determination of moisture content

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REPORT LAB SOIL 1.0 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT (STANDARD METHOD - OVEN DRYING METHOD) 1.1 OBJECTIVE The water content is the most frequently determined soil characteristic. It is defined as the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the dry soil grains in a soil mass. The water content is a good indication of the strength of clay soils. The standard method of determining the moisture content is by over-drying at 105-110 degrees but several other methods are available as rapid alternatives more suitable to site conditions. In this experiment you are required to compare these tests for a clay and granular soil. 1.2 APPARATUS 1. A thermostatically controlled oven set at a temperature of 105 – 110°C. 2. Sample tins. 1 | Page

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REPORT LAB SOIL

1.0 DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE CONTENT (STANDARD METHOD - OVEN DRYING METHOD)

1.1 OBJECTIVE

The water content is the most frequently determined soil characteristic. It is defined as the ratio of the weight of water to the weight of the dry soil grains in a soil mass. The water content is a good indication of the strength of clay soils. The standard method of determining the moisture content is by overdrying at 105110 degrees but several other methods are available as rapid alternatives more suitable to site conditions. In this experiment you are required to compare these tests for a clay and granular soil. 1.2 APPARATUS

1. A thermostatically controlled oven set at a temperature of 105 110C.

2. Sample tins.

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REPORT LAB SOIL

3. Balance readable and accurate to 0.01 g.

1.3 PROCEDURE 1. The sample container shall be cleaned, dried and weighed to 0.01g .

2. Place the soil loosely in the container .

4. Weigh the every of container.

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REPORT LAB SOIL

5. Weigh the every contents of soil sample.

6. Then place in the oven. Time period required are differences depending on the type of soil and sizes of the sample. Usually 16-24 hour enough for drying most soils.

7. The sample will be deemed to be dry when the differences in successive weighing of the cooled sample at four hourly intervals do not exceed 0.1 % of the original weight of the sample.

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R

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R B 1.4 L L I The i t e tent f the il ( ) hall e al lated as a ercentage f the dry soil eight, from the formula: m = m2 m3 m3 m1 Where, m1 = mass of container m2 = mass of container and et soil m = mass of container and dry soil 100 % Container 1 Moisture content = 72.115 -64.234x 100%

64.234 -27.948= Container 7 Moisture content = 79.779 - 70.756 x 100%

21.719%

70.756 -27.626= Container 9 Moisture content = 76.2-69.336

20.92%

x 100%

69.336 -31.46=

18.122%

1.5

alues up to 10 % and to the nearest hole number for higher alues.

Moisture Content Location

Soil Description Determination of moisture content Test Method Related test Specimen ref. Container no. Mass of wet soil + container (m ) Mass of dry soil + container ( m ) Mass of container (m ) Mass of moisture (m m)Mass of dry soil (m - m )

Moisture Content w =(m - m ) (m - m ) Operator Checked Approved 100% 21.719 20.92 18.122

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R

R LAB SOIL

ES L S The moisture content of the soil (m) should e reported to t o significant figures foe

Form 2.A Job Ref Borehole/ FSPU, UiTM Shah Alam Pit no. Sample No. Depth Date 28/1/2010 m

BS 1377: Part 2: 1990: 3.2

1

7

9

g

72.115

79.779

76.2

g g

64.234 27.948

70.756 27.626

69.336 31.46

gg

7.88136.286

9.02343.13

6.86437.876

R PORT LAB SOIL

1.6 CONCL SION As conclusion, from the test that had been done, the percentages of every moisture contents for each sample of soils are not same because it has different mass of moisture. It means that, mass of moisture for each strata of soil is different by each others depending mass of moisture and mass of moisture content.

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REPORT LAB SOIL

2.0 DETERMINATION OF PARTIC E SIZE DISTRIBUTION BY DRY SIEVING

2.1 OBJECTIVE

This test covers the quantitative determination of the parti le size distribution in a soil c down to the fine and size. This method shall not be used unless it has been shown that for the type of material under test it gives the same results as the methodsof analysis by wet sieving. 2.2 APPARATUS 1. Trays / Sieve

A nest of BS test sieves of required sizes: 5 mm, 2 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 Appropriate receiver m, 425 m, 300 m, 212 m, 150 m, 63 m

2. Sample Divider

Used for put the sample before the test done. Help in giving measured quantities of sample.

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REPORT LAB SOIL

3. Weighing balance

Help in giving the accurate mass of samples.

4. Trays

The last layer in the BS sieve that act to catch the sample that pass through the 0.063 mm.

5. A thermostatically controlled oven

Oven set at a temperature of 105 110 C

7. Sieve Brushes

Used to clean up the sieve from any material after the test done. There are two 2 types of brushes; one for large size of sieve and for small size of sieve.

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R PORT LAB SOIL

the cooled sample at sample. 2. CALCULATIONS

The moisture content of the soil (m) shall be calculated as a percentage of the dry soil eight, from the formula: M = m2 m Where m1 m2 m 2.4 ESULTS = = = mass of container mass of container and et soil mass of container and dry soil m m1 x 100%

The moisture content of the soil (m ) should be reported to t o significant figures for value up to 10% and to the nearest hole number for higher values.

Borehole/ pit no.

Related test Specimen ref. ontainer no.

Mass of dry soil + container (m3) Mass of container (m1) Mass of moisture (m2-m3) Mass of dry soil (m3-m1) oisture content, = m 2 m / m m1) x 100

g g g g w %

64 28 8 36 22.22

71 28 9 43

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#

20.9

Mass of

et soil + container (m2)

Test Method

BS 1 77: Part 2: 1990 : 3.2

1 1 g 72

"

"

Soil

escription

Sample no. epth ate m

LOCATION

!

The sample

ill be deemed to be dry

hen the differences in successive

eight of

hourly intervals do not exceed 0.1% of the original

eight of the

J B REF.

2 7 0

3 9 76 69 31 7 38 18.42

R PORT LAB SOIL 2.5 CONCLUSION From the test result, it can be concluded that the soil have average moisture content. It is because, the type of sample soil can easily absorb also easily discharge the ater and at the same time it can ith 0% and above ater through exposure from sun heat. It can be said that the soil

has been tested is clay type because according to BS 930: 1981, soil moisture is considered as sandy clay or stiff clay.

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$

REPORT LAB SOIL

3.0 DETERMINATION OF IQUID IMIT USING THE CONE PENETROMETER3.1 OBJECTIVE The liquid limit is defined as the moisture content corresponding to a come penetration of 20 mm. 3.2 APPARATUS 1. A flat surface glass surface .

2. Spatula.

3. Penetrometer apparatus

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REPORT LAB SOIL

4. A cone of stainless steel or duralumin approximately 35 mm long, with a smooth, polished surface and an angle of 30 1 .

5. A metal cup approximately 55 mm in diameter and 40 mm deep with the rim parallel to the flat base

6. A plastic wash battle containing distilled water .

7. Mortar and pestle.

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REPORT LAB SOIL

8. 0.42500 BS test sieve.

3.3 PROCEDURE OF IQUID IMIT

1. A soil sample are take from lab which it material passing the 0.425mm BS test sieve. We are weighting 200g from the soil to do this test. Before we are weight the soil sample, we must crush it with mortar and pestle. After that, the sieve process must do to make sure the soil is passing like BS want.

2. After that, the sample are placed on the flat glass and mixed thoroughly with distilled water using the spatula until the mass becomes a thick homogeneous paste.

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REPORT LAB SOIL

3. We are taken some part of the sample to be pushed into a metal cupwith using spatula which taking care not to trap air. The excess soil shall be struck off and leveled to five a smooth surface.

4.The sample in the metal cup will place on the base in Penetrometer cone apparatus which placed lower, so that it just touches the surface of the soil. When the cone is the correct position, a slight movement of the cup will just mark the surface of the soil and the reading of redial gauge is noted to the nearest 0.1mm. Then, the cone is released for a period of 5 1 second.

5. After the cone has been locked in position the dial gauge shall be lowered to the new position of the cone shaft and the reading noted to the nearest 0.1mm are taken.We are recorded the difference between the readings at the beginning and end ofthe test as the cone penetration.

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6. The core is lifted out and cleaned carefully. Then, a little more of wet soil is added to the cup and the same process at 2 to 6 is repeated.

3. PROCEDURE OF P ASTIC IMIT

1. We are selected a sample weighting from the material passing the 0.425mm BS test sieve remaining after the liquid limit test. We are reduced the water content of the soil to a consistency at which it can be rolled without sticking to the hands by spreading and mixing continuously on the glass plate. The weights of empty tin/container are being recorded.

2.

rom the sample, select a portion and form into an ellipsoid. We are rolled this mass

between the palm or fingers and the glass plate with just sufficient pressure to oll the mass r into a thread of uniform diameter throughout its length. Continue to alternate rolling, gathering, kneading, and re-rolling until the thread crumbles under the pressure required for rolling.

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3. Gather the portions of the crumbled thread t gether and place in a moisture tin/container. o

4. We are repeating steps 2 and 3 until the moisture tin contains in about 3 pieces of moist soil. ecord the mass of the moist soil and tin/container to the nearest 0.01g. Place the

moist soil and tin in a drying oven.

5. We are recorded the mass of the oven dried soil and moisture tin/containers to the nearest 0.01g to get the result. 3. CA CU ATION OF THE IQUID IMIT FOR THE SOI .

1. Calculate moisture content or example: W m2 m3 x 100 m3 m1 31.000 29.000 29.000-25.000 0.00% x 100

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R PORT LAB SOIL 2. Plot the relationship bet een the moisture content and the corresponding cone penetration recorded on a linear chart, ith the percentage moisture content as ordinates on the linear scale. ( Based on graph paper ). 4. The moisture content corresponding to a cone penetration of 20 mm shall be taken as the li uid limit of the soil. 20mm, li uid limit =38. % . Express this moisture content to the nearest limit.y y y

3.6

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%

hole number and report it as the li uid

Li uid limit = 34.00% Plastic limit = 24.03% Plasticity Index = Li uid limit - Plastic limit = 9.97%

From plasticity chart, a point having the coordinates (Li uid Limit = 34.0 0%, Plasticity Index = 9.97% plasticity. ) falls ithin the one labeled ML, i.e. the soil is a SILT(M -Soil) of low

ESULT:

PLASTIC LI IT ontainer no.

Test no.

1 12 46.00 41.00 22.00 .00 19.00 26.32

Mass of wet soil + container , g (m 2) Mass of dry soil + container , g (m 3) Mass of container Mass of moisture Mass of dry soil Moisture content , g (m 1) , g (m 2-m3) , g (m 3-m1) % (m2-m3) / (m3-m1)

R PORT LAB SOIL LI UI LI IT Test no.(mm)

Initial dial gauge reading

Final dial gauge reading

Average penetration (mm) ontainer no. g

14.1

18.8 9

Mass of wet soil + container Mass of dry soil + container Mass of ontainer

33 33 27 2.00 6.00 33.33

42 40 33 4.00 10.00 40.00

Mass of moisture Mass of dry soil Moisture content

42.86

3.7 CONCLUSION

The graph shows the result when this is increase the percentage of moisture content when the penetration cone increase. This is good result because it is increase in the percentage of the moisture content. So, we know that li uid limit can be defined as the water content, in percent, of a soil at the arbitrarily defined boundary between the semi-li uid and plastic states and its also corresponding to a cone penetration of 20mm.

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'

&

1

2

3

14.1(mm)

13.8

14.6

17.9

19.6

18.9

31.0

3 .0

27.4

31.1 10 38 36 26 3.00 7.00

REPORT LAB SOIL

4.0 PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST

4.1 OBJECTIVE

In this test a relationship between the moisture content and the dry density of a soil is established for a standard compactive effort. Hence it is possible to determine the optimum moisture content to give the maximum dry density, i.e. the densest state t compaction. o

4.2 APPARATUS

1

Proctor mould of internal diameter 102mm, height 116mm and volume 994ml. The mould is fitted with a detachable base plate and an extension collar 52mm high.

2

2.5kg

ammer

with

a

305mm

fall

manual

apparatus or the automatic mechanical apparatus

3

Balance of 7 kg capacity and accurate to 1 g.

4

Metal straight edge and spatula

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REPORT LAB SOIL

4.3 PROCEDURE

1

Weigh the mould with its base plate attached but without its collar.

2

Mix 2.5 kg of the soil under test with a 180 ml of water representing an initial moisture content of 6% . \

3

Attach the collar to the mould and compact the soil in three equal layers by giving each layer 25 uniformly distributed blows of the rammer falling freely through a distance of 305mm onto the soil.

4

The last layer should project into the collar. emove the collar and trim off the soil level with the top of the mould.

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REPORT LAB SOIL

5

Then weigh the mould, base plate the soil.

6

Extrude

the

soil

from

the for

mould moisture

and

take

representative determination.

sample

content

7

e-mix the extruded soil with the remainder of the original sample and increase the moisture content by 3 per cent.

8

epeat the above procedure and continue until there is no change in the weight of the compacted soil required to fill the mould or the weight decreases.

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R PORT LAB SOIL

1. Bulk density of the compacted soil in the mould is determined by using this formula:

2.

formula:

3. Moisture content is determined by using this formula:

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(

4.4 CALCULATION

= m2

m1

1000 Where: m1 = Mass of mould + base plate (g) m2 = Mass of mould + base plate + compacted soil (g) ry density of the soil is determined from the bulk density and moisture content using this

d=

100 100 + w

Where: w = Moisture content (%)

w

=

m2

m3 x 100%

m3 - m1 Where, m1 m2 m3 = = = mass of containers mass of container and wet soil mass of container and dry soil

R PORT LAB SOIL 4.5 ESULT: Test No. Mass of mould + base + Unit g 1 6845 3 6879 3 6762

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)

compacted specimen (m 2) Mass of mould + base (m 1) Mass of compacted specimen (m2-m1) Bulk density p=(m2-m1) 1000 Moisture content container no. Moisture content (w) ry density p= 100p 100 + w Water Container no. Mass of wet soil + container (m 2) Mass of dry soil + container (m 3) Mass of container (m1) Mass of moisture (m 2-m3) Mass of dry soil (m 3-m1) oisture content w= m2-m3) x 100 m3-m1) ml Unit g g g g g % 180 15 39.00 37.00 22.00 2.00 15.00 13.33 360 16 9.00 3.00 24.00 6.00 29.00 20.69 540 1 0.00 46.00 27.00 4.00 19 21.05 % Mg/m 11 16.67 1.655 8 13.04 1.733 3 27.27 1.701 Mg/m 1.901 1.935 1.818 g g 4944 1901 4944 1935 4944 1818

R PORT LAB SOIL 4.6 CONCLUSION We can conclude that the moisture content of the soil is related to the dry density of the soil. The graph for the sample one to two is increases because water is added to the sample and for the sample two to three the graph is decreases. This is depends on the mass of compacted specimens. If the graph is still not decreases, continuation of this test must do it to get the graph decrease in the end of the test. We must do this test because; it can determine the strength of the soil and can given information about that type of soil and how to take the best solutio n in construction work.

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