Determining Favorable Environments for Endolithic Growth From Physics ConsiderationsDoug Archer, Dr. David AllredDept. of Physics and AstronomyBrigham Young University

Whats an Extremophile?Extremophiles are organisms that can live in extreme environmentsExamples are Halophiles, Thermophiles, and Endoliths

Limits on LifeLack of Liquid WaterTemperature extremesUltraviolet RadiationSoil toxicitySparse Energy Resources

Mars Had Water in the Past and Still Has Water Today

Temperature ConcernsMars Temperature range -123C to 20COnce thought a major concern, the discovery of Extremophiles metabolically active from -15C to 120C has changed our thinking.Active->Dormant cycle

Ultraviolet RadiationUVA = 400-315nmUVB = 315-280nmUVC = 280-200nmBelow ~290nm, UV energy is very damaging to most biological systems. It affects proteins, lipids, and most importantly, DNA.

UV Flux, Earth vs. Mars

The Role of OzoneThe Chapman Reaction describes ozone creation/reaction.Ozone absorbs between 200-360nmMars ozone layer is

UV Damage

Surviving UVThere are three primary methods:Avoidance: chemoautotrophsRepair: photolyase cuts thymine dimers. Present in modern branches of ancient archaebacteria.Protection: Matting, Substrate Production, Physical Environment Sheltering.

Why Endoliths?Endolithic communities, also known as cryptoendoliths, could provide protection from numerous life limiting conditions.We have ready access to endoliths in the Southern Utah Desert.

Physics ConcernsWhich compounds found in common minerals block UV?This is a function of band gapIs UV light preferentially absorbed or scattered out of certain materials? Rayleigh vs. Mie scatteringParticle size (

Martian Minerology

Absorption Example

Douglas' n&k

1.443

1.4392

1.4353

1.4314

1.4276

1.4238

1.4199

1.4161

1.4123

1.4086

1.4048

1.4011

1.3973

1.3936

1.3899

1.3862

1.3825

1.3789

1.3752

1.3716

1.368

1.3644

1.3608

1.3572

1.3536

1.3501

1.3465

1.343

1.3395

1.336

1.3325

1.3291

1.3256

1.3222

1.3187

1.3153

1.3119

1.3085

1.3052

1.3018

1.2985

1.2951

1.2918

1.2885

1.2852

1.282

1.2787

1.2755

1.2722

1.269

1.2658

1.2626

1.2594

1.2563

1.2531

1.25

1.2469

1.2437

1.2406

1.2376

1.2345

1.2314

1.2284

1.2253

1.2223

1.2193

1.2163

1.2133

1.2104

1.2074

1.2045

1.2046

1.2054

1.2062

1.207

1.2078

1.2086

1.2094

1.2102

1.211

1.2117

1.2101

1.2085

1.2069

1.2053

1.2037

1.2022

1.2007

1.1992

1.1977

1.1967

1.1973

1.198

1.1986

1.1992

1.1999

1.2006

1.2012

1.2019

1.2026

1.201

1.1962

1.1915

1.1868

1.1822

1.1775

1.1729

1.1684

1.1638

1.1593

1.1551

1.151

1.147

1.143

1.139

1.135

1.1311

1.1271

1.1232

1.1194

1.1159

1.1126

1.1093

1.1061

1.1028

1.0996

1.0964

1.0933

1.0901

1.087

1.082

1.0769

1.072

1.067

1.0621

1.0571

1.0523

1.0474

1.0426

1.0371

1.0287

1.0204

1.0121

1.0038

0.9956

0.98742

0.97928

0.97118

0.96312

0.95413

0.9436

0.93309

0.92262

0.91216

0.90174

0.89135

0.88098

0.87064

0.86034

0.84943

0.83808

0.82673

0.81539

0.80406

0.79275

0.78144

0.77015

0.75887

0.7476

0.73537

0.72284

0.71029

0.69774

0.68519

0.67262

0.66005

0.64748

0.6349

0.62232

0.62048

0.61909

0.61771

0.61632

0.61494

0.61355

0.61216

0.61077

0.60938

0.60828

0.60879

0.60931

0.60982

0.61034

0.61085

0.61137

0.61188

0.6124

0.61291

0.60964

0.59913

0.5886

0.57805

0.56748

0.55689

0.54629

0.53566

0.52501

0.51435

0.50603

0.49973

0.49343

0.48711

0.48078

0.47444

0.46809

0.46172

0.45535

0.44896

0.44398

0.43951

0.43504

0.43056

0.42607

0.42158

0.41708

0.41258

0.40806

0.40354

0.40017

0.39689

0.3936

0.39032

0.38702

0.38373

0.38043

0.37713

0.37382

0.37046

0.36669

0.36291

0.35914

0.35536

0.35157

0.34779

0.344

0.34021

0.33642

0.33262

0.32881

0.325

0.32119

0.31737

0.31355

0.30973

0.3059

0.30207

0.29823

0.29449

0.29084

0.28719

0.28353

0.27988

0.27621

0.27255

0.26888

0.2652

0.26152

0.2581

0.25479

0.25147

0.24815

0.24483

0.2415

0.23817

0.23483

0.23149

0.22815

0.22481

0.22147

0.21813

0.21479

0.21143

0.20808

0.20472

0.20136

0.19799

0.19466

0.19189

0.1891

0.18631

0.18352

0.18073

0.17793

0.17513

0.17232

0.16951

0.16678

0.16426

0.16173

0.15921

0.15667

0.15414

0.1516

0.14906

0.14651

0.14396

0.14156

0.13932

0.13708

0.13484

0.1326

0.13035

0.1281

0.12584

0.12358

0.12132

0.11932

0.11746

0.1156

0.11373

0.11186

0.10998

0.10811

0.10623

0.10434

0.10246

0.10065

0.098846

0.097043

0.095238

0.093431

0.091621

0.089808

0.087993

0.086175

0.084365

0.082779

0.081191

0.079601

0.078008

0.076414

0.074816

0.073217

0.071614

0.07001

0.068464

0.067116

0.065766

0.064414

0.06306

0.061705

0.060347

0.058987

0.057626

0.056263

0.055096

0.054195

0.053293

0.052389

0.051484

0.050578

0.04967

0.048761

0.04785

0.046938

0.046039

0.045148

0.044255

0.04336

0.042465

0.041568

0.04067

0.039771

0.03887

0.037969

0.037526

0.037191

0.036856

0.03652

0.036183

0.035846

0.035509

0.035171

0.034833

0.034492

0.033729

0.032964

0.032199

0.031433

0.030667

0.029899

0.029131

0.028363

0.027593

0.026874

0.026364

0.025854

0.025343

0.024832

0.02432

0.023808

0.023295

0.022781

0.022267

0.021803

0.021416

0.02103

0.020642

0.020255

0.019866

0.019478

0.019088

0.018699

0.018308

0.017997

0.017742

0.017487

0.017232

0.016977

0.016721

0.016466

0.01621

0.015953

0.015697

0.015351

0.014979

0.014607

0.014234

0.01386

0.013487

0.013112

0.012738

0.012363

0.011987

0.011645

0.011303

0.010961

0.010619

0.010277

0.0099339

0.0095909

0.0092477

0.0089042

0.0085859

0.0084018

0.0082176

0.0080333

0.0078488

0.007664

0.0074792

0.0072942

0.007109

0.0069236

0.0067469

0.0065865

0.0064259

0.0062652

0.0061044

0.0059435

0.0057825

0.0056213

0.00546

0.0052986

0.0050897

0.004841

0.0045921

0.004343

0.0040938

0.0038445

0.0035949

0.0033453

0.0030955

0.0028455

0.0028549

0.0029569

0.003059

0.0031612

0.0032635

0.0033658

0.0034683

0.0035708

0.0036734

0.0037761

0.0034254

0.0030404

0.0026551

0.0022697

0.001884

0.0014981

0.0011121

0.0007258

0.00033932

0.0000090761

0.0000832

0.00015738

0.00023162

0.00030591

0.00038027

0.00045467

0.00052914

0.00060366

0.00067825

0.000706

0.00063183

0.00055762

0.00048335

0.00040904

0.00033467

0.00026026

0.0001858

0.00011128

0.000036724

0

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fe2o3 k

Wavelength (nm)

K

K values for Fe2O3

Sheet1

nmnk

238.4621.91241.443nmnk

239.4821.91711.4392238.4621.31991.8805

240.5011.92181.4353239.4821.31881.888

241.5211.92641.4314240.5011.31771.8954

242.5411.93111.4276241.5211.31661.9029

243.561.93581.4238242.5411.31551.9104

244.581.94051.4199243.561.31441.9178

245.5991.94521.4161244.581.31341.9252

246.6191.94991.4123245.5991.31231.9326

247.6391.95461.4086246.6191.31131.94

248.6581.95931.4048247.6391.31031.9474

249.6781.96411.4011248.6581.31291.9534

250.6981.96881.3973249.6781.31731.9586

251.7171.97351.3936250.6981.32181.9638

252.7371.97831.3899251.7171.32621.969

253.7571.9831.3862252.7371.33061.9742

254.7761.98781.3825253.7571.3351.9793

255.7961.99251.3789254.7761.33941.9845

256.8161.99731.3752255.7961.34381.9896

257.8352.00211.3716256.8161.34821.9948

258.8552.00681.368257.8351.35251.9999

259.8742.01161.3644258.8551.35692.005

260.8942.01641.3608259.8741.36122.0101

261.9142.02121.3572260.8941.36552.0151

262.9332.0261.3536261.9141.36982.0202

263.9532.03081.3501262.9331.37412.0252

264.9732.03561.3465263.9531.37832.0303

265.9922.04041.343264.9731.38262.0353

267.0122.04521.3395265.9921.38682.0403

268.0322.051.336267.0121.39112.0453

269.0512.05481.3325268.0321.39532.0503

270.0712.05961.3291269.0511.39952.0553

271.092.06441.3256270.0711.40372.0602

272.112.06931.3222271.091.40782.0652

273.132.07411.3187272.111.4122.0701

274.1492.07891.3153273.131.41622.0751

275.1692.08381.3119274.1491.42032.08

276.1892.08861.3085275.1691.42452.0849

277.2082.09341.3052276.1891.42862.0898

278.2282.09831.3018277.2081.43272.0947

279.2482.10311.2985278.2281.43682.0996

280.2672.1081.2951279.2481.44092.1044

281.2872.11281.2918280.2671.44492.1093

282.3072.11771.2885281.2871.4492.1141

283.3262.12251.2852282.3071.45312.1189

284.3462.12741.282283.3261.45712.1238

285.3652.13231.2787284.3461.46112.1286

286.3852.13711.2755285.3651.46522.1334

287.4052.1421.2722286.3851.46922.1382

288.4242.14691.269287.4051.47322.1429

289.4442.15171.2658288.4241.47722.1477

290.4642.15661.2626289.4441.48112.1525

291.4832.16151.2594290.4641.48512.1572

292.5032.16631.2563291.4831.48912.1619

293.5232.17121.2531292.5031.4932.1667

294.5422.17611.25293.5231.49692.1714

295.5622.1811.2469294.5421.50092.1761

296.5812.18581.2437295.5621.50482.1808

297.6012.19071.2406296.5811.50872.1855

298.6212.19561.2376297.6011.51262.1901

299.642.20051.2345298.6211.51652.1948

300.662.20541.2314299.641.52042.1995

301.682.21021.2284300.661.52422.2041

302.6992.21511.2253301.681.52812.2087

303.7192.221.2223302.6991.53192.2134

304.7392.22491.2193303.7191.53582.218

305.7582.22981.2163304.7391.53962.2226

306.7782.23471.2133305.7581.54342.2272

307.7982.23951.2104306.7781.54722.2318

308.8172.24441.2074307.7981.5512.2363

309.8372.24931.2045308.8171.55482.2409

310.8562.25621.2046309.8371.55862.2455

311.8762.26351.2054310.8561.56242.25

312.8962.27071.2062311.8761.56612.2546

313.9152.27791.207312.8961.56992.2591

314.9352.28511.2078313.9151.57362.2636

315.9552.29221.2086314.9351.57742.2681

316.9742.29941.2094315.9551.58112.2727

317.9942.30651.2102316.9741.58482.2772

319.0142.31361.211317.9941.58862.2816

320.0332.32081.2117319.0141.59232.2861

321.0532.32961.2101320.0331.5962.2906

322.0722.33841.2085321.0531.59962.2951

323.0922.34711.2069322.0721.60332.2995

324.1122.35591.2053323.0921.6072.304

325.1312.36461.2037324.1121.61072.3084

326.1512.37331.2022325.1311.61432.3128

327.1712.3821.2007326.1511.6182.3172

328.192.39071.1992327.1711.62162.3217

329.212.39931.1977328.191.62522.3261

330.232.40811.1967329.211.62892.3305

331.2492.41731.1973330.231.63252.3348

332.2692.42661.198331.2491.63612.3392

333.2892.43581.1986332.2691.63972.3436

334.3082.44491.1992333.2891.64332.348

335.3282.45411.1999334.3081.64682.3523

336.3472.46321.2006335.3281.65042.3567

337.3672.47231.2012336.3471.6542.361

338.3872.48131.2019337.3671.65762.3653

339.4062.49041.2026338.3871.66112.3697

340.4262.49911.201339.4061.66472.374

341.4462.50751.1962340.4261.66822.3783

342.4652.51591.1915341.4461.67172.3826

343.4852.52441.1868342.4651.67522.3869

344.5052.53281.1822343.4851.67882.3912

345.5242.54121.1775344.5051.68232.3954

346.5442.54961.1729345.5241.68582.3997

347.5632.5581.1684346.5441.68932.404

348.5832.56641.1638347.5631.69282.4082

349.6032.57471.1593348.5831.69622.4125

350.6222.58251.1551349.6031.69972.4167

351.6422.58971.151350.6221.70322.421

352.6622.5971.147351.6421.70662.4252

353.6812.60431.143352.6621.71012.4294

354.7012.61161.139353.6811.71352.4336

355.7212.61891.135354.7011.7172.4378

356.742.62621.1311355.7211.72042.442

357.762.63341.1271356.741.72382.4462

358.782.64071.1232357.761.72722.4504

359.7992.6481.1194358.781.73072.4546

360.8192.65621.1159359.7991.73412.4587

361.8382.66471.1126360.8191.73752.4629

362.8582.67321.1093361.8381.74092.467

363.8782.68171.1061362.8581.74422.4712

364.8972.69011.1028363.8781.74762.4753

365.9172.69861.0996364.8971.7512.4795

366.9372.7071.0964365.9171.75442.4836

367.9562.71551.0933366.9371.75772.4877

368.9762.72391.0901367.9561.76112.4918

369.9962.73231.087368.9761.76442.4959

371.0152.74011.082369.9961.76782.5

372.0352.74791.0769371.0151.77112.5041

373.0542.75581.072372.0351.77442.5082

374.0742.76361.067373.0541.77782.5123

375.0942.77141.0621374.0741.78112.5164

376.1132.77921.0571375.0941.78442.5204

377.1332.7871.0523376.1131.78772.5245

378.1532.79481.0474377.1331.7912.5286

379.1722.80271.0426378.1531.79432.5326

380.1922.81051.0371379.1721.79762.5366

381.2122.81841.0287380.1921.80082.5407

382.2312.82641.0204381.2121.80412.5447

383.2512.83441.0121382.2311.80742.5487

384.2712.84241.0038383.2511.81062.5527

385.292.85040.9956384.2711.81392.5568

386.312.85840.98742385.291.81722.5608

387.3292.86650.97928386.311.82042.5648

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389.3692.88260.96312388.3491.82692.5727

390.3882.88960.95413389.3691.83012.5767

391.4082.8950.9436390.3881.83332.5807

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393.4472.90580.92262392.4281.83982.5886

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396.5062.92220.89135395.4871.84942.6005

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545.3742.79220.15414544.3542.26843.1234

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558.6292.76480.12358557.6092.3023.1657

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565.7662.7490.10998564.7472.31993.1883

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567.8062.74440.10623566.7862.3253.1948

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569.8452.73980.10246568.8252.33013.2012

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619.8072.64320.037969618.7882.45133.3545

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630.0042.6250.034492628.9842.47533.3849

631.0232.62370.033729630.0042.47773.3879

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653.4552.59380.020642652.4362.52973.4539

654.4752.59210.020255653.4552.5323.4569

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698.322.53990.007109697.32.63053.5822

699.3392.53870.0069236698.322.63283.585

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701.3792.53670.0065865700.3592.63733.5907

702.3982.53580.0064259701.3792.63953.5936

703.4182.53490.0062652702.3982.64183.5965

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705.4572.5330.0059435704.4382.64623.6022

706.4772.5320.0057825705.4572.64853.605

707.4962.53110.0056213706.4772.65073.6078

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709.5362.52920.0052986708.5162.65523.6135

710.5552.52840.0050897709.5362.65743.6164

711.5752.52760.004841710.5552.65963.6192

712.5952.52680.0045921711.5752.66183.622

713.6142.52610.004343712.5952.66413.6249

714.6342.52530.0040938713.6142.66633.6277

715.6542.52450.0038445714.6342.66853.6305

716.6732.52370.0035949715.6542.67073.6333

717.6932.5230.0033453716.6732.67293.6362

718.7122.52220.0030955717.6932.67513.639

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720.7522.52040.0028549719.7322.67963.6446

721.7712.51940.0029569720.7522.68183.6474

722.7912.51830.003059721.7712.6843.6502

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725.852.51510.0033658724.832.69063.6587

726.872.51410.0034683725.852.69283.6615

727.8892.5130.0035708726.872.6953.6643

728.9092.51190.0036734727.8892.69723.6671

729.9282.51090.0037761728.9092.69943.6699

730.9482.51020.0034254729.9282.70163.6726

731.9682.50950.0030404730.9482.70373.6754

732.9872.50890.0026551731.9682.70593.6782

734.0072.50820.0022697732.9872.70813.681

735.0272.50750.001884734.0072.71033.6838

736.0462.50690.0014981735.0272.71253.6866

737.0662.50620.0011121736.0462.71473.6894

738.0862.50550.0007258737.0662.71683.6921

739.1052.50490.00033932738.0862.7193.6949

740.1252.50429.08E-06739.1052.72123.6977

741.1452.50328.32E-05740.1252.72343.7005

742.1642.50230.00015738741.1452.72553.7032

743.1842.50130.00023162742.1642.72773.706

744.2032.50040.00030591743.1842.72993.7088

745.2232.49940.00038027744.2032.7323.7115

746.2432.49840.00045467745.2232.73423.7143

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748.2822.49650.00060366747.2622.73853.7198

749.3022.49560.00067825748.2822.74073.7226

750.3212.49460.000706749.3022.74283.7253

751.3412.49380.00063183750.3212.7453.7281

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1186.732.365501185.713.37344.863

1187.752.365301186.733.37414.8658

1188.772.36501187.753.37494.8687

1189.792.364801188.773.37564.8715

1190.812.364601189.793.37634.8744

1191.832.364401190.813.37714.8772

1192.852.364201191.833.37784.8801

1193.862.36401192.853.37854.8829

1194.882.363701193.863.37934.8858

1195.92.363501194.883.384.8886

1196.922.363301195.93.38074.8914

1197.942.363101196.923.38154.8943

1198.962.362801197.943.38224.8971

1199.982.362601198.963.3834.8999

12012.362501199.983.38374.9028

1202.022.3624012013.38444.9056

1203.042.362401202.023.38524.9084

1204.062.362301203.043.38594.9113

1205.082.362201204.063.38664.9141

1206.12.362101205.083.38744.9169

1207.122.36201206.13.38814.9197

1208.142.361901207.123.38894.9226

1209.162.361901208.143.38964.9254

1210.182.361801209.163.39034.9282

1211.22.361701210.183.39114.931

1212.222.361601211.23.39184.9338

1213.242.361501212.223.39264.9367

1214.262.361401213.243.39334.9395

1215.282.361301214.263.3944.9423

1216.32.361201215.283.39484.9451

1217.322.361101216.33.39554.9479

1218.342.36101217.323.39624.9507

1219.362.36101218.343.3974.9535

1220.382.36101219.363.39774.9563

1221.392.361101220.383.39854.9591

1222.412.361301221.393.39924.9619

1223.432.361401222.413.39994.9647

1224.452.361601223.433.40074.9675

1225.472.361801224.453.40144.9703

1226.492.361901225.473.40224.9731

1227.512.362101226.493.40294.9759

1228.532.362301227.513.40364.9787

1229.552.362401228.533.40444.9815

1230.572.362201229.553.40514.9843

1231.592.361701230.573.40594.9871

1232.612.361201231.593.40664.9899

1233.632.360601232.613.40734.9927

1234.652.360101233.633.40814.9955

1235.672.359601234.653.40884.9982

1236.692.359101235.673.40965.001

1237.712.358601236.693.41035.0038

1238.732.35801237.713.41115.0066

1239.752.357501238.733.41185.0094

1239.753.41255.0121

Sheet2

Sheet3

Correlate and CompareMinerals with Fe203:Hematite, MaghemiteCompare to Martian minerals using spectography and terrestrial analogues.USGS Imaging SpectroscopyHave found abundant Olivene (Mg1.6Fe2+0.4(SiO4))

Remaining QuestionsCan microporosity and capillary action act to prevent or lessen dessication of the cryptoendoliths?How can we robotically detect the presence of Endoliths?

ConclusionsGiven what we know about the early history of Earth and Mars, it is not a stretch to theorize that life appeared simultaneously. Earth provided a more successful habitat, but conditions on Mars do not preclude the continued presence of life. Endolithic habitats provide a refuge from many of the limiting factors on life as we know it.