determining the factors of slow adoption of information and communication technology (ict) in health...

Report On

Determining the Factors of Slow Adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Health Care Sectors: An

Analysis

Course Title: Principle of Management (MGT 202)

Prepared For

Rakib Ahmed

Lecturer

Faculty of Business Administration

Eastern University

Prepared by

Jasfia Khanam Fama-133200105

Faculty of Business Administration

Submission date: 21.12.2014

Table of contents

No Name Page no

1 Introduction 03

1.1 Background 03

1.2 ICT in Bangladesh 04

2. Objectives 04

2.1 Broad objective 04

2.2 Specific objective 05

3. Literature Review 05

4. Research Methodology 06

5. Analysis and findings 07

6. Major Findings 35

7. Conclusion 35

8. Recommendations 36

9. Bibliography 36

10. Appendix 38

Introduction:

1.1. Background

Information and communication technology (ICTs) comprises of three separate words –

information, communication and technology. Information is defined as any kind of

message; written, audio, visual or audio-visual through which a person gets knowledge

about a new person, place, thing, situation, or environment. Similarly, communication is

the way of transferring such message to others which needs a medium, a clear

message, and sender and receiver. Information & communication technology is the use

of modern technology to aid the capture, processing, storage and retrieval, and

communication of information, whether in the form of numerical data, text, sound, or

image and the ICTs infrastructures are defined as the devices which are used for

communication and exchange of information. Therefore, both the ICTs and its

associated infrastructures help in the creation and dissemination of knowledge. The

system of communication is as old as human civilization and the means of

communication has been changed over time and according to development in Science

&Technology. In short, it can be said that the technological advancement in field of

information &communication has made life easier though e-commerce, e-governance,

e-medicine, educationand several similar others. The traditional agrarian as well as

industrial-based economy across the globe has shifted to knowledge-based economy

and therefore, the importance of information is increasing day by day. Information and

communication technologies (ICTs) encompass all digital technologies that facilitate the

electronic capture, processing, storage, and exchange of information. ICTs have the

potential to address many of the challenges that healthcare systems are currently

confronting. ICT applications could improve information management, access to health

services, quality and safety of care, continuity of services, and costs containment. With

increasing computerization in every sector of activity, ICTs are expected to become

tools that are part of healthcare professional practice. Nevertheless, it appears that

several ICT applications remain underused by healthcare professionals. HealthCare

organizations, particularly physician practices, are often pointed out as noticeably

lagging behind in the adoption of these technologies. Human and organizational factors

have frequently been identified as the main causes of ICT implementation failure. We

did a survey to ‘Determine the Factors of Slow Adoption of Information and

Communication Technology (ICT) in Health Care Sectors. We have visited several

Hospitals on undergoing process of this survey. Among them some are mentioned

below:

Labaid Cardiac Hospital

Anwar Khan Modern Hospital

Apollo Hospital

Popular Diagnostic Centre Ltd

National Institute Of Neurosciences Hospital

Islamic Bank Central Hospital

1.2. ICT in Bangladesh

The promise of ICT has become stronger with the passage of time & a future without

ICT in any part of the world is unthinkable. As a part of this movement, more specifically

due to the boom in ICT, Bangladesh is already connected to the outside world. In Dhaka

city most of the people have some basic idea about ICT that is information

communication and telecommunication but in rural areas people don’t have any

knowledge about ICT .Nowadays we can make an appointment to our doctors through

mobile phone, computer and email.

Medium National Rural Urban

Mobile phone 11.29 0.33 10.36

Computer 1.36 6.05 4.88

Email 0.20 0.17 0.81

2. Objectives

2.1. Broad objective

Determining the Factors of Slow Adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Health Care Sectors.

2.2. Specific Objective

To achieve the broad objective we have to take some steps such as:

Consumer Empowerment-EHRs should include basic vital registration data,

complaints, laboratory results, procedures, discharges, transfers, referrals and

interpretations so that each citizen, from birth, have a secure, up to date,

personal electronic health record (EHR) that they can access anywhere and

share with their health providers

Chronic Care-We should increase the uses of Chronic Care by new remote

diagnostic and monitoring devices, messaging, and ICT-organized supervision

(including video consults between patients and remote doctors) to treat the

coming tidal wave of chronically ill patients, but keep them out of hospitals.

At the concluding session the recommendations included the creation of a

working group to formulate a policy that empowers the collection of patient data

by frontline health workers through ICT, the connection of patients and doctors in

case of emergency, and the development of low-cost technology and

accessories.

3. Literature Review

“They form the backbone of the services to prevent, diagnose, and treat illness and

disease.”- According to WHO (2004)

American Medical Association scribed a document on "Patient's Bill of Rights" that

includes a statement that patients have a "right to essential health care."

“Increasingly, examples can be found where the thoughtful use of ICTs has markedly

addressed various aspects of poverty.”- SIDA adds that

David Kelley wrote, "If health care is a right, then government is responsible for seeing

that everyone has access to it, just as a right to property means the government must

protect us against theft."

UN ICT Task Force (2003) points out: “Measuring the impact of ICT on health

generally seems to be fairly difficult because there are obviously many other factors that

impact health.”

‘It is quite clear that ICTs themselves will not eradicate poverty, but it is equally clear

that many aspects of poverty will not be eradicated without the well-thought-out use of

ICTs.’(Green berg, 2005).

According to WHO (2004), “Health technologies are evidence-based when they meet

well defined specifications and have been validated through controlled clinical studies or

rest on a widely accepted consensus by experts.”

Although telemedicine can be highly effective, a SIDA report (Greenberg, 2005) notes

that cost is an issue: “In its high-tech implementations, it is unlikely to be cost-effective

or affordable in widespread use. Those implementations requiring high bandwidth and

sophisticated remote equipment have generally proven practical in cases where money

is not an issue or as an alternative to high-cost air transportation and lodging.”

ITU (2005) notes that, “Telemedicine is more than the delivery of hardware and

software.”

4. Research Methodology

4.1. Sample size:

For the survey a sample size of 13 was taken from overall population.

4.2. Sources of data:

We have collected data from two different sources. That is:

Primary data: We took the interview and collected data from Doctors,

Professors, Executives and IT specialists from different hospitals.

Secondary data: We have gathered data from collect data from Google,

using the website of healthcare sector of Bangladesh.

5. Analysis and findings

Based on our survey we have found the following analysis:

Frequency Table-1

Gender/Sex

Frequency PercentValid

PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Male 17 85.0 85.0 85.0

Female 3 15.0 15.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-Chart-1

From the above Frequency Table-1 we can see that there are 85% male and 15%

female respondent.

Frequency Table-2

Age of the respondent


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid 20-25 1 5.0 5.0 5.0

31-35 3 15.0 15.0 20.0

36-40 1 5.0 5.0 25.0

41-45 4 20.0 20.0 45.0

46-50 6 30.0 30.0 75.0

Above 50

5 25.0 25.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-Chart-2

From the frequency table-2 we have found that there are 5% respondent between 20-25 age group;15% respondent between 31-35 age group;5% respondent between 36-40 age group;20% respondent between 41-45 age group;30% respondent between 46-50 age grouop and 25% respondent are above 50 years.

Frequency Table -3

Education


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Bachelors level

3 15.0 15.0 15.0

Masters Level 9 45.0 45.0 60.0

Doctorate Degree

8 40.0 40.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie Chart -3

From the Frequency Table-3 we have found those 15% respondents are in Bachelors

Level; 45% respondents are in Masters Level; 40% respondent is in Doctorate Level.

Frequency Table-4

What is your primary specialty, if applicable?

Frequency Percent Valid PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Internal medicine 3 15.0 15.0 15.0

Neurology 5 25.0 25.0 40.0

Pediatrics 2 10.0 10.0 50.0

Pulmonary medicine 1 5.0 5.0 55.0

Hematology/Oncology 1 5.0 5.0 60.0

Psychiatry 1 5.0 5.0 65.0

Cardiology 1 5.0 5.0 70.0

Others 6 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-4

From the Frequency table-4 we have found that internal medicine is 15%;neurology

25%;pediatrics10%;pulmonary medicine 5%,hematology/oncology 5%;psychiatry

5%;cardiology 5% and others 30%.

Frequency Table-5

Does your organization use information technology?


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 20 100.0 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-5

Yes all the hospitals that we have surveyed use Information technology.

Frequency Table-6

In which sectors your organization use IT?


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Billing system 7 35.0 35.0 35.0

Scheduling or Patient appointment remainder

2 10.0 10.0 45.0

E-prescribing 2 10.0 10.0 55.0

Placing lab orders or getting results by computer

5 25.0 25.0 80.0

Creating and maintaining patients profile

2 10.0 10.0 90.0

Complaints submission by patients

2 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-6

From the above Pie-chart we can see that the hospitals that we have surveyed use IT in

billing system 35%;scheduling or patient appointment remainder 10%;E-prescribing

10%;placing lab orders or getting results by computer 25%;creating and maintaining

patients profile 10%;complaints submission by patients 10%.

Frequency Table-7

If your answer is no then, do you plan to introduce a healthcare information system in near future?


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 5 25.0 25.0 25.0

No 15 75.0 75.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-7

No, most of the hospitals do not want to introduce a healthcare information system in

near future. Only 25% of the hospitals want to start a health care information system in

near future.

Frequency Table-8

Investment in IT is important


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Strongly agree

13 65.0 65.0 65.0

Agree 5 25.0 25.0 90.0

Neutral 2 10.0 10.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-8

From the questionnaires that we distributed to our respondent we have seen that 65%

respondent strongly agreed, 25% agreed and 10% neutral that investment in IT is

important.

Frequency Table-9

Investment/Initial cost in IT is very high


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Strongly agree

7 35.0 35.0 35.0

Agree 7 35.0 35.0 70.0

Neutral 3 15.0 15.0 85.0

Disagree 3 15.0 15.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-9

From the above Pie-chart we can see 35% of the respondent strongly agreed, 35%

agreed,15% neutral and 15% disagreed that initial cost in IT is very high.

Frequency Table-10

Implementation and ongoing maintenance cost is very high


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Strongly Agree

7 35.0 35.0 35.0

Agree 7 35.0 35.0 70.0

Neutral 3 15.0 15.0 85.0

Disagree 3 15.0 15.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-10

From the questionnaires that we distributed to our respondent we have seen that 35%

people strongly agreed, 35% agreed, 15% neutral and 15% disagreed that

implementation and ongoing maintenance cost is very high.

Frequency Table-11

Integration of new applications with existing systems further increase cost


PercentCumulative

Percent


4 20.0 20.0 20.0

Agree 10 50.0 50.0 70.0

Neutral 6 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-11

From the above frequency table we can see that half our respondent agreed to the fact

but the other 20% respondents strongly agreed and 30% respondents are neutral about

integration of new applications with existing systems further increase cost.

Frequency Table-12

To maintain full operations while undertaking systems changes provides an additional challenge


PercentCumulative

Percent


3 15.0 15.0 15.0

Agree 10 50.0 50.0 65.0

Neutral 6 30.0 30.0 95.0

Disagree 1 5.0 5.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-12

From the above pie-chart we can see that 50% agreedand 15% strongly

agreedthatmaintaining full operations while undertaking systems changes provides an

additional challenge but 30% respondents are neutral and 5% disagree.

Frequency Table-13

Physicians/Doctors reluctant to use IT in healthcare purpose


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Strongly Agree 2 10.0 10.0 10.0

Agree 3 15.0 15.0 25.0

Neutral 8 40.0 40.0 65.0

Disagree 6 30.0 30.0 95.0

Strongly Disagree

1 5.0 5.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-13

In the frequency table it is seen that the Physicians/ Doctors are reluctant to use IT in health care purpose-10%people are strongly agreed, 15% people are agreed,40% people are neutral, 30% people disagreed and 5% people strongly disagreed.

Frequency Table-14

Privacy and security requirements may also increase the complexity of the design of IT systems that share patients

information


PercentCumulative

Percent


Agree 8 40.0 40.0 60.0

Neutral 5 25.0 25.0 85.0

Disagree 2 10.0 10.0 95.0

Strongly Disagree

1 5.0 5.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-14

From our survey we have found that 40% respondent agreed,20% strongly agreed,25%

neutral but 10% respondent disagreed and 5% respondent strongly disagreed to the

fact that privacy and security requirements may also increase the complexity of the

design of IT systems that share patients information.

Frequency Table-15

Deriving benefit from IT generally requires changing work flow and processes


PercentCumulative

Percent


1 5.0 5.0 5.0

Agree 7 35.0 35.0 40.0

Neutral 9 45.0 45.0 85.0

Disagree 3 15.0 15.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-15

From the frequency table 15 we can see that 5% respondent strongly agreed, 35%

agreed, 45% neutral and 15% respondent disagreed that deriving benefit from IT

generally requires changing work flow and processes.

Frequency Table-16

Difficulty in getting quantifiable benefits or return on investment from IT


PercentCumulative

Percent


4 20.0 20.0 20.0

Agree 8 40.0 40.0 60.0

Neutral 3 15.0 15.0 75.0

Disagree 5 25.0 25.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-16

From the above pie-chart we can see that 20% respondents strongly agreed and 40%

respondents agreed that it difficult to get quantifiable benefits or return on investment

from IT but 15% respondents are neutral and 25% respondents disagreed.

Frequency Table-17

Difficulty in achieving end-user (patients) acceptance among others


PercentCumulative

Percent


Agree 5 25.0 25.0 35.0

Neutral 8 40.0 40.0 75.0

Disagree 4 20.0 20.0 95.0

Strongly Disagree

1 5.0 5.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-17

From our survey we have found that 10% people are strongly agreed, 25% people are

agreed, 40% people are neutral, 20% people are disagreed and 5% people are strongly

disagreed about thedifficulty in achieving end-user (patients) acceptance among others.

Frequency Table-18

Adoption of IT in healthcare sectors is very low


PercentCumulative

Percent


6 30.0 30.0 30.0

Agree 3 15.0 15.0 45.0

Neutral 6 30.0 30.0 75.0

Disagree 5 25.0 25.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-18

From the above pie-chart we can see that 30% respondents strongly agreed 15%

respondents agreed,30% respondents are neutral and 25% respondent disagreed that

adoption of IT in healthcare sectors is very low.

Frequency Table-19

Control/Ownership


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Non-govt:not for profit

8 40.0 40.0 40.0

Investor owned: for profit

6 30.0 30.0 70.0

Government 6 30.0 30.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-19

The hospitals which we have surveyed among them 40% are Non-government

hospitals, 30% Investors owned hospitals and other 30% are Government hospitals.

Frequency Table-20

Number of Departments(if any)


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid 5-6 1 5.0 5.0 5.0

More than 8

19 95.0 95.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-20

The hospitals that we have visited among them 95% hospitals have more than 8

departments and 5% hospitals have 5-6 departments.

Frequency Table-21

Annual patient turnout


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid More than 4000

20 100.0 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-21

Most of the hospitals that we have visited we have found that annual patient turnout are

100%.

Frequency Table-22

Total licensed beds


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid 100 1 5.0 5.0 5.0

150 2 10.0 10.0 15.0

more than 200

17 85.0 85.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-22

We have found that 85% hospitals have more than 200 beds, 10% hospitals have 150

beds and 5% hospitals have 100 beds.

Frequency Table-23

Would you prefer to use online system to make an appointment, pay bills and receive advice from your

physicians/doctors?


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 12 60.0 60.0 60.0

No 8 40.0 40.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-23

60% patients prefer to use online system to make an appointment, pay bills and receive

advice from your physicians/doctors but 40% patients do not prefer that.

Frequency Table-24

Do you like modern hospitals which are computerized?


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 20 100.0 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-24

All patients said that they like modern hospitals that are computerized.

Frequency Table-25

Would you like to keep in touch with your physicians/doctors over email?


PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Yes 15 75.0 75.0 75.0

No 5 25.0 25.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-25

75% patients would like to keep in touch with their physicians/doctors over email but

25% said that they are not interested to keep in touch with their physicians/doctors over

email.

Frequency Table-26

To what extent do you know about telemedicine?Frequenc

y PercentValid

PercentCumulative

Percent

Valid Don't know 4 20.0 20.0 20.0

To some extent know

8 40.0 40.0 60.0

To moderate extent know

4 20.0 20.0 80.0

Highly know 4 20.0 20.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-26

After asking the patients they said that 20% of them donot know, 40% of them to some

extent know, 20% of them to moderate extent know and 20% of them highly know about

telemedicine.

Frequency Table-27

Would you like to use video conferencing for receiving treatment from your physicians/doctors?

Frequency Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid Yes 12 60.0 60.0 60.0

No 8 40.0 40.0 100.0

Total 20 100.0 100.0

Pie-chart-27

60% patients would like to use video conferencing for receiving treatment from their physicians/doctors and 40% do not prefer that.

6. Major Findings1. In our findings we found that IT sectors are mainly used in billing system.2. We all know that investment in IT is important but after completing our survey we

have found that majority of our respondent also agree with us.3. The initial and maintenance cost in IT is very high because the equipment

required are all computers based and it is highly expensive which is difficult for most of the hospitals to afford it.

4. Few of the Doctors/physicians are reluctant to use IT in health care purpose but most of them are interested to use IT.

5. The privacy and security requirements increases the complexity of IT systems, for this reason most of the hospitals do not have IT department.

6. Most of the people agreed that they do not get quantifiable benefits or return after investing on IT.

7. The use of IT in health care sector; most of the respondents appreciated that IT plays an important role in health care sectors because without the use of IT all work is very difficult to use.

8. After taking the interview of the patients it is seen that majority of the patients prefer to use online system to make an appointment, pay bills and receive advice from the physicians/doctors.

7. Conclusion

The aim of this study was to determine the factors of slow adoption of ICT in health sectors in Bangladesh. The findings show us that the development and use ICT is mostly needed in both private and public health organizations in Bangladesh. The reason behind the slow adoption and use of ICT is shortage of finance, availability of expertise, infrastructure etc. Successful implementation of enabling technologies depends upon the use, access to computers and process simplicity. However, due to the financial constraints, lack of knowledge, lack of interest and due to lack of accessibility ICT has some limitations. It is now essential to get rid all these issues and increase the use of ICT in health sectors of Bangladesh

8. Recommendations

In Bangladesh hospitals have lack of power supply and slow internet speed which is the basic needs for ICT supply. We need a stable power supply and access of high speed internet.

We should aware people about the benefits of IT sectors in Bangladesh. We should ensure people who are interested to use ICT in the hospitals in urban

as well as rural areas. We should keep it simple, relevant and accessible for local people. We should find the problems of IT sectors and try to resolve it. We should let the people know about the benefits of IT in health care sectors

because if they show interest then the authority would be more concern about the development of IT.

The main problem of developing IT is the initial cost. It is out of reach for normal people.So, if the government contribute sufficient amount of money and make IT use mandatory then it would be helpful.

We should give major priority to the patient’s .So that hospitals should maintain patients profile and give chance for complaint submission through IT.

Remove hand written based work and instead of it use computer more to record the data.

We should introduce the telemedicine and video conferencing and make easy to use it for the urban as well as rural people.

Doctors and the hospitals authority are reluctant to use IT. They must show interest to use it.

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Appendix

Determining the Factors of Slow Adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Health Care Sectors: An Analysis

Please fill-up the following section.

Section: 01

Demographic:

Please put the thick (√) marks on the options you think right.

1. Name of the respondent: ………………………………………………………………….

2. Gender/ Sex: a) Male b) Female

3. Age of the respondent:

a) 20 – 25 b) 26 c) 31 – 35

d) 36 – 40 e) 41 – 45 f) 46 – 50 g) above 50

4. Education:

a) Below SSC b) SSC c) HSC

d) Bachelors e) Masters f) Doctorate degree

g) Others (if any) specify: ……………………………………………………………………..

5. What is your primary specialty, if applicable?

a) Internal Medicine b) Neurology c) Pediatrics

d) Pulmonary Medicine e) Hematology/Oncology f) Emergency Medicine

g) Psychiatry h) Cardiology i) Hospitalist

j) Geriatrics k) Radiology l) Podiatry

m) Others (Please specify): ……………………………………………………..

Section: 02

Adoption of IT in Health Care Sectors

1. Does your organization use Information Technology (IT)?

a) Yes b) No

2. In which sectors your organization use IT? (You can choose more than one option)

a) Billing system

b) Scheduling or patient appointment reminders

c) E-prescribing

d) Placing lab orders or getting results by computer

e) Creating and maintaining patients’ profile

f) Complaints submission by patients

3. If your answer is ‘No’ then, do you plan to introduce a healthcare information system in near future?

a. Yes b. No

To what extent do you agree about the following statement…

No Statement S.A Agree Neutral

Disagree S.D

4. Investment in IT is important5. Investment/ Initial cost in IT is very high6.7.8.9.10.1112.13.14.

No Statement S.A Agree Neutral Disagree S.D

4. 5 4 3 2 1

5. 5 4 3 2 1

6. Implementation and ongoing maintenance cost is very high 5 4 32 1

7. Integration of new applications with existing systems further increase cost 54 3 2 1

8. To maintain full operations while undertaking systems changes provides an additional challenge 5 4 3 2 1

9. Physicians/ Doctors reluctant to use IT in health care purpose 5 43 2 1

10. Privacy and security requirements may also increase the complexity of the design of IT systems that share patient information 5 4 3 2 1

11. Deriving benefit from IT generally requires changing work flow and processes 5 4 3 2 1

12. Difficulty in getting quantifiable benefits or return on investment from IT 54 3 2 1

13. Difficulty in achieving end-user (patients) acceptance among others 54 3 2 1

14. Adoption of IT in Health Care Sectors is very slow 5 4 3 21

Section: 03

General Information about Hospitals:

1. Name of hospital:

2. Address:

3. City:

4. Control/ Ownership:

a. Non-govt: not for profit

b. Investor owned: for profit

c. Government

5. Number of departments (if any):

a. 1-2 b. 3-4 c. 5-6 d. 7-8 e. more than 8

6. Annual patient turnout:

a. Less than 1000 b. 1001-2000 c. 2001-3000 d. 3001-4000 e. More than 4000

7. Total licensed beds:

a. 50 b. 100 c. 150 d. 200 e. more than 200

8. Total annual revenue approx. (Tk): (please specify)

a)…………………………………………………………..

9. Total annual expense approx. (Tk): (please specify)

a)……………………………………………………………

10. Annual expense in IT (in percentage ‘’%’’ on Total expense):

a. IT capital expense……………………….

b. IT operating expense……………………

c. Number of employed IT staff………….

d. Number of outsourced IT staff………..

Section: 04

Questions for patients:

1. Would you prefer to use online system to make an appointment, pay bills and receive advice from your physicians/ doctors?

a. Yes b. No

2. Do you like modern hospitals which are computerized?

a. Yes b. No

3. Would you like to keep in touch with your physicians/ doctors over email?

a. Yes b. No

4. To what extent do you know about telemedicine?

a. Don’t know b. To some extent know c. To moderate extent know d. highly know

5. Would you like to use video conferencing for receiving treatment from your physicians/ doctors?

a. Yes b. No

determining the factors of slow adoption of information and communication technology (ict) in health...

Healthcare