Quality Control
Taste samples are made from each batch throughout the manufacturing
process, usually at a rate of once per hour. The tasters check the chips for
salt, seasoning, moisture, colour, and overall flavour. Colour is compared to
charts that show acceptable chip colours.
4.2 Quality Standards
Following specifications under Bureau of Indian Standard related to
processing of such products may be referred:
IS: 4626-1978
IS: 2860-1964
IS: 7254-1974 6.2.
FSSAI License: FSSAI License is issued by the Food Safety and Standards
Authority of India (FSSAI), Ministry of Family Health & Welfare, Government
of India. Application to commence a food business must be made to the
FSSAI in the prescribed format. Based on the application and supporting
documents, FSSAI will accord approval. The Food Safety and Standards
(Licensing and Registration of Food Businesses) Regulations
2011introduced to improve the hygiene and quality of food has brought
about tremendous changes in the food industry. As per the Act, no person
shall commence or carry on any food business except under a FSSAI
license or FSSAI registration. Therefore, any food manufacturing or
processing or packaging or distributing entity is now required to obtain a
FSSAI License or Registration.
Pollution Control: There is no major pollution problem associated with this
project in terms of air and sound pollution except for disposal of waste water
which would be managed appropriately through recycling facility. However,
entrepreneur should obtain NOC from concerned State Pollution Control
Board.
Effluent Disposal: Disposal of any effluent out of the project unit should be
treated with recycling facility or dumped in such a way that these does not
cause hazard in the vicinity of the site.
Chapter 4- Quality Control
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 25
Energy Conservation: Proper care should be taken in order to use
appropriate amount of fuel and electricity.
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 26
We propose two technology options i.e. Low end and High end available
for potatoes chips. The high end technology option would require higher
capital investment as compared to the low end technology option. The high
end option includes a Fully-Automatic potato chips processing plant of 300
Kilogram per hour (KGs per hour). On the other hand, the low end
technology option requires less capital as compared to high end line which
includes low end potatoes chips processing machines of 100 Kilogram per
hour (Kgs per hour).
5.1 Low End Technology – Potatoes Processing line
Business Assumption:
The business plan has assumed that the business model operates under
Captive Mode.
The Captive Model involves direct selling of Potatoes chips in the market
after processing the raw potatoes.
The assumptions for the line of processing of potatoes under Captive Model
is given below:
Table 6: Assumptions for Rental and Captive Model
Business Case
– Assumptions
Yea
r 1
Yea
r 2
Yea
r 3
Yea
r 4
Yea
r 5
Yea
r 6
Yea
r 7
Yea
r 8
Yea
r 9
Yea
r 10
Captive
Trading 0 100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
The assumptions for the line of potatoes processing for Operating Capacity
utilization is given below.
Table 7: Assumptions for Operating Capacity utilization
Business Case –
Assumptions
Yea
r 1
Yea
r 2
Yea
r 3
Yea
r 4
Yea
r 5
Yea
r 6
Yea
r 7
Yea
r 8
Yea
r 9
Yea
r 10
Operating
Capacity
0 35%
40
%
45
%
50
%
55
%
60
%
65
%
75% 8
0
%
5.1.1. Project Cost
The total cost of the project is estimated at Rs.39.98 Lakhs, out of which
civil cost constitutes Rs 12.60 Lakhs, plant and machinery constitutes
Chapter 5- Technology Options
Available
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 27
Rs.17.59 Lakhs, utilities & support of Rs. 5.94 Lakhs, Interest during
construction of Rs. 0.85 Lakhs and Preliminary & pre-operating expenses of
Rs. 3 Lakhs. The detailed description of each component of project cost is
depicted in the tables below.
Table 8: Project Cost Summary
Project Cost Year 1
Civil Cost 12.60
Plant & Machinery 17.59
Utility & Support 5.94
Preliminary & Pre-operative expenses 3.00
IDC 0.85
Total Project Cost 39.98
Note: We have not considered the land cost in this business model
5.1.2 Proposed Means of Finance
The promoter’s equity in the project is Rs 19.99 Lakhs which is 50% per cent
of the total project cost. The term loan considered for the project is estimated
at Rs. 19.99 Lakhs which is 50 per cent of the total project cost.
Table 9: Means of Finance Summary
Means of Finance (INR Lacs) Year 1
Total Project Cost 39.98
Funding
Equity (Promoters Cost) 19.99
Debt 19.99
Total Funding Required 39.98
Note: We have not considered grant in aid being offered by National Horticulture Board or any other
government entity/ institutions. Which may have an impact on the overall profitability of the project in a
positive way.
5.1.3 Civil Work
The total cost of civil work has been estimated to be Rs 12.60 lakhs. Cost
of civil work comprises of the cost of potato machine, Raw material storage
& Finished goods storage. The total cost of technical civil works has been
arrived at on the basis of the estimates provided by the Chartered Engineer
(Civil) and are substantiated with the requisite certificate.
Table 10: Civil Cost Summary
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 28
Civil Cost Total Area Required (SQM)
Total Civil Cost
(Lacs)
Potato Processing Machine 100 8.40
Finished good storage structure
25 2.10
Raw Material Storage structure 25 2.10
Total Civil Cost 150 12.60
5.1.4 Utilities and other project components
The total cost of Utilities has been estimated to be Rs 5.95 lakhs, which
includes water storage of 20,000 LT/hour, generator set of 30 KVA, weighing
scale, and electrical wires & panel.
Table 11: Utilities and other project components
Utility & Support Infrastructure Capacity
(No. of Units) Overall Cost (INR Lacs)
Water Storage 10000 LT 1.79
Generator 30 KVA 1.78
Weighing Scale 4 1.19
Transformer / Electrical wires and Panel 1.19
Total Utility & Support 5.95
5.1.5. Plant and Machinery
The total cost of plant and machinery has been arrived on the basis of
quotation received from various suppliers of equipment and machinery. The
total cost of P&M is considered as Rs. 17.59 Lakhs (including IGST). The
following table captures the components under Plant & Machinery.
Table 12: Plant and Machinery
Plant & Machinery Total Cost
(Lacs)
Plant & Machinery
D-watering Machine
0.53
Extra Dye (ruffle)
0.14
Chips Slicer
0.89
Chips Peeler & Washer
0.47
Packing Machine
8.82
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 29
Batch Type Flavouring Machine
0.89
Rectangular Fryer with Auto Control & Inbuilt Heat Exchanger Diesel / Gas Burner
5.35
Hand Pallet Trucks
0.47
Total Cost 17.59
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 30
5.1.6. Assumptions
Capacity Utilization Assumptions Units Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Installed Capacity
Hours in a Day 8
Number of Shifts per day Number 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Installed Capacity -Kgs per hour Kgs/hour 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Installed Capacity -Kgs per day Kgs/day 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
Actual Available Capacity Kgs/day 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800 800
Capacity Utilization (%) percentage 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 75% 80%
Quantity of Potatoes (Input) Normal loss 280.00 320.00 360.00 400.00 440.00 480.00 520.00 600.00 640.00
Normal loss (Peeling) 15% 42.00 48.00 54.00 60.00 66.00 72.00 78.00 90.00 96.00
Actual quantity of potatoes after peeling 238 272 306 340 374 408 442 510 544
Normal loss (Slicer ) 15% 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 77 82
Actual quantity of potatoes after slicing 202 231 260 289 318 347 376 434 462
Actual quantity of potatoes after Processing loss 52% 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 225 240
Total Quantity of Potatoes chips (Output) Kgs/day 97 111 125 139 153 166 180 208 222
Product Mix
Kgs/day
Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Potatoes Chips-25 Grams 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%
Potatoes Chips-50 Grams 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%
No. of Days of operation no. 262.5 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350
Procurement Cost Assumptions Units YOY inc. Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Cost of Procurement Price of potatoes
Rs/kg
1%
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Selling Price Assumptions Units YOY inc. Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 31
Potatoes Chips-25 Grams Rs/grams 7 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
Potatoes Chips-50 Grams Rs/grams 14 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00
Percentage of Rental & Captive Units YOY inc. Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Rental 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Captive 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
5.1.7 Income Statement The below mentioned is the income statement for low end processing line of potatoes:
Table 13: Income Statement
Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Income
Sales of Potatoes after processing 71 109 122 136 150 163 177 204 218
Potatoes Chips-25 Grams 36 54 61 68 75 82 88 102 109
Potatoes Chips-50 Grams 36 54 61 68 75 82 88 102 109
Rental Income 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Income (Rs. Lakhs) 0 71 109 122 136 150 163 177 204 218
Raw Material
Potatoes 7 10 11 13 14 16 17 20 21
Power 3.06 4.28 4.49 4.72 4.96 5.20 5.46 5.74 6.02
Packing Cost 6.70 10.73 12.67 14.78 17.07 19.56 22.25 26.95 30.19
Water 1.10 1.54 1.62 1.70 1.79 1.88 1.97 2.07 2.17
Diesel 16.34 26.15 30.89 36.04 41.62 47.68 54.24 65.71 73.59
Salt 3.06 4.66 5.24 5.83 6.41 6.99 7.57 8.74 9.32
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 32
Total Direct Expenses 37 57 66 76 86 97 108 129 142
Gross Profit 34 51 56 60 64 66 68 75 75
Manpower 11.66 16.32 17.13 17.99 18.89 19.83 20.83 21.87 22.96
Repairs & Maintenance 1.08 1.14 1.19 1.25 1.32 1.38 1.45 1.52 1.60
Insurance 0.30 0.32 0.33 0.35 0.37 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.45
Admin Expenses 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Travelling Expenses 0.65 1.17 1.38 1.61 1.86 2.13 2.42 2.94 3.29
Selling & Distribution Expenses 3.57 5.71 6.42 7.49 8.24 9.44 10.23 12.39 13.22
Total In-Direct Expenses 0.00 17 25 26 29 31 33 35 39 42
EBITDA 17 27 30 31 33 33 33 36 34
Depreciation for Civil Works 0.00 0.95 1.17 1.05 0.94 0.85 0.76 0.69 0.62 0.56
Depreciation on P&M 0.00 1.98 2.34 1.99 1.69 1.44 1.22 1.04 0.88 0.75
Depreciation on Others Components 0.00 0.45 0.92 0.76 0.64 0.53 0.44 0.37 0.31 0.17
Others (Amortization - IDC, Pre-ops, Contingency) 0.00 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
Sub-Total 0.00 4 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 1
EBIT 0.00 13 21 25 27 29 31 31 34 32
Interest on Term Loan 2 2 1 1 1 0
Interest on Working Capital - Normal 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
PBT 0.00 11 19 23 26 28 30 30 33 31
Tax 0 0 2 5 6 7 7 7 8 7
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 33
PAT 0.00 10 17 18 20 21 23 23 25 24
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 34
5.1.8. Balance Sheet The below mentioned is the balance sheet statement for low end processing line of potatoes:
Table 14: Balance Sheet
TOTAL LIABILITIES Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Promoters Funds
Capital Contribution 14 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
PAT 0 10 17 18 20 21 23 23 25 24
PAT after appropriations 0 10 27 45 65 86 109 132 157 181
Sub-Total 14 30 47 65 85 106 129 152 177 201
Debt
Long Term Loans
Term Loan - Outstanding 13 17 15 11 8 4 0 0 0 0
Sub-Total 13 17 15 11 8 4 0 0 0 0
Current Liabilities
Creditors - others 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Creditors - Raw Material 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bank Finance - Working Capital 0.00 2.36 3 3.62 4.02 4.41 4.79 5.17 5.96 6.33
Total Current Liabilities 0 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7
TOTAL LIABILITIES 27 51 65 81 98 116 135 158 184 208
TOTAL ASSETS
Fixed Assets
Gross Block (Civil + P&M) 9 24 33 28 25 21 18 16 14 12
Purchases 15 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Less: Depreciation 0 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 1
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 35
Sub-Total 24 33 28 25 21 18 16 14 12 11
Current Assets
Net Debtors 0 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4
Cash & Bank Balance 0 12 31 50 71 92 113 138 165 190
Stock 0 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3
Sub-Total 0 15 35 55 76 97 119 144 172 198
IDC, Pre-ops written off 3 3 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL ASSETS 27 51 65 81 98 116 135 158 184 208
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 36
5.2. High End Technology – Potatoes Processing Line
Business Assumption:
The business plan has assumed that the business model operates under
Captive Mode. The Captive Model involves direct selling of Potatoes chips
in the market after processing the raw potatoes.
The assumptions for the line of processing of potatoes under Captive Model
is given below:
Table 15: Assumptions for Operating Capacity
Business
Case –
Assumptions
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10
Capacity Utilization (%) 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 75% 80%
The assumptions for the line of processing of potatoes for both Rental and
Captive Model is given below:
Business
Case –
Assumptio
ns
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10
Rental 0%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Captive
10
0%
100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
100
%
5.2.1. Project Cost
The total cost of the project is estimated at Rs 190.74 Lakhs, out of which
civil cost constitutes Rs 40.32 Lakhs, plant and machinery constitutes
Rs.121.27 Lakhs, utilities & support of Rs. 20.07 Lakhs, IDC of Rs. 4.08 and
pre-operative expenses of Rs. 5 Lakhs. The detailed description of each
component of project cost is depicted in the tables below.
Table 16: Project Cost Summary
Project Cost Year 1
Civil Cost 40.32
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 37
Plant & Machinery 121.27
Utility & Support 20.07
Preliminary Expenses 5.00
IDC 4.08
Total Project Cost 190.74
Note: We have not considered the land cost in this business model
5.2.2 Proposed Means of Finance
The promoter’s equity in the project is Rs. 95.37 Lakhs which is 50% per
cent of the total project cost. The term loan considered for the project is
estimated at Rs. 95.37 Lakhs which is 50 per cent of the total project cost.
Table 17: Means of Finance Summary
Means of Finance (INR Lacs) Year 1
Total Project Cost 190.74
Funding
Equity (Promoters Cost) 95.37
Debt 95.37
Total Funding Required 191
Note: We have not considered grant in aid being offered by National Horticulture Board or any other
government entity/ institutions. Which may have an impact on the overall profitability of the project in a
positive way.
5.2.3. Civil Work
The total cost of civil work has been estimated to be Rs 40.32 lakhs. Cost
of civil work comprises of the cost of potato processing machine, Raw
material storage & Finished goods storage. The total cost of technical civil
works has been arrived at on the basis of the estimates provided by the
Chartered Engineer (Civil) and are substantiated with the requisite
certificate.
Table 18: Civil Cost Summary
Civil Cost Total Area Required
(SQM)
Total Civil Cost (Lacs)
Washer, DE stoner, Continuous peeler, Slicer, Washer, Twin shaker, Infeed shaker, Continuous Fryer, Cooling Conveyer & Inspection Shaker
380 31.92
Finished good storage 50 4.2
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 38
Raw material storage
50 4.2
Total civil cost 480 40.32
5.2.4. Utilities and other project components
The total cost of Utilities has been estimated to be Rs 20.11 lakhs, which
includes water storage of 50,000 LT, generator set of 30 KVA, 4 weighing
scales and one transformer.
Table 19: Utilities and other project components
Utility & Support Infrastructure Capacity (No. of Units)
Overall Cost (INR Lacs)
Water Storage 50000 LT 8.92
Generator 100 KVA 5.23
Weighing Scale 6 1.19
Transformer / Electrical wires and panels 1 4.76
Total Utility & Support 20.11
5.2.5. Plant and Machinery The total cost of plant and machinery has been arrived on the basis of
quotation received from various suppliers of equipment and machinery. The
total cost of P&M is considered as Rs. 121.27 Lakhs (including GST). The
following table captures the distribution of P&M and utilities.
Table 20: Plant and Machinery
Plant & Machinery Capacity Total Cost (Lacs)
Washer, DE stoner, Continuous peeler, Slicer, Washer, Twin shaker, Infeed shaker, Continuous Fryer, Cooling Conveyer & Inspection Shaker
109.48
Packing machine 11.31
Hand pallet trucks 0.47
Total Cost 121.27
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 39
5.2.6. Assumptions
Capacity Utilization Assumptions Units Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Installed Capacity
Hours in a Day 8
Number of Shifts per day number 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Installed Capacity -Kgs per hour Kgs/hour 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300 300
Installed Capacity -Kgs per day Kgs/day 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400
Actual Available Capacity Kgs/day 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400 2400
Capacity Utilization (%) percentage 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 75% 80%
Quantity of Potatoes (Input)
Normal loss 840.00 960.00 1080.00 1200.00 1320.00 1440.00 1560.00 1800.00 1920.00
Actual quantity of potatoes after Processing loss 46% 276 316 355 394 434 473 513 592 631
Total Quantity of Potatoes chips (Output) Kgs/day 331 378 425 473 520 567 614 709 756
Product Mix
Kgs/day
Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Potatoes Chips-25 Grams 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%
Potatoes Chips-50 Grams 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50% 50%
No. of Days of operation no. 262.5 350 350 350 350 350 350 350 350
Purchase Cost Assumptions Units YOY inc. Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Cost of Procurement Price of potatoes
Rs/kg
1%
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
Selling Price Assumptions Units YOY inc. Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
0%
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Potatoes Chips-25 Grams Rs/grams 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
Potatoes Chips-50 Grams Rs/grams 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00 14.00
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 40
Percentage of Rental & Captive Units YOY inc. Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Rental 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Captive 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%
5.2.7. Income Statement The below mentioned is the income statement for the High end line of processing of potatoes:
Table 21: Income Statement
Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Income
Sales of Potatoes after processing 243 370 417 463 509 556 602 695 741
Potatoes Chips-25 Grams 122 185 208 232 255 278 301 347 370
Potatoes Chips-50 Grams 122 185 208 232 255 278 301 347 370
Rental Income 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total Income (Rs.Lakhs) 0 243 370 417 463 509 556 602 695 741
Raw Material
Potatoes 20 30 34 38 42 47 51 59 63
Power 8.30 11.62 12.20 12.81 13.45 14.12 14.83 15.57 16.35
Packing Cost 22.83 36.54 43.16 50.35 58.16 66.61 75.77 91.80 102.82
Water 1.47 2.06 2.16 2.27 2.38 2.50 2.63 2.76 2.90
Diesel 55.67 89.08 105.22 122.76 141.78 162.41 184.74 223.82 250.68
Salt 15.63 23.81 26.79 29.77 32.75 35.72 38.70 44.65 47.63
Total Direct Expenses 124 193 224 256 291 328 367 437 483
Gross Profit 119 177 193 207 218 228 235 257 258
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 41
Manpower 11.72 16.41 17.23 18.09 19.00 19.95 20.95 21.99 23.09
Repairs & Maintenance 5.45 5.72 6.01 6.31 6.62 6.96 7.30 7.67 8.05
Insurance 1.62 1.70 1.78 1.87 1.96 2.06 2.17 2.27 2.39
Admin Expenses 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Travelling Expenses 1.94 3.51 4.14 4.83 5.58 6.39 7.27 8.81 9.86
Selling & Distribution Expenses 12.16 19.45 22.97 26.80 30.96 35.46 40.34 48.87 54.73
Total In-Direct Expenses 0.00 33 47 52 58 64 71 78 90 98
EBITDA 86 130 141 149 154 157 157 168 159
Depreciation for Civil Works 0.00 3.02 3.73 3.36 3.02 2.72 2.45 2.20 1.98 1.78
Depreciation on P&M 0.00 13.64 16.14 13.72 11.66 9.91 8.43 7.16 6.09 5.18
Depreciation on Others Components 0.00 1.51 1.86 1.67 1.50 1.35 1.22 1.10 0.99 0.89
Others (Amortization - IDC, Pre-ops, Contingency) 0.00 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0
Sub-Total 0.00 20 24 21 18 16 12 10 9 8
EBIT 0.00 66 107 120 131 139 145 146 159 152
Interest on Term Loan 9 7 6 5 3 1
Interest on Working Capital - Normal 1 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
PBT 0.00 57 96 112 124 133 141 143 155 148
Tax 0 3 18 32 35 38 40 41 45 43
PAT 0.00 54 78 80 89 95 101 102 111 106
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 42
5.2.8. Balance Sheet
The below mentioned is the balance sheet statement for the High end line of processing of potatoes:
Table 22: Balance Sheet
TOTAL LIABILITIES Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10
Promoters Funds
Capital Contribution 67 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95
PAT 0 54 78 80 89 95 101 102 111 106
PAT after appropriations 0 54 132 213 301 396 497 599 710 815
Sub-Total 67 149 228 308 397 492 592 694 805 911
Debt
Long Term Loans
Term Loan - Outstanding 62 83 69 54 38 20 0 0 0 0
Sub-Total 62 83 69 54 38 20 0 0 0 0
Current Liabilities
Creditors - others 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2
Creditors - Raw Material 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1
Bank Finance - Working Capital 0.00 8.18 11 12.53 13.89 15.23 16.56 17.88 20.57 21.85
Total Current Liabilities 0 9 13 14 16 17 19 20 24 25
TOTAL LIABILITIES 129 242 310 376 450 529 611 715 829 936
TOTAL ASSETS
Fixed Assets
Gross Block (Civil + P&M) 46 121 163 142 123 107 93 81 70 61
Purchases 75 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project 43
Less: Depreciation 0 18 22 19 16 14 12 10 9 8
Sub-Total 121 163 142 123 107 93 81 70 61 53
Current Assets
Net Debtors 0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 15
Cash & Bank Balance 0 60 150 236 326 419 512 624 744 857
Stock 0 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11
Sub-Total 0 71 162 250 342 436 530 645 767 882
IDC, Pre-ops written off 8 7 5 4 2 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL ASSETS 129 242 310 376 450 529 611 715 829 936
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