detection of ckd in ealry stages long term follow-up … · igan is the most common glomerular...

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DETECTION OF CKD IN EALRY STAGES DETECTION OF CKD IN EALRY STAGES LONG TERM FOLLOW LONG TERM FOLLOW - - UP UP FROM CHILDREN TO ADULT AGE FROM CHILDREN TO ADULT AGE Rosanna Coppo Turin, Italy

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Page 2: DETECTION OF CKD IN EALRY STAGES LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP … · IgAN is the most common glomerular disease in the world and has often its origin in childhood • IgAN in the young:

short-term outcome(childhood):dialysis, transplantation

CKDCKDin childrenin children

long-term outcomein adult life

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ESRF in children

30-40% CAKUT: congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract

10-20% CONGENITAL RENAL DISEASES: tubular, cystic, metabolic diseases, hereditary nephritis

20% acquired glomerular diseases

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Renal congenital hypodysplasia

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CAKUT: congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract

British Association Pediatric Nephrology (BANP) report, Lewis,2008

• Renal dysplasia with /without VU reflux is the most common cause of ESRF in the childhood population.

• There are overlaps between CAKUT and VUR nephropathy and the distinction is quite arbitrary.

• Joining the two groups, they account for 32% of childhood ESRF

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Renal dysplasia/reflux Renal dysplasia/reflux nephropathynephropathy

Renal hypodysplasiaCongenital VURObstructive uropathy

renal massrenal massreduction reduction

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Hypothesis for the development of pyelonephritic scarring

Acute pyelonephritisHigh grades of VUR

Delays in treatment Recurrent pyelonephritis

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Progression of CKD in children Neild G

CAKUT progression:GFR improves from 0 to 3 years of age

is stable between 3 and 11 y;

slowly decreases in 50% of the caseswhen baseline GFR is < 40 ml/min/1.73 m2.

We expect that several subjects with CAKUT will reach ESRF in adult life

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Causes of ESFR in children in Europe and in USA

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Renal disease

UK in Children

UKRena lReg.

USRDS

Age y. 0-15 18-21 22-31 32-39 0-19 20-29 30-39

N.cases 913 397 1447 2089 1112 2521 5575

Dysplasia and/or VUR

32% 14% 10% 8% 19% 4% 1%

Obstructive nephropath

15% 12% 7% 6% 12% 1% 1%

Tubulo/inter diseases

8% 6% 3% 2% 4% 3% 3%

UK Renal Registry adults

USRDS USA Renal RegistryChildren Adults

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ESRF in children

30-40% CAKUT: congenital abnormalities of the kidney and urinary tract

10-20% CONGENITAL RENAL DISEASES: tubular diseases, nephronophthysis, cystic nephropathy(recessive PKCD) metabolic diseases (primary hyperoxaluria) hereditary nephritis (Alport’s s) and congenital nephrotic syndrome.

primary glomerular diseases?

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Renal disease

BAPNchildren

UKRenalReg.

USRDS

Age y. 0-15 18-21 22-31 32-39 0-19 20-29 30-39

N.cases 913 397 1447 2089 1112 2521 5575

Dysplasia and/or VUR

32% 14% 10% 8% 19% 4% 1%

Obstructive nephropathy

15% 12% 7% 6% 12% 1% 1%

Tubulo/inter stdiseases

8% 6% 3% 2% 4% 3% 3%

Glomerular diseases

23% 39% 32% 28% 32% 32% 18%

Congenital NS

5% 0 0 0 2% 0 0

UK Renal Registry adults

USRDS USA Renal RegistryChildren Adults

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ITALIAN REGISTRY OF CHILDREN IN CKD TREATED WITH DIALYSIS mean age 8.7±6 years old

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

età anni

num

ero

pazi

enti

DP HDacquired renal

diseasescongenital renal

diseases

children age

N o

f chi

ldre

n

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BAPNUK

BAPNUK

NAPRTCSUSA

NAPRTCSUSA

Age y. 8-11 12-15 6-12 13-20

Glomerular diseases

27% 26% 8% 19%

Glomerular disease so severe to progress to ESRF within childhood

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Age y 0-15IgA nephropathy 1 %Primary FSGS 10 %

Mesangiocapillary GN 1 %Alport’s Syndrome 1 %Systemic lupus erythemathodes 1 %Henoch-Schoenlein purpura GN 2 %

Unspecified GN 1%

TOTAL 22 % of all causes of ESRF

Glomerular diseaseleading to ESFR in childhood

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Glomerular disease

0-15 18-21 22-31

IgA nephropathy 1 6 10

Primary FSGS 10 4 3

Mesangiocapillary GN 1 3 2

Alport’s Syndrome 1 7 2

Systemic lupus erythemat.

1 3 3

HS purpura GN 2 2 1Unspecified GN 1 4 5

TOTAL 22 39 32

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BAPNchildren

BANPadolesc

UK young adults

NAPRTCS NAPRTCS

Age y. 8-11 12-15 18-21 6-12 13-20

Glomerular diseases

27% 26% 28% 8% 19%

Uncertainetiology

2% 65 28% 2% 2%

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In adults in 2007 28%

CRF without diagnosis in children in UK registries

UK Pediatric Registry. In 1976: 39%

In 2008: 3%

Underdiagnosed CAKUT or Glomerular diseases?

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0

10

20

30

40IgA nephropahy:

the commonest glomerulonephritis in the world

Adults

Children

ASIA AUSTR EUR NORTH AMERICA

In about 25-30% of children by screening

Japan, South Korea, Taiwan

20%

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Patient A: detected by screening : survival 12 years

0102030405060708090

100110

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Dispers. (XY) 2

Patient B: proteinuria : survival 7 years

Patient C: hypertension, reduced GFR: survival 2.5 years

years

GFR

Geddes et al NDT 2003

Children detected by screening

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The ERA-EDTA Registry reported that 67% of IgAN patients who enter dialysis are aged between 25 and 55

(22% < 30 years )

Since the decline of IgAN is slow

(25% of the cases need dialysis in 20 years)

IgA Nephropathy in children

it is clear that

several progressive IgAN begin in the childhood

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Chronic kidney disease perspectives in Japan and the importance of urinalysis screening Japanese Society of Nephrology

Yamagata K et al Clin Exp Nephrol 2008

Screening program in Japan:Since 1972 in childrenSince 1983 in workers and resident > 40 y.o.

In Japanese population High prevalence of dialysis and high prevalence of proteinuria

Non diabetic, non hypertensive proteinuric patients.In Japan 0.9% in USA 0.4%

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Clinical manifestation of IgAN

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

microh/prot acute NS

IgAN

othersAsymtomatic microscopic hematuria/proteinuria

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IgAN is the most common glomerular disease in the world and has often its origin in childhood

• IgAN in the young: often defected by chance

• In several cases the disease manifests as hypertension with minimal urinary abnormalitiesor in reduced GFR and no renal biopsy is performed

In Japan in the last decade the frequency of ESFR due to GN changed from 10,000 to 9,000/yeardue to early screening programme

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The late referral to dialysis is dangerous:there is a need to identify the condition of CKD

in adult subjects before complete loss of kidney function

Conditions at risk for CKDmust be detected as early as possible

to establish a correct management of CKD complications

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Cardiovascular risk is increased in CKD

Go, New Engl J Med (2004) 351:1296

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Treat the kidney to protect your heart ! de Zeeuw, 2004

Treating kidney diseasemeans

decrease morbility and mortalitydue to cardiovascolar disease

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How early should we start the search for CKD How early should we start the search for CKD and related factors favouring and related factors favouring

cardiocardio--vascolar disease?vascolar disease?

In the pediatric age In the pediatric age several CKD can be unidentified several CKD can be unidentified

Conditions favouring CKD Conditions favouring CKD may be operating in lifemay be operating in life

very early, even prenatalyvery early, even prenataly

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PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS

1965 Rose:ISCHEMIC CARDIAC DISEASE IN ADULTS WAS ASSOCIATED

WIT HIGH MORTALITY RATE IN THE SAME FAMILY

PRENATAL CONDITIONING PRENATAL CONDITIONING OF RENAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASEOF RENAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

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In Norway : 2.183.317 born in 1967-2004.526 ESRD526 ESRD..

Low birth weight increases risk for ESRD

Risk for ESRDincreased by 70%when birth weight

<2.500 g

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The association remains significant even after adjustement for congenital malformations,

multiple births, maternal age, maternal pre-eclampsia

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The risk does not involveThe risk does not involvehereditary or congenital renal diseases only, hereditary or congenital renal diseases only,

but also acquired glomerular diseasesbut also acquired glomerular diseases

Low birt weight increases risk for ESRD

Page 38: DETECTION OF CKD IN EALRY STAGES LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP … · IgAN is the most common glomerular disease in the world and has often its origin in childhood • IgAN in the young:

Also experimental models of immune mediated acquired glomerulaAlso experimental models of immune mediated acquired glomerular diseases are r diseases are worse in animals with low birth weight induced by uterine acrteworse in animals with low birth weight induced by uterine acrterial ligationrial ligation

Page 39: DETECTION OF CKD IN EALRY STAGES LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP … · IgAN is the most common glomerular disease in the world and has often its origin in childhood • IgAN in the young:

Developing programming

several diseases in adult age have their origin in a dysegulated developing programming during the in utero life due to defective nutritional apports or noxious agents exposure

Pregnancy and prenatal life are critical for the renal function and the cardiovascular risk

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• The nefrogenesis is not complete till the 36° weeks of gestation.

• The growth after a preterm birth (even in intensive care units) allows < 10% only of the expected renal growth in respect to in utero growth in regular term infants

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Low birth weight

Placental Placental malfunctionmalfunction

Environmental conditioning of genetical factors:the mather acts as the organogenesis conditioning environment

NutritionNutrition(low proteins(low proteinshigh sodium) high sodium)

hyperglicemiahyperglicemia

smoking in pregnancysmoking in pregnancy

EPIGENETICSEPIGENETICS

GENETICGENETICFACTORSFACTORS

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Low neonatal birth weight

Hypertrophic glomeruli Hypertrophic glomeruli Glomerular hypertensionGlomerular hypertension

riduced GFRriduced GFR increased increased albuminuriaalbuminuria

Brenner’s hypothesis in the ’80s:low nephron number,

glomerular hyperfiltration,genic activation

birth weight <2.5 Kgincreases by 40-70% the ESRD

in adult life

renal renal sclerosissclerosis

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To rule out the possibility of maternal confounding factors   (smoking,hypertension, etc) 

• Monozygous or dizygous  twins  differing from their birth  weight were followed up :

a reduced intrauterine growth conditions CKD e and   hypertension in adult age, independently from genetic and 

environmental factors• At multivariate analysis the low birth weight remains the 

only  independent risk factor

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•• 30 studies30 studies•• Informations from 39.559 subjectsInformations from 39.559 subjects

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Odd Ratio:1.73 (1.44Odd Ratio:1.73 (1.44-- 2.08) p< 0.001)2.08) p< 0.001)

Page 48: DETECTION OF CKD IN EALRY STAGES LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP … · IgAN is the most common glomerular disease in the world and has often its origin in childhood • IgAN in the young:

CARDIOCARDIO--RENALRENALPREVENTION PREVENTION

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High maternal sodium intake

Reduced nephron number   

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Riduced number of glomeruli

Increased Na reabsorption from distal tubuli (NCC and E-NaC)

RAS

cortisol-mineralcorticoid receptor

sympatic activity: HIF is activatedrby hypoxia, Na is reabsorbed

Increased Na sensitivity Increased Na sensitivity

Page 53: DETECTION OF CKD IN EALRY STAGES LONG TERM FOLLOW-UP … · IgAN is the most common glomerular disease in the world and has often its origin in childhood • IgAN in the young:

• eNOS decrease

• ADMA increase

• Reactive oxygen species production

• Endothelial proliferation

Exaggerated maternal sodium intake is an epigenetic conditioning factor

for hypertension

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hypertensionhypertension

increased risk for children with low birth weight

CVCVdiseasedisease accelerated accelerated

ESFRESFR

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several adults have a certain degree of CKD derived from congenital causes,

which will never end in dialysis need but represent a severe risk for

cardiovascular acidents

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Lurbe J Hypertension 2007

• Cildren with low neonatal birth weight present with a normal BP at birth ,

• But at adolescence they have 2-3 mmHg BP higher than controls

• If they become obese, hypertension is further enhanced

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1818--26 yers old 26 yers old 15,000 subjects15,000 subjects

6 years oof follow6 years oof follow--upup

Obesity, albuminuria and urinalysis findings in USyoung adults from the add health wave III study

Ferris M et al clin JASN 2007; 2: 1207-1214

BMI >35 kg/m2 or increase in BMI during BMI >35 kg/m2 or increase in BMI during followfollow--upup

Is associated with proteinuria OR 1.76 (1.02Is associated with proteinuria OR 1.76 (1.02--3.04)3.04)

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BMI >35

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1818--26 yo;26 yo;15,000 subjects15,000 subjects

Observation over 6 years Observation over 6 years

Obesity, albuminuria and urinalysis findings in USyoung adults from the add health wave III study

Ferris M et al clin JASN 2007; 2: 1207-1214

27:100027:100027.000/milion subjects have hematuria 27.000/milion subjects have hematuria

without urinary tract infectionwithout urinary tract infection

6:10006:10006000/milion joung subject 6000/milion joung subject

have proteinuria (in 1/6 associated with hematuria)have proteinuria (in 1/6 associated with hematuria)

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Figura 1

0.6% 0.6% proteinuriaproteinuria2.7%2.7%hematuriahematuria

0.1% 0.1% proteinuria proteinuria andandhematuriahematuria

Is young adult Is young adult underdiagnosed forunderdiagnosed for

Glomerular diseases ?Glomerular diseases ?

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short-term outcome(childhood):dialysis, transplantation

CKDCKDin childrenin children

renal mass reductionrenal mass reduction

chronicchronicglomerularglomerulardiseasesdiseases

long-term outcomein adult and and elderly patients

unsuspectedlyunsuspectedlyreduced renal massreduced renal mass

undiagnosedundiagnosedglomerularglomerulardiseasesdiseases

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account for about 30% of all patients entering dialysis

CRF without diagnosis in all the renal registries

we need an early diagnosis starting from a very early time

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Basso peso neonatale

Rischio di Rischio di malattia CVmalattia CV

Rischio di Rischio di CKDCKD

sia nel bambino che nell’adulto

identificazioneidentificazioneprecoceprecoce

di soggetti a rischio:di soggetti a rischio:sorveglianzasorveglianza

attenta attenta

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In adults in 2007 28%

CRF without diagnosis UK registries

Underdiagnosed CAKUT or Glomerular diseases?

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Considerando la progressione generale della IgAN

(25% dei casi necessitano dialisi entro 20 anni)

67% dei casi di IgAN che arrivano alla dialisi hanno età di 25- 55 anni

(25% hanno < 30 anni all’inizio del RDT)

èè evidente cheevidente che

Origini e Progressione della IgAN

molte IgAN che progrediscono alla dialisi molte IgAN che progrediscono alla dialisi nellnell’’adultoadulto

cominciano nellcominciano nell’’ etetàà pediatricapediatrica

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Primary IgAN++Hb

macroscopichematuria

Chronicrenal failure

ProteinuriaProteinuria

andmicroscopic

hematuria

nourinary signs

years0

102030405060708090

100110

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Dispers. (XY) 2

Normalrenal function

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Patient A: hematuria children detected by screening

0102030405060708090

100110

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Dispers. (XY) 2

Patient B: proteinuria

Patient C: hypertension, reduced GFR

years

CrCl

Geddes NDT 2003

Start of IgA deposition

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Italian Registry of Pediatric Renal Biopsies (432 cases) Children with isolated microscopic hematuria (A) or with hematuria associated with proteinuria (B)

Coppo et al Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 293-297

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

TN IgAN Al MCH MPGN FSG SLE HSP MP GN otherGN

%

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

TN IgAN Al MCH MPGN FSG SLE HSP MP GN otherGN

A B

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La IgAN è la più comune glomerulonefrite in Italia ed ha spesso radici nell’età pediatrica

IgAN nel giovane: reperto orinario è spesso modesto, microematuria e proteinuria in tracce(che talora restano, note, per tutta la vita ma senza adeguato follow-up)

Molti casi non sono diagnosticati per le loro minime manifestazioni cliniche(che spesso restano, non note, per tutta la vita)

Nella ricerca di fattori di rischio per CKD e CVDNon trascuriamo il più banale: microematuria e GN cronica

non diagnosticata

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RIDT 2008 : malattia causale ingresso in dialisi22% senza diagnosi di malattia causale,23% con diagnosi generica di malattia vascola 20% nefropatia diabetica, senza biospia renaleIn RECORD-IT 30 % glomerulonefriti croniche in CKD In ERA-EDTA Registry 32% glomerulonefriti Il 30% dei trapiantati ha una malattia glomerulare.

L’arrivo alla dialisi ed al trapianto senza diagnosi rappresenta un risultato molto povero,

accettabile solo se fossimo certi che l’intervento del nefrologo non sarebbe in ogni caso servito a nulla.

Questo è nichilismo inaccettabile, che si ribalta in una svalutazione della nostra Professione

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impariamo dai Diabetologi

Diagnosi precoceLegacy effect

Effetto memoria della terapia prococe

.

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Il rischio cardiovascolare aumenta con l’aumento della proteinuria anche per valori minimi di

microalbuminuria

Gerstein, JAMA (2001) 268:421

PERCHE’ HANNOMICROALBUMINURIA?

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MICROALBUMINURIA

glomerulonefritiglomerulonefritiprepre--clinichecliniche

riduzione cronicariduzione cronicadi parenchima renaledi parenchima renale

DiabeteDiabete IpertensioneIpertensione

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short-term outcome(childhood):dialysis, transplantation

CKDCKDin childrenin children

renal mass reductionrenal mass reduction

chronicchronicglomerularglomerulardiseasesdiseases

long-term outcomein adult and and elderly patients

unsuspectedlyunsuspectedlyreduced renal massreduced renal mass

undiagnosedundiagnosedglomerularglomerulardiseasesdiseases

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LINEE DI ATTIVITA’PROGRAMMA SIN 2010-2012

Migliorare l’immagine della Nefrologia Italiana

Migliorare la visibilità del lavoro del Nefrologo Migliorare la visibilità SIN attraverso i risultati Migliorare la cura dei pazienti con malattia di rene

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PROGRAMMA 2010-2012

PROGETTI SIN• La diagnosi precoce di malattia renale• Il paziente portatore di rene trapiantato• La dialisi come sistema integrato con la nefrologia

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Come si presenta secondo i data-base internazionaliINon sol

BassoN nefronicongenito

Basso peso neonatale

ipodisplasiarenale

Danno renaleacquisito

GNC

PNC

La prevenzione della CKD fin dalle prime età(il controllo dietetico-farmacologico dove possibile)

significa prevenzione didialisi e di rischio CV nell’adulto

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short-term outcome(childhood):dialysis, transplantation

CKDCKDin childrenin children

renal mass reductionrenal mass reduction

chronicchronicglomerularglomerulardiseasesdiseases

long-term outcomein adult and and elderly patients

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USRDS database (Medicare)1380 deaths over 130.000 patients at risk in 1990-1996

MORTALITY due to CVD in children with ESRF:

DIALYSIS: 1000 times more than general population

TRANSPLANT: 100 times more than general population of the same age

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Systolic dysfunction in 48% of the cases Systolic dysfunction in 48% of the cases with concentric LVH with concentric LVH

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LVMI is correlated with CKD

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Evolution of IMT in children

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Coronary artery calcifications in childrenwith end-stage renal disease

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short-term outcome(childhood):dialysis, transplantation

CKDCKDin childrenin children

renal mass reductionrenal mass reduction

chronicchronicglomerularglomerulardiseasesdiseases

long-term outcomein adult and and elderly patients

unsuspectedlyunsuspectedlyreduced renal massreduced renal mass

undiagnosedundiagnosedglomerularglomerulardiseasesdiseases

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LVMI correlato a CKD

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il rischio CV di un soggetto di 25 anni trapiantato di rene è simile a quello di uno di 55 anni senza

nefropatieil rischio di IMA in un soggetto di 18-30 anni è

2.7% nei primi 3 anni dopo il trapianto

RRisk factors for CVD in children and young adults after renal transplantation

Becker et al Clin JASN 2006; 1:1284-1292

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Treat the kidney to protect your heart ! de Zeeuw, 2004

Prevenire le malattie di rene significa ridurre

necessità di dialisi e trapianto ma anche

morbilità e mortalitàper danno cardiovascolare

cominciare quando tutto il

processo è avanzato

può essere tardi!

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Necessità di conoscenza del problema per - diagnosi precoce - terapia ottimale per rallentare l’evoluzione

La CKD aumenta il rischio CV Le malattie renali croniche iniziate in età pediatrica aumentano il rischio CV nell’adulto?

Le insufficienze croniche di organo sono in pediatria una patologia rara se si considera la fase terminale con necessità di trapianto.

Nell’adulto le insufficienze d’organo sono patologie gravi per frequenza e impegno economico-sociale.

Molte malattie croniche che conducono ad insufficienza d’organo nell’adulto hanno radici molto lontane, nel 20% dei casi nell’infanzia.

E’ possibile una prevenzione di rene e di vita che si inizi in età pediatrica?

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Task Force in USA NIH nelle malattie renali dei bambini in insufficienza renale cronica

Gennaio 2006

studio prospetticodei bambini in IRC

morbilità correlata alla IRC

Malattia cardiovascolaremalattia osseaIpertensione

AnemiaInflammazione

CrescitaFunzione neurocognitivaSviluppo neuro-psichico

Stato socio-economico familiare

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la prevenzione di CKD deve iniziare fin dall’età pediatrica: Il 20% della CKD dell’adulto ha origine in età pediatrica

diagnosi precocedelle malattie renali

Il rischio CV dell’adulto ha radici in età pediatrica

prevenzione della progressione delle malattie renali

prevenzione del rischio cardio-vascolare

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0-14 15-24 25-44 45-64 65-74 >=75

HD DP TX

% w

ithin

trea

tmen

t mod

aliti

esPazienti prevalenti suddivisi per classi di età e modalità di terapia sostitutiva (RIDT 31/12/2004)

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PREVALENZA: età 0-19

Aumentata da 22 (1980) a 62 (2000) pmarp

INCIDENZA: età 0-19

Aumentata da 7 (1980) a 9 (2000) pmarp

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Casistica Great Hormond Street Hospital, Londra 1984-1998

Casistica USA, USRDS

1976-1993

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PREVALENZA DI IRC IN ETA’ PEDIATRICA IN PIEMONTE

in press: Acta pediatrica 2008

96 casi per milione di soggetti della stessa età

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REGISTRO ITALIANO DI DIALISI CRONICA PEDIATRICA Nuovi pazienti in Italia suddivisi per fasce d’età

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

DP 0-15.9 anni DP 16-18 anni HD 0-15.9 anni HD 16-18 anni

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Bambini in insufficienza renale in dialisi ERA-EDTA Registry

Il numero prevalente di bambini ed adolescenti in dialisi o trapiantati è aumentato da 22 per milione di bambini nel 1980 a 62 Per milione di bambini nel 2000

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table 4

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La funzione sistolica La funzione sistolica èè alterata nonostante alterata nonostante ll’’aumento della massa VSaumento della massa VS

Reduced systolic myocardial function in children with chronic renal insufficiency

Chinali M et al JASN 2006; 18: 593-598

la disfunzione sistolica la disfunzione sistolica èè pipiùù comune nei bambini con comune nei bambini con ipertrofia VS concentrica ed associata ipertrofia VS concentrica ed associata

con valori di Hb minoricon valori di Hb minori

ESCAPE trial europeo. ESCAPE trial europeo. 156 bambini 3156 bambini 3--18 anni, CKD 218 anni, CKD 2--44

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Per evitare la dialisi a soggetti adulti:

Molte nefropatie in età pediatrica sono considerate benigne ma in realtà progrediscono decenni dopo

NecessitNecessitàà di identificare e curare le di identificare e curare le nefropatienefropatie

in etin etàà pediatricapediatrica

Rischio CV Questo è 20 volte maggiore del normale e causa la morte nel 25% dei bambini o ex bambini in dialisi enel 15% dei trapiantati in età pediatrica

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Disfunzione sistolica subclinica in bambini con CKD iniziale o moderata. Questa condizione è associata negli adulti a prognosi CV sfavorevole.

Correlazione fra disfunzione VS e velocità di progressione della IRC

(iperattività simpatica o del sistema RAS a livello tissutale?)

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Tutti gli indici sono maggiori del normale in CKD e peggiorano in dialisi.

Evolution of large-vessel arteriopathyLitwin M et al NDT 2008; 14

Parziale miglioramento dopo trapianto, Correlata alla durata della dialisi ed al danno pre-esistente

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La sopravvivenza del rene trapiantato nei giovani è aumentata ma il rischio CV di un giovane portatore di rene trapiantato è 100 volte quello dei coetanei sani

Fattori di rischio comuni: ipertensione, obesità, IVS, diabete, iperlipidemia, Fattori di rischio infiammatorio,CKD, Ca/P

RRisk factors for CVD in children and young adults after renal transplantation

Becker et al Clin JASN 2006; 1:1284-1292

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Basso peso neonatale

Rischio di Rischio di malattia CVmalattia CV

Rischio di Rischio di CKDCKD

tutti i fattori precedenti,sia in osservazioni umane che in modelli animali

intolleranzaintolleranzaglucosioglucosio

dislipemiadislipemia

Rischio di Rischio di ipertensioneipertensione

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Ipotesi di Brenner1988

Ipotesi di Brenner1988

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il rischio CV di un soggetto di 25 anni trapiantato di rene è simile a quello di uno di 55 anni senza

nefropatieil rischio di IMA in un soggetto di 18-30 anni è

2.7% nei primi 3 anni dopo il trapianto

RRisk factors for CVD in children and young adults after renal transplantation

Becker et al Clin JASN 2006; 1:1284-1292

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www.escape-trial.org

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LVH LVH èè il piil piùù importante indicatore di rischio CV nella importante indicatore di rischio CV nella popolazione generale ed in ESRD popolazione generale ed in ESRD

Nei bambini mancano i fattori confondenti degli adulti:Nei bambini mancano i fattori confondenti degli adulti:la malattia coronarica e la microangiopatia diabeticala malattia coronarica e la microangiopatia diabetica

ESCAPE trial europeo. ESCAPE trial europeo. 156 bambini 3156 bambini 3--18 anni, CKD 218 anni, CKD 2--44

Studiati con ECO cardioStudiati con ECO cardio

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Anomalie VS nel 43% dei bambini in CDK 2-4

22.3% alterazioni 22.3% alterazioni concentricheconcentriche di geometria VSdi geometria VS(ipertrofia o rimodellamento)(ipertrofia o rimodellamento)

21% ipertrofica VS 21% ipertrofica VS eccentrica.eccentrica.

Ipertrofia VS indipendente daIpertrofia VS indipendente daValori di PAValori di PATerapia con ACEITerapia con ACEIMalattia renale di base Malattia renale di base

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LVMI correlato a CKD

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Ipertrofia VS concentrica ed eccentricaIpertrofia VS concentrica ed eccentricacome risultato di fattori emodinamici e noncome risultato di fattori emodinamici e non(CRP > 10mg/dl)(CRP > 10mg/dl)

Sesso maschile, anemia, sovraccarico idrico, Sesso maschile, anemia, sovraccarico idrico, MBI, microinfiammazione, MBI, microinfiammazione, concorrono alla ipertrofia VSconcorrono alla ipertrofia VSin bambini con IRC iniziale o moderatain bambini con IRC iniziale o moderata

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Disfunzione sistolica nel 48% dei casi con IVS concentricaDisfunzione sistolica nel 48% dei casi con IVS concentrica

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Evolution of large-vessel arteriopathyLitwin M et al NDT 2008; 14

Spessore intimaSpessore intima--media (IMT) media (IMT) area della sezione trasversa vasale (WCSA) area della sezione trasversa vasale (WCSA)

sezione trasversa del lume (LCSA) sezione trasversa del lume (LCSA) rapportate allrapportate all’’etetàà

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Correlazione fra PA diastolica e IMT

in bambini in CKD

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Correlazione IMT carotidea normalizzata per età e sesso con assunzione di chelanti del fosforo e con CaxP

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Il rischio CV in bambini in CKDIl rischio CV in bambini in CKD

E’causa la morte nel 25% dei bambini in dialisi

E’ causa di morte nel 15% dei soggetti trapiantati in età pediatrica

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Evoluzione di IMT in bambini

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Pulse wave velocity in end-stage renal disease:influence of age and body dimension

Kis E et al Pediatr Res 2008; 63: 95-98

PWV rapportata allPWV rapportata all’’altezza staturalealtezza staturaleèè aumentata in soggetti giovani in ESRDaumentata in soggetti giovani in ESRD

133 bambini e giovani 3-26 anni

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Coronary artery calcifications in childrenwith end-stage renal disease

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Coronary artery calcifications in childrenwith end-stage renal disease

Civiliban M et al Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21: 1426-33

15% dei casi (1115% dei casi (11--21 anni)21 anni)correlazione con:correlazione con:

durata di dialisi, PTH, CaxP, Calcio per os, Vit D3durata di dialisi, PTH, CaxP, Calcio per os, Vit D3

TAC spirale per indagare calcificazioni coronariche (CAC)in 53 bambini –giovani in ESRD

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USRDS database (Medicare)1380 morti CV su 130.000 pazienti a rischio dal 1990- 1996

MORTALITA CV nei bambini con ESRF:

DIALISI: 1000 volte superiore alla popolazione generale

TRAPIANTO: 100 volte superiore alla popolazione generale della stessa età

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PROTEINURIAG

Afferent art

Efferent art

Angiotensin II

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HEMODINAMIC EFFECTSHEMODINAMIC EFFECTS

Vasoconstriction ( ET1, eNOS, ANP)Vasoconstriction ( ET1, eNOS, ANP)

Proteinuria Proteinuria

(due to hemdynamic effects and modification of glomerular (due to hemdynamic effects and modification of glomerular permeability)permeability)

Angiotensina IIAngiotensina II

Glomerulare hyperfiltrationGlomerulare hyperfiltration

HypertensionHypertension

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ATF-2

C-Jun

C-Fos C-Jun

Elk-1/Sap1

TARGET GENES

IkB

DNA

AP-1

Angiotensin II

p38 MAPKp38 MAPK

MEKMEK

JNKJNK

ERK 1/2ERK 1/2Elk-1/Sap1

NF-kBETS

Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases

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il rischio CV di un soggetto di 25 anni trapiantato di rene è simile a quello di uno di 55 anni senza

nefropatieil rischio di IMA in un soggetto di 18-30 anni è

2.7% nei primi 3 anni dopo il trapianto

Aspettativa di vita molto lunga: necessità della massime misure

di prevenzione possibili

RRisk factors for CVD in children and young adults after renal transplantation

Becker et al Clin JASN 2006; 1:1284-1292

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Causes of ESRF in incident population

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Japan USA Germany Australia

GNdiab nephneph angoth

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• Often detected only by screening urine tests, or analysis to sporting, or chance analysis.

IgAN in children

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IgAN in childrenLinné, Berg, Levy, Hattori, Yoshikawa, Hogg, Wyatt

Estimated survival at 10 yearsin children:87- 93%

Severe clinical signs Severe clinical signs develop after 5develop after 5--15 years:15 years:

at longat long--term followterm follow--upupIgAN in children is aIgAN in children is aprogressive diseaseprogressive disease