determination of trace metal levels and microbiological qaulity of spring water
TRANSCRIPT
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RUHWAYA DOUGLAS A MC14124213A
CUHCHE 2104
Determination of trace metals concentration and microbiological
quality of spring water
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Scope of research
The research was limited to Eureka Farm in Macheke, Mashonaland East.
The farm is located in the watershed area of the Macheke sub-catchment area of the Save catchment area.
The following parameters were assessed: Microbiological qualities: Total Coliform, Biological Oxygen Demand
and Chemical Oxygen Demand. Trace metals: Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), Zinc (Zn), Copper (Cu)
Mupindu , s., Murimirudzombo, N. & Changunda, P., 2004. Sida Support to Save Catchment Council, Stockholm: Sweddish International Cooperation Agency.
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INTRODUCTION
Population increase has increased pressure on the water resources of the developing and developed countries
Hence, the need to carry out microbiological and chemical evaluation of the spring water supplies.
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water, it is not static
Balogun, S. A., Ejelonu, B. C., Lasisi, A. A. & Adeogun, A. I., 2013. Microbiological and chemical assessment of spring water from a rural setting in Ondo State Southwest, Nigeria. Africa Journal Of Environmental Science and Tchnology, 7(6), pp. 555 - 559.Okechukwu, M. E. et al., 2013. Water quality evaluation of spring waters in nsukka, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 32(2), pp. 233 - 240.
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Objectives
Main objectives:To determine concentration of trace
metal contaminants in spring water.
To determine the levels of microbiological contaminants in spring water.
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Other objectives
To identify activities that contaminate the spring water.
To determine quality of the spring water for domestic use.
To recommend ways of remediation of the spring water incase of contamination.
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Literature review
Springs are a naturally occurring outcrop of ground water to the earth’s surface, either from the force of gravity or hydrostatic pressure or recharge of surface water.
Springs are naturally safe but pollution is possible from leaching (organic matter and nutrients) from soil, hydrological factors (runoff) and biological factors.
Microbiological contamination can culminate into gastrointestinal illness
Forstner, U., 1977. Arch. Hydrobiology, Volume 98, pp. 172-191.
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METHODOLOGY
Total coliform was determined using the Most Probable Number method.
BOD and DO were both measured using a DO meter. BOD5 is measurement taken within 5 days.
COD was measured using the dichromate COD test.
Trace metal elements are determined by ICP-OES
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SUMMARY OF METHOD PRINCIPLES
BOD5 – mass of dissolved oxygen required by specified volume of liquid for the process of biochemical oxidation.
Multiple Tube Fermentation Technique – uses presumptive, confirmed and completed tests to determine Most Probable Number of coliforms in the water sample.
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SUMMARY OF METHOD PRINCIPLES
COD – Open Reflux Technique – most types of organic matter are oxidized by boiling the mixture of chromic and sulphuric acid.
The organic matter was oxidized completely by potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) with silver sulfate as catalyst in the presence of concentrated H2SO4 to produce CO2 and H2O.
Cr2O72- 14H+ 6 e 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2O+ +
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The excess K2Cr2O7 remaining after the reaction was titrated with 0.145M ferrous ammonium sulfate [Fe (NH4)2(SO4)2], dichromate consumed gives the oxygen (O2) required for oxidation of the organic matter
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e-
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ELEMNTAL ANALYSIS: ICP-OES
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Expected Results
PARAMETER UNITS WHO standards
SAZ standards
BOD mg/L O2 5.0 6.0COD mg/L O2 10.0 10.0Total Coliform MPN/100mL 0 0Cr mg/L 0.05 0.05Zn mg/L 3.00 5.00Cu mg/L 1.00 2.00Ni mg/L 0.02 0.05
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RESULTS: MICROBIO
TOTAL COLIFORMBOD5
COD Volume of sample in each bottle / mL
50 10 2
Number of Bottles Used 1 5 5 MPN of coliforms in 100 mL of the original water
Bottles with positive results of Total Coliform
1 5 2 50
Sample Number
Volume of sample (mL)
Volume of dilution water (mL)
Decimal Volumetric Fraction used, p
Initial Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
Final Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
BOD5
SW 1 0 300 0.00 8.11 2.88 5.23
SW 2 50 250 0.17 7.00 3.43 0.52
SW 3 150 150 0.50 6.68 3.73 1.28
SW 4 200 100 0.67 5.84 3.74 1.22
SW 5 300 0 1.00 5.53 3.75 1.55
AVERAGE BOD5 1.96
SAMPLE Molarity of FAS / M
Volume of FAS used for sample / mL
Volume of FAS used as blank / mL
Volume of sample used / mL
COD / (mg/L)
SW1 0.145 0.733 0.000 100 8.50
SW2 0.145 0.750 0.000 100 8.70
SW3 0.145 0.741 0.000 100 8.60
AVERAGE COD /( mg/L) 8.60
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RESULTS: TRACE METALS
METALS WHO/ ppm
MACHEKE/ ppm
SAZ/ ppm
ERROR
Zinc 3.000 0.03156 3.000 0.00286
Copper 1.000 -0.02220 b 2.000 0.00355
Nickel 0.020 3.29000 0.050 0.05132
Chromium 0.050 -0.03330 b 0.050 0.00053
Zinc Copper Nickel Chromium-0.500
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
3.000
3.500
3.000
1.000
0.020 0.050
3.000
2.000
0.050 0.050
TRACE METALS IN SPRING VS STANDARDS
WHO MACHEKE SAZ
CO
NC
ENTR
ATIO
N /
ppm
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DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Total coliform too high 50MPN/ 100mL – build embankment to prevent contamination.
Cu and Cr were recorded as blanksZn was recorded as 0.03156 ppm – SAZ
guidelines 3.0 ppm ≤ [Zn]Ni was recorded as too high than the SAZ
standards 3.29 ppm – SAZ guidelines 0.02 ppm ≤ [Ni]
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CONCLUSION
The main objective of this study was to determine the concentration of the metals in the spring and microbiological quality of the spring water.
The spring had only two metals present of the four that were analysed and their concentrations were:
Zinc – 0.03156 ppmNickel – 3.29 ppmCopper – blankChromium – blank
The microbiological quality was defined by three tests:o Total coliform – 50 MPN/ 100mL BOD5 – 1.96 ppm COD – 8.60 mg/ L
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THANK YOU