detectives in the classroom - investigation 2-3: what's wrong with this picture? what's...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
225 views
TRANSCRIPT
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
What's Wrong with This Picture?
2Is there
an association?
Did the exposure and the disease turn up
together?
1How is this disease
distributed?Hypotheses
3Is the association
causal?
4What should be done
to prevent the disease?
5Did the prevention
strategy work?
Where are we and where are we going?
What’s my hypothesis?
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Formulates Hypotheses
Hypothesis
Tests Hypotheses
Review
What is a hypothesis?
An Educated Guess
Descriptive Epidemiology
What is descriptive
epidemiology?
Analytical Epidemiology
What is analytical
epidemiology?
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
What is a control group?
People who participate in a trial but do not get the treatment.
Their results are compared to results of the group that does get the treatment.
No AcneMed
“Not Exposed”Control
Group
AcneMed
“Exposed”Experimental
Group
Review
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Epidemiologist
Board of Education
Smoking marijuana causes memory loss.
Scenario
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Poor Grades
Drug Use
200 High School Students
No
Marijuana
100 StudentsControl
Group
Marijuana
100 StudentsExperimental
Group4 Months
Measure Memory Loss
2 x 2 Table, Calculate Risks, and Relative Risk
What’s wrong with this picture?
Measure Memory
Scenario
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What’s Wrong With This Picture?
Epi TalkEthical
In accordance with the accepted principles of right and wrong governing the conduct of a group.
Epi Talk
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Nazi Human Experiments
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
What’s wrong with this picture?
Accepted Principles
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Doctors Trial
What happened after World War II was over?
Accepted Principles
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Based on prior animal experiments
Totally voluntary, informed consent
Justification of benefit to individuals or society
Highlights of the Nuremberg Code
Based on prior animal experiments
Totally voluntary, informed consent
Absolute avoidance of physical and mental suffering and injury
Justification of benefit to individuals or society
Highlights of the Nuremberg Code
Conducted only by qualified scientists
Ability of subjects to withdraw at any time
Accepted Principles
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Nothing Learned Will Prevent, Find, or Cure a Single Case.
What’s wrong with this picture?
Tuskegee Syphilis Study
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
What happened?
Senate hearings on human experiments
Newspaper article and public outcry
Belmont Report
Affected wives and children given medical treatment
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects
Lifetime medical treatment guaranteed for survivors
Study stopped
Accepted Principles
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
1973:
1972:
1979:
1975:
1974:
Accepted Principles
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Clinton Regrets “Clearly Racist” U.S. Study New York Times, May 17, 1997
Accepted Principles
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
The Belmont Report
Office of the Secretary
Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral
Research
April 18, 1979
Accepted Principles
Basic Ethical Principles
Respect for Persons
Beneficence
Justice
Belmont Report
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Epi Talk
Epi Talk
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Respect for Persons
Respect individual autonomy (independence, freedom, capacity for self direction)
Provides extra protection for those with less autonomy.
Rules for Ensuring “Respect for Persons”
Complete information about study and potential risks
Understand information
Voluntary participation
Withdraw at any time
Informed Consent
Basic Ethical Principles
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Epi Talk
Epi Talk
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Beneficence
An effort to secure people’s well-being.
A decision about when it is justifiable to seek certain benefits despite the risks involved.
Rules for ensuring “Beneficence”
Consider all types of potential harms
Benefits to participants and / or to society
Brutal or inhumane treatment is never justified
Risk / Benefit Assessment
Basic Ethical Principles
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Epi Talk
Epi Talk
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Justice
Fair distribution of the benefits of research and the burdens of being a research subject.
Rules for Ensuring “Justice”
Selection process and outcome must be fair
Avoid cultural, racial, social or other biases
Avoid choosing convenient or easy to manipulate participants
Subject Selection
Basic Ethical Principles
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Detectives in the Classroom - Investigation 2-3: What's Wrong with This Picture?
Accepted Principles
Accepted Principles
Need to let people know about study.RFP